Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction

3-164 A circuit board houses electronic components on one side, dissipating a total of 15 W through the
backside of the board to the surrounding medium. The temperatures on the two sides of the circuit board
are to be determined for the cases of no fins and 20 aluminum fins of rectangular profile on the backside.
Assumptions 1 Stead operating conditions e!ist. 2 The temperature in the board and along the fins "aries
in one direction onl #normal to the board$. 3 All the heat generated in the chips is conducted across the
circuit board, and is dissipated from the backside of the board. 4 %eat transfer from the fin tips is
negligible. 5 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform o"er the entire fin surface. 6 The
thermal properties of the fins are constant. 7 The heat transfer coefficient accounts for the effect of
radiation from the fins.
Properties The thermal conducti"ities are gi"en to be k & 12 W'm() for the circuit board, k & 2*+
W'm() for the aluminum plate and fins, and k & 1., W'm() for the epo! adhesi"e.
Analysis #a$ The thermal resistance of the board and the
con"ection resistance on the backside of the board are
R
L
kA
R
hA
R R R
board
con"
total board con"
m
W' m. )$ m m
)' W
W' m. )$ m m
)' W
)' W

+ +
0 002
12 01 015
0 011
1 1
-5 01 015
1-,1
0 011 1-,1 1-.2
.
# # . $# . $
.
# # . $# . $
.
. . .
Then surface temperatures on the two sides of the circuit board becomes



.
Q
T T
R
T T QR
Q
T T
R
T T QR

+ +

1
1
1 2
2 1
*+
5. -
total
total
board
board
) #15 W$#1.-.2 )' W$
) #15 W$#0.011 )' W$
59.4 C
59.2 C
#b$ /oting that the cross0sectional areas of the fins are constant,
the efficienc of these rectangular fins is determined to be
1 0
2
m +, . 1*
$ m 002 . 0 $# ) W'm. 2*+ #
$ ) . W'm -5 # 2 2
$ #
$ 2 #

kt
h
tw k
w h
kA
hp
a
c

fin
01
01
m m
m m

tanh tanh# . . $
. .
.
aL
aL
1*+, 0 02
1*+, 0 02
0 .+5
The finned and unfinned surface areas are
2
unfinned
2
finned
m 00.0 . 0 $ 15 . 0 $# 002 . 0 # 20 $ 15 . 0 $# 1 . 0 #
m 0.121 &
2
002 . 0
02 . 0 $ 15 . 0 # 2 $ 20 #
2
2 $ 20 #

,
_

+
,
_

+
A
t
L w A
Then,


# $

#

# $# $
Q Q hA T T
Q hA T T
Q Q Q h T T A A
finned fin fin,ma! fin fin base
unfinned unfinned base
total unfinned finned base fin fin unfinned
$


+ +

Substituting, the base temperature of the finned surfaces is determined to be

C 39.5
+

+
+

$2 m 00.0 . 0 # $ m 121 . 0 $# .+5 . 0 $3# ) . W'm -5 #
W 15
4 ) *+
$ #
2 2 2
unfinned fin fin
total
base
A A h
Q
T T

*011+
2

c
m
R
aluminum
T
1
R
board
T

R
epo!
R
board
T
1
T

R
con"
T
2
Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
Then the temperatures on both sides of the board are determined using the thermal resistance network to
be
R
L
kA
R
L
kA
aluminum
epo!
m
W' m. )$ m m$
)' W
m
W' m. )$ m m$
)' W

0 001
2*+ 01 015
0 0002,
0 00015
1, 01 015
0 00555
.
# # . $# .
.
.
# . # . $# .
.
C 39.6
C 39.8

+
+ +

+ +

)'W$ W$#0.011 #15 ) , . *.

)'W$ W$#0.011, #15 ) 5 . *.
)'W $ 011 . 0 00555 . 0 0002, . 0 #
) $ 5 . *. #
board 1 2
board
2 1
1
1
board epo! aluminum
base 1
R Q T T
R
T T
Q
T
T
R R R
T T
Q

3-165 A circuit board houses electronic components on one side, dissipating a total of 15 W through the
backside of the board to the surrounding medium. The temperatures on the two sides of the circuit board
are to be determined for the cases of no fins and 20 copper fins of rectangular profile on the backside.
Assumptions 1 Stead operating conditions e!ist. 2 The temperature in the board and along the fins "aries
in one direction onl #normal to the board$. 3 All the heat generated in the chips is conducted across the
circuit board, and is dissipated from the backside of the board. 4 %eat transfer from the fin tips is
negligible. 5 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform o"er the entire fin surface. 6 The
thermal properties of the fins are constant. 7 The heat transfer coefficient accounts for the effect of
radiation from the fins.
Properties The thermal conducti"ities are gi"en to be k & 12 W'm() for the circuit board, k & *,1
W'm() for the copper plate and fins, and k & 1., W'm() for the epo! adhesi"e.
Analysis #a$ The thermal resistance of the board and the
con"ection resistance on the backside of the board are
R
L
kA
R
hA
R R R
board
con"
total board con"
m
W' m. )$ m m
)' W
W' m. )$ m m
)' W
)' W

