Endocrine Notes # 1!!

Endocrine system:
The endocrine system and its hormones help regulate growth, the use of foods to produce
energy, resistance to stress, the pH of body fluids and fluid balance, and reproduction.
onsist of endocrine glands that secrete chemicals called hormones.
Endocrine glands are ductless! they do not ha"e ducts to ta#e their secretions to specific
sites.
Hormones secrete directly into capillaries and circulate in the blood throughout the body.
Each hormone e$erts "ery specific effects on certain organs, called target organs or
target tissues.
%ith respect to their chemical structure, hormones may be classified into three groups: amines,
proteins, and steroids:
Amines: these simple hormones are structural "ariations of the amino acid tyrosine. This
group includes thyro$ine from the thyroid gland and epinephrine and norepinephrine
from the adrenal medulla
Proteins&these hormones are chains of amino acids. 'nsulin from the pancreas, growth
hormone from the anterior pituitary gland, and calcitonin from the thyroid gland are all
proteins. (hort chains of amino acids may be called peptides. )ntidiuretic hormone and
o$ytocin, synthesi*ed by the hypothalamus, are peptide hormones.
Steroids&cholesterol is the precursor for the steroid hormones, which include cortisol
and aldosterone from the adrenal corte$, estrogen and progesterone from the o"aries, and
testosterone from the testes.
Major Endocrine Organs: +refer to the first two diagrams abo"e,
a. Hypothalamus
b. -ituitary gland
c. -ineal gland
d. Thyroid gland
e. -arathyroid gland
f. Thymus
g. )drenal gland
h. -ancreas
i. ."aries
/. Testes
)t this point, please watch the following youtube "ideo:
http:00www.youtube.com0watch1"2s3$g4oiN5/6
Peptide and Amines:
-rotein hormones +1st messengers, 7 bind to receptor on target cell triggering 8nd
messenger to affect cell9s acti"ity
hormone +1st messenger, does not enter the cell but
binds to receptor on the plasma membrane receptors
hormone7receptor comple$ acti"ates : protein
generates chemical signal +8nd messenger, ; most common is c)<- and '-=
8nd messenger chemical signal acti"ates other intracellular chemicals to produce
response in target cell
-lease watch this youtube "ideo:
http:00www.youtube.com0watch1"2=%ETE>td?8E
)nd here9s a picture:
Steroid Hormones:
(teroid hormones 7 bind to receptors within target cell and influence cell acti"ity by
acting on specific genes
hormone diffuses freely into cell where cytoplasmic and0 or nuclear proteins ser"e as
receptors
hormone binds to receptor +hormone7receptor comple$,
comple$ bonds to steroid response element +sections of @N) recepti"e to the
hormone7receptor comple$
hormone7receptor comple$ acts as transcription factor to turn target genes AonB or
AoffB
-lease watch both "ideos:
http:00www.youtube.com0watch1"2(aTCDlcEE=s
http:00www.youtube.com0watch1"2o./3F%s6G#o
)nd here9s a picture: