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Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

Management
Bhavin Shah
IIM Indore
Some facts on MSW in Mumbai

Area of Municipal Corporation: 437 sq.km


Total MSW generation: 8000 MT/day

Number of landfills: 3

Door-to-Door Household coverage : 20%

Collection Efficiency: 86.2%

Open Burning of MSW: 16%

Biodegradable: 62.44% | Recyclables: 16.66%

MSW generation: 500 gms in societies | 300 gms in slums


Sources: Faisal Zia Siddiqui, Evaluation of Emmission Load & Energy Potential of MSW in Selected Cities of India, May 2009; MCGM, MSW Proforma, 2009
The current state of MSW in Mumbai

Sweeping Collection, Storage & Transportation Processing


Area: 1800 km Collection: Through own vehicles & Processing: 100 MT/day (Vermiculture)
No of Sweepers: contracted vehicles Compost produced: 20 MT/day
Departmental – 12,000 Segregation: Recycling: This work is given to one NGO
Contracted – 2100 At source at 600 Area Locality Geetanjali industries in K- East and K-West
Managements ward
Collected in Segregated & Mixed forms
Current State of Privatization Frequency: once/twice/thrice per day
No of collection points: 6200
Sweeping: partially given to NGOs in some areas
Transportation: 600+
Transportation: 50% private and 50% BMC
Door-to-door collection: 50 % done by private
agencies
Selling of Compost Energy
Processing of MSW: Done by NGOs at Dadar,
Colaba, Versova and Deonar Mostly done by NGO’s Two plants of Bio-methanation, in joint
Community collection: BMC and Private venture, with BARC are set up at
Sanitary landfilling: Privatised partially Govendi Centenary Hospital and at
Deonar abattoir.

{ Cost of SWM services in Rupees per capita per year : Rs. 391.55 (approx) }
Pitfalls in the Current System

Dumping • Dumping yards are far away from the island city
• Paper, metal etc. is sold to dealers by rag-pickers, but waste such as batteries, polythene
Grounds is not disposed off

Processing • While 8000 MT of waste is generated per day, only 100 MT is processed
and • Segregation of waste at domestic level is not enforced by law and hence is not followed
• Inadequate servicing in slum areas (60% of Mumbai)
Segregation

• The MSWM 2000 rule has been enforced by the government but is not being followed
Laws not • Deonar dumping ground has not been upgraded
• Trucks do not cover the waste while travelling
followed • Debris amount to 2000 MT/day is not disposed off correctly

{ Expenditure per year : Rs. 718.11 cr | Cost Recovery: 53.88 cr}


Proposed Alternatives

• A public private partnership between the


municipality and a private agency
• Community based systems with infrastructure
support from the municipality
• Waste collection, segregation and
transportation done by the
municipality/authorized body and processing
done by a waste to energy plant
Alternative 1: A public private partnership between the municipality and a
private agency

• The labour will remain on the payroll of the


municipality while the complete end-to-end process
will be handled by the private agency
• Pros:
– Collection efficiency is improved
– Cost recovery is higher since the private agency will ensure
that the waste is disposed efficiently
– Better implementation of waste segregation by way of
awareness programs
• Cons:
– Difficulty in coordinating with labour
– Difficulty in changing the nature of dumping grounds and
other infrastructure
Alternative 2: Community based systems with infrastructure support from the
municipality

• Encourage community based systems with the help of


NGO’s with infrastructure support provided by the
municipality
• Pros:
– Implementation would be easy since the scale for each
community would be small
– Easy to replicate model across different communities
– Segregation would be easy to enforce since it is on a smaller
scale
• Cons:
– Strong local leaders required to implement the system
successfully throughout all communities
– Needs to be customized for each area since the demographics
vary for each area
– Accounting issues might arise in cost recovery
Alternative 3: Waste collection, segregation and transportation done by the
municipality/authorized body and processing done by a waste to energy plant

• The cost can be recovered to a large extent if the waste is


handed over to a private waste to energy conversion plant
• Waste can be processed completely by the energy plant
resulting in higher efficiency
• Pros:
– Financially attractive alternative as a major chunk of the cost
can be recovered by the private plant
– Dumping grounds can be handled by the energy plant on
subsidies from the government
– Municipality handles the collection and transportation
– Energy can be used effectively by small communities around the
dumping yard
• Cons:
– Co-ordination between the 2 parties may create problems
– Initial setup costs will be high
Recommendation

• Alternative 3 seems to be a good option at


this point of time
• It will help solve twin problems of waste
disposal and energy generation
• Financially attractive solution in the long term
1 The cycle begins with the collection of
residential and commercial waste.
The waste is then transported to
2 Much of this waste, including food,
paper and cardboard, is organic in
Waste Management landfills for
permanent disposal. This is when the nature. Anaerobic bacteria digest
private agency takes over. this organic waste and produce
6 methane gas and carbon dioxide as
natural by products.
To complete the cycle, the electricity is
delivered via utility transmission lines
to residential and commercial
customers.

5 3 The methane gas is recovered via


a series of wells drilled into the
The gas is piped to an electricity
landfill. These wells are connected
generating plant where it is used as fuel
by a common pipe system that
to turn engines or turbines to generate
collects the gas and transports it
electricity. Landfill gas may also be
to a nearby compression facility.
piped offsite to industrial customers for
use as an alternative fuel source.
4
At the compression facility, the landfill
gas is de-watered, filtered and
pressurized.

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