+ +
0 002
12 01 015
0 011
1 1
-5 01 015
1-,1
0 011 1-,1 1-.2
.
# # . $# . $
.
# # . $# . $
.
. . .
Then surface temperatures on the two sides of the circuit board becomes


.
Q
T T
R
T T QR
Q
T T
R
T T QR

+ +

1
1
1 2
2 1
*+
5. -
total
total
board
board
) #15 W$#1.-.2 )' W$
) #15 W$#0.011 )' W$
59.4 C
59.2 C
*011,
R
board
T
1
T

R
con"
T
2
Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
#b$ /oting that the cross0sectional areas of the fins are constant,
the efficienc of these rectangular fins is determined to be
1 0
2
m ,0 . 10
$ m 002 . 0 $# ) W'm. *,1 #
$ ) . W'm -5 # 2 2
$ #
$ 2 #

kt
h
tw k
w h
kA
hp
a
c

fin
01
01
m m
m m

tanh tanh# . . $
. .
.
aL
aL
10,0 0 02
10,0 0 02
0 .,5
The finned and unfinned surface areas are
2
unfinned
2
finned
m 00.0 . 0 $ 15 . 0 $# 002 . 0 # 20 $ 15 . 0 $# 1 . 0 #
m 0.121 &
2
002 . 0
02 . 0 $ 15 . 0 # 2 $ 20 #
2
2 $ 20 #

,
_

+
,
_

+
A
t
L w A
Then,

# $

#

# $# $
Q Q hA T T
Q hA T T
Q Q Q h T T A A
finned fin fin,ma! fin fin base
unfinned unfinned base
total unfinned finned base fin fin unfinned
$


+ +

Substituting, the base temperature of the finned

surfaces determine to be
C 39.5
+

+
+

$2 m 00.0 . 0 # $ m 121 . 0 $# .,5 . 0 $3# ) . W'm -5 #
W 15
4 ) *+
$ #
2 2 2
unfinned fin fin
total
base
A A h
Q
T T

Then the temperatures on both sides of the board are determined using the thermal resistance network to
be
R
L
kA
R
L
kA
copper
epo!
m
W' m. )$ m m$
)' W
m
W' m. )$ m m$
)' W

0 001
*,1 01 015
0 0001+
0 00015
1, 01 015
000555
.
# # . $# .
.
.
# . # . $# .
.

C 39.6
C 39.8

+
+ +

+ +

)'W$ W$#0.011 #15 ) , . *.

)'W$ W$#0.011+ #15 ) 5 . *.
)'W $ 011 . 0 00555 . 0 0001+ . 0 #
) $ 5 . *. #
board 1 2
board
2 1
1
1
board epo! copper
1
R Q T T
R
T T
Q
T
T
R R R
T T
Q
base

*011.
R
copper
T
1
R
board
T

R
epo!
2

c
m
Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
3-166 Steam passes through a row of 10 parallel pipes placed hori5ontall in a concrete floor e!posed to
room air at 25) with a heat transfer coefficient of 12 W'm
2
.). 6f the surface temperature of the concrete
floor is not to e!ceed -0), the minimum burial depth of the steam pipes below the floor surface is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Stead operating conditions e!ist. 2 %eat transfer is two0dimensional #no change in the
a!ial direction$. 3 Thermal conducti"it of the concrete is constant.
Properties The thermal conducti"it of concrete is gi"en to be k & 0.+5 W'm().
Analysis 6n stead operation, the rate of heat loss from the steam through the concrete floor b conduction
must be e7ual to the rate of heat transfer from the concrete floor to the room b combined con"ection and
radiation, which is determined to be
W .000 ) $ 25 -0 $2# m 5 $# m 10 $3# ) . W'm 12 # $ #
2


T T hA Q
s s

Then the depth the steam pipes should be buried can be determined with the aid of shape factor for this
configuration from Table *05 to be

# $

# $ # . $# $
. Q nSk T T S
Q
nk T T

1 2
1 2
.000
10 0+5 150 -0
10.1
W
W' m. ) )
m #per pipe$
w
a
n

10
10
1
m
m #center 0 to 0 center distance of pipes$

cm 20.5
1
]
1

,
_

m 205 . 0
$ m 1 #
2
sinh
m$ #0.01
m$ 2#1
ln
m$ 5 # 2
m .1 . 10
2
sinh
2
ln
2
z
z
w
z
D
w
L
S

