Analyst Training Program
When you come in
• Sign‐in sheet is at the front – if there’s a grey box somewhere next to your name, make sure to
fill in the info that I’m missing
• Find a seat, and login
• Username: “training”
• Password: “perkins”
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SESSION 3: Fundamentals of Financial Accounting (continued)
21 October 2009
Duke Investment Club
Analyst Training Program
Agenda
• Corporate financial statements: income statement
• Application to fundamental financial analysis
• Overview of weekly market updates
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Disclaimer and general comments
We’re students, just like you
• We will be the first to acknowledge that we’re full of any four letter word you’d like to substitute in,
but the reason we’ve started this class is because we find this stuff really interesting. Hopefully,
you do too
• The people to your left and right may one day run the government, an investment bank, a
consulting firm, or become the next Warren Buffet (get to know him or her)
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The income statement
Corporate financial statements, part II
• www.sec.gov
• “Search for Company Filings”
• “Company or fund name”
• Enter company name or stock ticker
• Find the most recent 10‐K
• Search (ctrl + f) for “statements of operations” and scroll through until you find the income statement
• When analyzing a company it is important to read the notes accompanying the financial statements, as
they will provide color to specific (questionable) line items
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The income statement
Corporate financial statements, part II
• A publically traded company will report “earnings” at the close of every quarter to the SEC
• The income statement gives a summary of how the business incurs its revenues and expenses
through both operating and non‐operating activities
• Also known as the profit and loss statement (P&L)
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The income statement
Sample
• Caveat: the income statement recognizes revenues when they are realized (i.e., when goods are
shipped, services rendered, and expenses incurred). With accrual accounting, the flow of
accounting events through the income statement doesn't necessarily coincide with the actual
receipt and disbursement of cash; the income statement measures profitability, not cash flow.
• Four measures of profitability are revealed at critical junctions in a company's operations ‐ gross,
operating, pretax and after tax
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The income statement
Gross profit
• Net Sales (sales or revenue): value of the company’s sales of goods and services to it’s customers
• Cost of Sales (cost of goods or COGS): expense incurred for raw materials, labor, manufacturing
overhead, etc. (includes depreciation, may be a separate line item or can be found in BS)
• Gross Profit (gross income or gross margin): difference between net sales and cost of sales. Provides
the resources to cover all of the company’s other expenses. The greater and more stable a
company's gross margin, the greater potential there is for positive bottom line results.
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The income statement
EBITDA
• Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization: can be used to analyze and compare
profitability between companies and industries because it eliminates the effects of accounting
and financing decisions. However, this is a non‐GAAP measure that allows a greater amount of
discretion as to what is (and is not) included in the calculation.
• EBITDA first came into common use with leveraged buyouts in the 1980s, when it was used to indicate t
he ability of a company to service debt.
• EBITDA is a good metric to evaluate profitability, but not cash flow.
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The income statement
Operating income
• Operating expenses (selling, general and administrative expenses): comprises a company’s operational
expenses. Assumed that management can exercise a great deal of control over this line item. The
trend of SG&A expenses, as a percentage of sales, is watched closely to detect signs, both
positive and negative, of managerial efficiency.
• Operating income (operating profit, EBIT): represents a company's earnings from its normal operations
before any so‐called non‐operating income and/or costs such as interest expense, taxes and
special items are taken into account. By excluding both taxes and interest expenses, the figure
hones in on the company's ability to profit and thus makes for easier cross‐company
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The income statement
Pretax income
• Other Income (Expense): includes interest expenses and thus the costs of the company’s borrowings.
Can also include interest income from invested funds (and would thus be a positive number)
• Extraordinary Gain (Loss): a variety of events can occasion charges against income, are identified as:
restructuring charges, unusual or nonrecurring items and discontinued operations. These write‐
offs are supposed to be one‐time events.
• Pretax Income: income before taxes are taken into account. Can be a more accurate measurement of
corporate profitability since taxes are not a part of a company’s business operations.
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The income statement
Net income
• Taxes: the income tax amount has not actually been paid ‐ it is an estimate, or an account that has been
created to cover what a company expects to pay.
• Net Income (net profit or net earnings): this is the “bottom line”, most commonly used indicator of a
company’s profitability. After the payment of dividends, if any, net income becomes part of a
company's equity position as retained earnings. Supplemental data is also presented for net
income on the basis of shares outstanding (basic) and the potential conversion of stock options,
warrants, etc. (diluted)
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The income statement
Earnings per share
• To calculate EPS you take the earnings left over for shareholders and divide by the number of shares
outstanding. You can think of EPS as a per‐capita way of describing earnings.
• The bottom line is that earnings drive stock prices. Strong earnings generally result in the stock price
moving up (and vice versa).
• Fate of a stock when earnings are released is largely based on whether or not reported earnings met
Wall Street’s expectations
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Financial ratios
Ratios derived from income statement data, p. 1
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Financial ratios
Ratios derived from income statement data, p. 2
N.B.: ratios are most effective when looking at historical patterns for a company or comparing a company against industry or market averages. This
list is only a small sampling of the possible ratios that can be derived from the IS, but these are used very commonly by analysts.
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Questions, comments, & critiques
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