*0120
10 m
8oom
25)
-0)
T
1
Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
3-167 Two persons are wearing different clothes made of different materials with different surface areas.
The fractions of heat lost from each person9s bod b respiration are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 %eat transfer is stead. 2 %eat transfer is one0dimensional. 3 Thermal conducti"ities are
constant. 4 %eat transfer b radiation is accounted for in the heat transfer coefficient. 5 The human bod
is assumed to be clindrical in shape for heat transfer purposes.
Properties The thermal conducti"ities of the leather and snthetic fabric are gi"en to be k & 0.15. W'm()
and k & 0.1* W'm(), respecti"el.
Analysis The surface area of each bod is first determined from
2
1 2
2
1
m **5 . 1 11+5 . 0 2 2
m 11+5 . 0 m$'2 m$#1.+ 25 . 0 # 2 '


A A
DL A
The sensible heat lost from the first person9s bod is

)'W 10.*0 . 0 0..,, . 0 00.-2 . 0
)'W 0..,, . 0
$ m 11+5 . 0 # )$ . W'm 15 #
1 1
)'W 00.-2 . 0
$ m 11+5 . 0 # )$ W'm. 15. . 0 #
m 001 . 0
con" leather total
2 2
con"
2
leather
+ +

R R R
hA
R
kA
L
R
The total sensible heat transfer is the sum of heat transferred through the clothes and the skin
W * . *, 20 * . 1,
W 0 . 20
)'W 0..,, . 0
) $ *0 *2 #
W * . 1,
)'W 10.*0 . 0
) $ *0 *2 #
skin clothes sensible
con"
2 1
skin
total
2 1
clothes
+ +

Q Q Q
R
T T
Q
R
T T
Q

Then the fraction of heat lost b respiration becomes

0.362

10
* . *, 10
total
sensible total
total
n respiratio
Q
Q Q
Q
Q
f

8epeating similar calculations for the second person9s bod

)'W 055+0 . 0 0-..- . 0 005+1 . 0
)'W 0-..- . 0
$ m **5 . 1 # )$ . W'm 15 #
1 1
)'W 005+1 . 0
$ m **5 . 1 # )$ W'm. 1* . 0 #
m 001 . 0
con" leather total
2 2
con"
2
snthetic
+ +

R R R
hA
R
kA
L
R
W . . *5
)'W 055+0 . 0
) $ *0 *2 #
total
2 1
sensible

R
T T
Q

0.402

10
. . *5 10
total
sensible total
total
n respiratio
Q
Q Q
Q
Q
f

*0121
R
leather
R
con"
T
1
T
2
R
snthetic
R
con"
T
2
Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
3-168 A wall constructed of three laers is considered. The rate of hat transfer through the wall and
temperature drops across the plaster, brick, co"ering, and surface0ambient air are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 %eat transfer is stead. 2 %eat transfer is one0dimensional. 3 Thermal conducti"ities are
constant. 4 %eat transfer b radiation is accounted for in the heat transfer coefficient.
Properties The thermal conducti"ities of the plaster, brick, and co"ering are gi"en to be k & 0.+2 W'm(),
k & 0.*1 W'm(), k & 1.-0 W'm(), respecti"el.
Analysis The surface area of the wall and the indi"idual resistances are

2
m , . 11 m$ , . 2 # m$ 1 # A
)'W 0225* . 0 00*50 . 0 000,5 . 0 0115* . 0 00115 . 0
)'W 00*50 . 0
$ m , . 11 # )$ . W'm 1+ #
1 1
)'W 000,5 . 0
$ m , . 11 # )$ W'm. - . 1 #
m 02 . 0
)'W 0115* . 0
$ m , . 11 # )$ W'm. +2 . 0 #
m 20 . 0
)'W 00115 . 0
$ m , . 11 # )$ W'm. *1 . 0 #
m 01 . 0
con",2 * 2 1 total
2 2
2
con",2 o
2
*
*
co"ering *
2
2
2
brick 2
2
1
1
plaster 1
+ + + + + +

R R R R R
A h
R R
A k
L
R R
A k
L
R R
A k
L
R R
The stead rate of heat transfer through the wall then becomes
W 665.8

)'W 0225* . 0
) $ , 2* #
total
2 1
R
T T
Q

The temperature drops are

C 2.3
C 0.6
C 11.0
C 1.1




$ )'W 00*50 . 0 $# W , . 115 #
$ )'W 000,5 . 0 $# W , . 115 #
$ )'W 0115* . 0 $# W , . 115 #
$ )'W 00115 . 0 $# W , . 115 #
con" con"
co"ering co"ering
brick brick
plaster plaster
R Q T
R Q T
R Q T
R Q T

*0122
T
1
T
2
R
1
R
2
R
*
R
o
Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
3-169 An insulation is to be added to a wall to decrease the heat loss b ,5:. The thickness of insulation
and the outer surface temperature of the wall are to be determined for two different insulating materials.
Assumptions 1 %eat transfer is stead. 2 %eat transfer is one0dimensional. 3 Thermal conducti"ities are
constant. 4 %eat transfer b radiation is accounted for in the heat transfer coefficient.
Properties The thermal conducti"ities of the plaster, brick, co"ering, polurethane foam, and glass fiber
are gi"en to be 0.+2 W'm(), 0.*1 W'm(), 1.-0 W'm(), 0.025 W'm(), 0.0*1 W'm(), respecti"el.
Analysis The surface area of the wall and the indi"idual resistances are

2
m , . 11 m$ , . 2 # m$ 1 # A
)'W 0225* . 0
00*50 . 0 000,5 . 0 0115* . 0 00115 . 0
)'W 00*50 . 0
$ m , . 11 # )$ . W'm 1+ #
1 1
)'W 000,5 . 0
$ m , . 11 # )$ W'm. - . 1 #
m 02 . 0
)'W 0115* . 0
$ m , . 11 # )$ W'm. +2 . 0 #
m 20 . 0
)'W 00115 . 0
$ m , . 11 # )$ W'm. *1 . 0 #
m 01 . 0
con",2 * 2 1 ins no total,
2 2
2
con",2 o
2
*
*
co"ering *
2
2
2
brick 2
2
1
1
plaster 1

+ + +
+ + +

R R R R R
A h
R R
A k
L
R R
A k
L
R R
A k
L
R R
The rate of heat loss without the insulation is
W 111
)'W 0225* . 0
) $ , 2* #
ins no total,
2 1

R
T T
Q

#a$ The rate of heat transfer after insulation is

W . . .. 111 15 . 0 15 . 0
ins no ins
Q Q

The total thermal resistance with the foam insulation is
)$ W.m' -2 . 0 #
)'W 0225* . 0
$ m )$#11., W'm. 025 . 0 #
)'W 0225* . 0
-
2
-
con",2 foam * 2 1 total

+
+ + + +
L L
R R R R R R
The thickness of insulation is determined from

cm 5.4 m 0.054

-
- total
2 1
ins
)$ W.m' -2 . 0 #
)'W 0225* . 0
) $ , 2* #
W . . .. L
L R
T T
Q

The outer surface temperature of the wall is determined from

C 8.3

2
2
con"
2 2
ins
)'W 00*50 . 0
) $ , #
W . . .. T
T
R
T T
Q

*012*
T
1
T
2
R
2
R
*
R
1
R
ins
R
o
R
i
R
alum
T
1
T
2
R
o
Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
#b$ The total thermal resistance with the fiberglass insulation is
)$ W.m' 10-, . 0 #
)'W 0225* . 0
$ m )$#11., W'm. 0*1 . 0 #
)'W 0225* . 0
-
2
-
con",2 glass fiber * 2 1 total

+
+ + + +
L L
R R R R R R
The thickness of insulation is determined from
cm 7.7 m 0.077

-
- total
2 1
ins
) W.m' 10-, . 0 #
)'W 0225* . 0
) $ , 2* #
W . . .. L
L R
T T
Q

The outer surface temperature of the wall is determined from

C 8.3

2
2
con"
2 2
ins
)'W 00*50 . 0
) $ , #
. . .. T
T
R
T T
Q

Discussion The outer surface temperature is same for both cases since the rate of heat transfer does not
change.
3-170 )old conditioned air is flowing inside a duct of s7uare cross0section. The ma!imum length of the
duct for a specified temperature increase in the duct is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 %eat transfer is stead. 2 %eat transfer is one0dimensional. 3 Thermal conducti"ities are
constant. 4 Stead one0dimensional heat conduction relations can be used due to small thickness of the
duct wall. 5 When calculating the conduction thermal resistance of aluminum, the a"erage of inner and
outer surface areas will be used.
Properties The thermal conducti"it of aluminum is gi"en to be 2*+ W'm(). The specific heat of air at
the gi"en temperature is Cp & 1001 ;'kg() #Table A015$.
Analysis The inner and the outer surface areas of the duct per unit length and the indi"idual thermal
resistances are

2
2 2
2
1 1
m 0 . 1 m$ 1 # m$ 25 . 0 # - -
m ,, . 0 m$ 1 # m$ 22 . 0 # - -


L a A
L a A
[ ]
)'W 1-022 . 0 12500 . 0 0000+ . 0 01515 . 0
)'W 12500 . 0
$ m 0 . 1 # )$ . W'm , #
1 1
)'W 0000+ . 0
m 2 ' $ 1 ,, . 0 # )$ W'm. 2*+ #
m 015 . 0
)'W 01515 . 0
$ m ,, . 0 # )$ . W'm +5 #
1 1
o alum i total
2 2
2
o
2
alum
2 2
1
i
+ + + +

R R R R
A h
R
kA
L
R
A h
R
The rate of heat loss from the air inside the duct is
W , . 1-.
)'W 1-022 . 0
) $ 12 ** #
total
1 2

R
T T
Q

<or a temperature rise of 1(), the air inside the duct should gain heat at a rate of
W ,0- )$ 1 $# ) ;'kg. kg's$#1001 , . 0 #
total
T C m Q
p

Then the ma!imum length of the duct becomes

m 5.37
W , . 1-.
W ,0-
total
Q
Q
L

*012-
R
i
R
wood
T
1
T
2
R
o
R
i
R
glass
T
1
T
2
R
o
Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
3-171 %eat transfer through a window is considered. The percent error in"ol"ed in the calculation of heat
gain through the window assuming the window consist of glass onl is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 %eat transfer is stead. 2 %eat transfer is one0dimensional. 3 Thermal conducti"ities are
constant. 4 8adiation is accounted for in heat transfer coefficients.
Properties The thermal conducti"ities are gi"en to be 0.+ W'm() for glass and 0.12 W'm() for pine
wood.
Analysis The surface areas of the glass and the wood and the indi"idual thermal resistances are

2
wood
2
glass
m -5 . 0 m$ 2 # m$ 5 . 1 # 15 . 0 m 55 . 2 m$ 2 # m$ 5 . 1 # ,5 . 0 A A
)'W -1-** . 1 1+0.- . 0 .25.* . 0 *1+-1 . 0
)'W 0,+,+ . 0 0*01+ . 0 0011, . 0 05102 . 0
)'W 1+0.- . 0
$ m -5 . 0 # )$ . W'm 1* #
1 1
)'W 0*01+ . 0
$ m 55 . 2 # )$ . W'm 1* #
1 1
)'W .25.* . 0
$ m -5 . 0 # )$ W'm. 12 . 0 #
m 05 . 0
)'W 0011, . 0
$ m 55 . 2 # )$ W'm. + . 0 #
m 00* . 0
)'W *1+-1 . 0
$ m -5 . 0 # )$ . W'm + #
1 1
)'W 05102 . 0
$ m 55 . 2 # )$ . W'm + #
1 1
wood o, wood wood i, wood total,
glass o, glass glass i, glass total,
2 2
wood 2
wood o,
2 2
glass 2
glass o,
2
wood wood
wood
wood
2
glass glass
glass
glass
2 2
wood 1
wood i,
2 2
glass 1
glass i,
+ + + +
+ + + +

R R R R
R R R R
A h
R
A h
R
A k
L
R
A k
L
R
A h
R
A h
R
The rate of heat gain through the glass and the wood and their total are
W - . 1.* * . 11 1 . 1,2
W * . 11
)'W -1-** . 1
) $ 2- -0 #
W 1 . 1,2
)'W 0,+,+ . 0
) $ 2- -0 #
wood glass total
wood total,
1 2
wood
glass total,
1 2
glass
+ +

Q Q Q
R
T T
Q
R
T T
Q


6f the window consists of glass onl the heat gain through the window is
2
glass
m 0 . * m$ 2 # m$ 5 . 1 # A
)'W 0+-1. . 0 0251- . 0 001-* . 0 0-+12 . 0
)'W 0251- . 0
$ m 0 . * # )$ . W'm 1* #
1 1
)'W 001-* . 0
$ m 0 . * # )$ W'm. + . 0 #
m 00* . 0
)'W 0-+12 . 0
$ m 0 . * # )$ . W'm + #
1 1
glass o, glass glass i, glass total,
2 2
glass 2
glass o,
2
glass glass
glass
glass
2 2
glass 1
glass i,
+ + + +

R R R R
A h
R
A k
L
R
A h
R
W 2 . 21-
)'W 0+-1. . 0
) $ 2- -0 #
glass total,
1 2
glass

R
T T
Q

Then the percentage error in"ol"ed in heat gain through the window assuming the window consist of
glass onl becomes
10.8%

100
- . 1.*
- . 1.* 2 . 21-
=rror :
with wood
with wood onl glass
Q
Q Q

*0125
Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
3-172 Steam is flowing inside a steel pipe. The thickness of the insulation needed to reduce the heat loss
b .5 percent and the thickness of the insulation needed to reduce outer surface temperature to -0) are to
be determined.
Assumptions 1 %eat transfer is stead since there is no indication of an change with time. 2 %eat
transfer is one0dimensional since there is thermal smmetr about the centerline and no "ariation in the
a!ial direction. 3 Thermal conducti"ities are constant. 4 The thermal contact resistance at the interface is
negligible.
Properties The thermal conducti"ities are gi"en to be k & 11 W'm() for steel and k & 0.0*, W'm() for
insulation.
Analysis #a$ )onsidering a unit length of the pipe, the inner and the outer surface areas of the pipe and
the insulation are

2
* * * *
2
2
2
1
m 1-11 . * m$ 1 #
m *++0 . 0 m$ 1 # m$ 12 . 0 #
m *1-2 . 0 m$ 1 # m$ 10 . 0 #
D D L D A
L D A
L D A
o
i



The indi"idual thermal resistances are
)'W
022+- . 0
0.2*,+1
$ 12 . 0 ' ln#
0*0+. . 0
022+- . 0
0.2*,+1
$ 12 . 0 ' ln#
000-, . 0 0*0*1 . 0
)'W 22021 . 0 1,.-+ . 0 000-, . 0 0*0*1 . 0
)'W
022+- . 0
$ m 1-11 . * # )$ . W'm 1- #
1 1
)'W 1,.-+ . 0
$ m *++0 . 0 # )$ . W'm 1- #
1 1
)'W
0.2*,+1
$ 12 . 0 ' ln#
$ m 1 # )$ W'm. 0*, . 0 # 2
$ 12 . 0 ' ln#
2
$ ' ln#
)'W 000-, . 0
$ m 1 # )$ W'm. 11 # 2
$ 5 ' 1 ln#
2
$ ' ln#
)'W 0*0*1 . 0
$ m *1-2 . 0 # )$ . W'm 105 #
1 1
*
*
*
*
insulation o, 2 1 insulation total,
steel o, 1 insulation no total,
*
2
*
2
insulation o,
2 2
steel o,
* *
2
2 *
insulation 2
1
1 2
pipe 1
2 2
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + +

D
D
D
D
R R R R R
R R R R
D
D
A h
R
A h
R
D D
L k
r r
R R
L k
r r
R R
A h
R
i
i
o o
o o
i i
i
Then the stead rate of heat loss from the steam per meter pipe length for the case of no insulation
becomes
W .+1.1
)'W 0.22021
) $ 20 2*5 #
2 1

total
R
T T
Q

The thickness of the insulation needed in order to sa"e .5 percent of this heat loss can be determined from

)'W
022+- . 0
0.2*,+1
$ 12 . 0 ' ln#
0*0+. . 0
) $ 20 2*5 #
W $ 1 . .+1 05 . 0 #
*
*
insulation total,
2 1
insulation

,
_

+ +

D
D
R
T T
Q

*0121
R
i
T
1
R
2
R
o
T
2
R
1
Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
whose solution is cm 10.78
2
12 0 **.55
2
0
thickness m **55 . 0
2 *
*
D D
D
*012+
Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
#b$ The thickness of the insulation needed that would maintain the outer surface of the insulation at a
ma!imum temperature of -0() can be determined from
)'W
022+- . 0
) $ 20 -0 #
)'W
022+- . 0
0.2*,+1
$ 12 . 0 ' ln#
0*0+. . 0
) $ 20 2*5 #
*
*
*
insulation o,
2 2
insulation total,
2 1
insulation

,
_

+ +

D
D
D
R
T T
R
T T
Q

whose solution is
cm 2.22
2
12 0 11.--
2
0
thickness m 11-- . 0
2 *
*
D D
D
3-173 A 10m0diameter spherical tank filled with li7uefied natural gas #>/?$ at 0110() is e!posed to
ambient air. The time for the >/? temperature to rise to 0150() is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 %eat transfer can be considered to be stead since the specified thermal conditions at the
boundaries do not change with time significantl. 2 %eat transfer is one0dimensional since there is
thermal smmetr about the midpoint. 3 8adiation is accounted for in the combined heat transfer
coefficient. 3 The combined heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform o"er the entire surface. 4 The
temperature of the thin0shelled spherical tank is said to be nearl e7ual to the temperature of the >/?
inside, and thus thermal resistance of the tank and the internal con"ection resistance are negligible.
Properties The densit and specific heat of >/? are gi"en to be -25 kg'm
*
and *.-+5 k;'kg(),
respecti"el. The thermal conducti"it of super insulation is gi"en to be k & 0.0000, W'm().
Analysis The inner and outer surface areas of the insulated tank and the "olume of the >/? are
* * *
1 1
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
1 1
m 1 . 11* 1 ' m$ 1 # 1 '
m . . 111 m$ 10 . 1 #
m 1 . 11* m$ 1 #



D V
D A
D A
The rate of heat transfer to the >/? is

)'W -*101 . 5 -*512 . 5 000*. . 0
)'W 000*. . 0
$ m . . 111 # )$ . W'm 22 #
1 1
)'W -*512 . 5
$ m 05 . * $# m 0 . * # )$ W'm. 0000, . 0 # -
m $ 0 . * 05 . * #
-
2 2
2 1
1 2
insulation
+ +

insulation o total
o
o
R R R
A h
R
r kr
r r
R
W +- . *2
)'W 5.-*101
) $2 110 # 1, 3
total
1 2

R
T T
Q

The amount of heat transfer to increase the >/? temperature from 0110() to 0150() is
kg 5 . 01+ , -, $ m $#11*.1 kg'm -25 #
* *
1
V m
[ ] k; *-1 , 1+0 , 1 ) #0110$ 0 #0150$ )$ k;'kg. -+5 . * # kg$ 5 . 01+ , -, # T mC Q
Assuming that heat will be lost from the >/? at an a"erage rate of *2.+- W, the time period for the >/?
temperature to rise to 0150() becomes
days 590.5 h 1-,1+- s -., , 01, , 51
kW 0.0*2+-
k; *-1 , 1+0 , 1
Q
Q
t

*012,
R
o
T
2
R
insulation
T
1
LNG tan
-160C
Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
3-174 A hot plate is to be cooled b attaching aluminum fins of s7uare cross section on one side. The
number of fins needed to triple the rate of heat transfer is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Stead operating conditions e!ist. 2 The temperature along the fins "aries in one direction
onl #normal to the plate$. 3 %eat transfer from the fin tips is negligible. 4 The heat transfer coefficient is
constant and uniform o"er the entire fin surface. 5 The thermal properties of the fins are constant. 6 The
heat transfer coefficient accounts for the effect of radiation from the fins.
Properties The thermal conducti"it of the aluminum fins is gi"en to be k & 2*+ W'm().
Analysis /oting that the cross0sectional areas of the fins are constant, the efficienc of the s7uare cross0
section fins can be determined to be
1 0
2
2
2
m .. . 12
m$ 002 . 0 $# ) W'm. 2*+ #
m$ 002 . 0 )$# . W'm 20 # - -

ka
ha
kA
hp
a
c
.1. . 0
m 0- . 0 m .. . 12
$ m 0- . 0 m .. . 12 tanh# tanh
1 0
01
fin

aL
aL
The finned and unfinned surface areas, and heat transfer rates from
these areas are

W 00-, . 0 *1
) $ 25 ,5 $# m 00000- . 0 0.0* $# ) . W'm 20 # $ #
W *5*2, . 0
) $ 25 ,5 $# m 0.000*2 $# ) . W'm 20 # .1. . 0
$ #
m 00000- . 0 0.0*
m$ m$#0.002 002 . 0 # m$ m$#0.20 15 . 0 #
m 0.000*2 m$ m$#0.0- 002 . 0 # -
fin
2
fin
2
unfinned unfinned
fin
2
fin
2
fin fin ma! fin, fin finned
2
fin
fin unfinned
2
fin fin fin
n
n T T hA Q
n
n
T T hA Q Q
n
n A
n n A
b
b

Then the total heat transfer from the finned plate becomes
W 00-, . 0 *1 *5*2, . 0
fin fin unfinned finned fin total,
n n Q Q Q + +

The rate of heat transfer if there were no fin attached to the plate would be
W *1 ) $ 25 ,5 $# m 0* . 0 $# ) . W'm 20 # $ #
m 0* . 0 $ m 20 . 0 $# m 15 . 0 #
2 2
fin no fin no
2
fin no

T T hA Q
A
b

The number of fins can be determined from the o"erall fin effecti"eness e7uation
207
+

fin
fin fin
fin no
fin
fin
*1
00-, . 0 *1 *5*2, . 0
* n
n n
Q
Q

*012.
-

c
m
2

m
m

2

m
m
T
b

&

,
5
(
)
T

&

2
5
(
)
Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
3-175
"!PROBLEM 3-175"
"GIVEN"
A_surface=0.150.!0 ""#$!% "
&_'=(5 "")%"
*=!37 ""+,#- )%"
s-.e=0.00! ""#%"
L=0.0/ ""#% "
&_-0f-0- 12=!5 "")%"
3=!0 ""+,#$!- )%"
"e4s-560_f-0=3 4ara#e1er 16 'e 7ar-e."
"ANAL89I9"
A_c=s- .e$!
4=/s- .e
a=s:r1;;34<,;*A_c<<
e1a_f-0=1 a03;aL<,;aL<
A_f-0=0_f- 0/s- .eL
A_u0f-00e.=A_surface- 0_f-0s-.e$!
=_.61_f-00e.=e1 a_f- 03A_f-0;&_'- &_-0f-0- 12<
=_.61_u0f- 00e.=3A_u0f- 00e.;&_'- &_-0f-0- 12<
=_.61_161a5_f-0==_.61_f-00e.>=_.61_u0f- 00e.
=_.61_06f-0=3A_surface;&_'- &_-0f-0- 12<
e4s-560_f-0==_.61_161a5_f-0,=_.61_06f- 0
!"n
n!"n
1.5 51.+2
1.+5 ++.5.
2 10*.-
2.25 12..*
2.5 155.2
2.+5 1,1
* 201..
*.25 2*2.,
*.5 25,.1
*.+5 2,-.5
- *10.*
-.25 **1.2
-.5 *12.1
-.+5 *,+..
5 -1*.,
*01*0
Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
1.5 ! !.5 3 3.5 / /.5 5
50
100
150
!00
!50
300
350
/00
/50

fin
n
f
i
n

*01*1
Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
3-176 A spherical tank containing iced water is buried underground. The rate of heat transfer to the tank
is to be determined for the insulated and uninsulated ground surface cases.
Assumptions 1 Stead operating conditions e!ist. 2 %eat transfer is two0dimensional #no change in the
a!ial direction$. 3 Thermal conducti"it of the concrete is constant. 4 The tank surface is assumed to be at
the same temperature as the iced water because of negligible resistance through the steel.
Properties The thermal conducti"it of the concrete is gi"en to be k & 0.55 W'm().
Analysis The shape factor for this configuration is gi"en in Table *05 to be
m *0 . 10
m - . 2
m - . 1
25 . 0 1
$ m - . 1 # 2
25 . 0 1
2

z
D
D
S
Then the stead rate of heat transfer from the tank becomes
W 102 ) $ 0 1, $# ) W'm. 55 . 0 $# m *0 . 10 # $ #
2 1
T T Sk Q

6f the ground surface is insulated,

m 1, . +
m - . 2
m - . 1
25 . 0 1
$ m - . 1 # 2
25 . 0 1
2

z
D
D
S
W 76 ) $ 0 1, $# ) W'm. 55 . 0 $# m 1, . + # $ #
2 1
T T Sk Q

*01*2
T
1
&1,)
T
2
& 0)
z & 2.- m
D # 1.4 m
Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction
3-177 A clindrical tank containing li7uefied natural gas #>/?$ is placed at the center of a s7uare solid
bar. The rate of heat transfer to the tank and the >/? temperature at the end of a one0month period are to
be determined.
Assumptions 1 Stead operating conditions e!ist. 2 %eat transfer is two0dimensional #no change in the
a!ial direction$. 3 Thermal conducti"it of the bar is constant. 4 The tank surface is at the same
temperature as the iced water.
Properties The thermal conducti"it of the bar is gi"en to be k & 0.0001 W'm(). The densit and the
specific heat of >/? are gi"en to be -25 kg'm
*
and *.-+5 k;'kg(), respecti"el,
Analysis The shape factor for this configuration is
gi"en in Table *05 to be
m .2 . 12
m 1 . 0
m - . 1
0, . 1 ln
$ m . . 1 # 2
0, . 1
ln
2

,
_

,
_

D
w
L
S
Then the stead rate of heat transfer to the tank becomes
[ ] W 1.395 ) $ 110 # 20 $ ) W'm. 0001 . 0 $# m .2 . 12 # $ #
2 1
T T Sk Q

The mass of >/? is

kg 0+ . -,
1
m$ 1 . 0 #
$ kg'm -25 #
1
*
*
*

D
V m
The amount heat transfer to the tank for a one0month period is
; ,-0 , 115 , * s$ *100 2- W$#*0 *.5 . 1 # t Q Q

Then the temperature of >/? at the end of the month becomes
[ ]
C -138.4


2
2
2 1
) $ 110 # $ ) ;'kg. kg$#*-+5 #-,.0+ ; ,-0 , 115 , *
$ #
T
T
T T mC Q
p
3-178 3-184 Design and Essay Problems

*01**
0110)
L & 1.. m
$ # 0.6 m
20)
1.- m