Use of Signed response quantities in Response Spectrum Analysis

A Case Study

Sanjib Das
*


Abstract

In the static method of seismic analysis, it is assumed that the fundamental mode of vibration
dominates the response and mass and stiffness of the structure are evenly distributed thus giving a
regular mode shape. In tall and/or irregular buildings, these assumptions are invalid and a dynamic
analysis needs to be performed. Dynamic analysis using Response Spectrum method is preferred as it
is easy to use. Modal analysis is performed to compute modal responses and they are combined using
modal combination methods (SRSS, CQC etc.) to get the maximum responses. Modal combination of
the responses leads to absolute unsigned quantities. A structural element is designed on the basis of the
worst algebraic load combination that leads to maximum stress resultants. Since member forces are
expressed in local axes, unsigned member forces at the both ends of the members do not satisfy static
equilibrium for the Response Spectrum load cases. Hence load combinations with these unsigned
response quantities may lead to untenable and unrealistic member forces at the start and end of the
member. This becomes more relevant for corner columns which may exhibit high axial tension/ uplift
while considering unsigned Response Spectrum results. This problem can be easily eliminated if the
sign of the responses of the dominant mode of vibration is considered. This has been clearly
demonstrated in the present case study of twelve-story RCC hospital building situated in seismic zone
four in West Bengal where unsigned response quantities resulted in a huge uplift force on a column
which had to be designed for high tensile force. Considering the sign of the dominant mode, it was
observed that the column was actually not experiencing huge tension. It can be inferred from the
present case study that the responses obtained from modal combinations should be used for load
combinations only with proper sign which is often not considered by designers.

Key Words: Fundamental mode; Response Spectrum Analysis; Modal Combination; Dominant Mode

1. Introduction

Response Spectrum Analysis is a probabilistic dynamic analysis performed when mass and stiffness of
the structure are not evenly distributed (Sen, 2009). Response spectrum analysis is a technique for
performing an equivalent static lateral load analysis of structures for earthquake forces (HOUSNER
and JENNINGS, 1982). It is useful in the approximate evaluation of the reliability and safety of
structures under earthquake forces. The major problem lies in the fact that the results of Response
Spectrum analysis are absolute quantities as they are computed using modal combination methods like
SRSS, CQC etc. (Wilson, 2002). The nature of the member forces cannot be determined. The member
forces derived from a load combination involving a Response Spectrum load case may provide un-
realistic results. If they are used in design of structural elements specifically columns, the design
results will be erroneous. Some special consideration is required in the Response Spectrum analysis by
which the nature of the member forces can be determined. The methodology that can be adopted to
overcome the problem has been discussed in the present case study.

2. Objective of the present Research Work

The objective of the present research work may be outlined as follows-
To report in brief the analysis and design considerations adopted for the present case study.
To highlight how the unsigned response quantities in the in the response spectrum load cases
may lead to unrealistic member forces
To discuss explain how the column end forces are derived.
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Sanjib Das, Product Specialist, Bentley Systems, E-mail: Sanjib.Das@bentley.com Page 1 of 5
To discuss the methodology of using the signs of the dominant mode in the response
quantities.
To report the effect of signed Response Spectrum results in design.
To provide guidance on the usage of signed Response Spectrum results for structural element
design.

3. Brief Introduction to the Case Study

The case study reported in this paper consists of an administrative building constructed at J alpaiguri
district of West Bengal, India. The typical administrative building plan is shown in Fig-1.



Fig-1.Typical Floor Plan

This is an eleven storied unsymmetrical building with more than 4,500 numbers of beams and
columns. The typical column dimension was 900 mm x 900 mm and typical beam dimension was 350
mm x 500 mm. The building is in seismic zone IV and a dynamic analysis was proposed to capture
dynamic responses of the building. The building was modelled, analysed and designed in STAAD.Pro
V8i software. Fig-2 shows the 3D model prepared in the software.

Fig.2- 3D model of the building

The model was analysed for Dead load, Live Load and Seismic forces. Response Spectrum analysis
was performed. The structural elements designed with the forces envelop created with load
combination as per the relevant Indian standards.
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Sanjib Das, Product Specialist, Bentley Systems, E-mail: Sanjib.Das@bentley.com Page 2 of 5
4. Statement of the actual Problem

While designing the structural elements with the so created force envelop, it was observed that the
design output of some corner columns were unrealistic. A particular column bearing no. 2736 as
demarcated in the software was designed as a column subjected to tension with bi-axial bending. It
was a challenge for the designer to figure out root cause and find a resolution to the problem. Fig.3
shows the design output for the column.



Fig.3- Column design output

5. Modifications needed in the Analysis & Design

It was observed that column considered in the case study has been designed as tension column.
Column no. 2736 was experiencing huge tensile force under load combination 210. [0.9 times (Dead
load +brick wall load) +1.5 Response spectrum load case in X direction]. Fig.4 shows member forces
for the column for the critical load combination for which the column was designed



Fig.4- Member forces details

The axial force at the start node and end node are both +ve violating the equilibrium condition of
column. The nature of the axial force of the column cannot be determined. The worst effect will occur
if the column is designed as a Tension column. The program is doing the same and the column is
designed as a Tension column. The member forces results for the individual load cases can be seen
from Fig-5.
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Sanjib Das, Product Specialist, Bentley Systems, E-mail: Sanjib.Das@bentley.com Page 3 of 5


Fig.5- Member forces details for all the load cases

It can be seen that axial force in the column is critical at the start node- node number 229. At this
node, the axial force for load case 1, 3, 4 are 1829.4, 761.12 and 1771.64 KN respectively. The axial
force at the same node for the load combination can be computed as (0.9 x 1829.40 +0.9 x 761.12 +
1.5 x 1771.64) =4988.928 KN. It can be inferred that the Response spectrum load case being unsigned
quantity when added with other gravity load cases yields huge unsigned axial forces which is treated
as tensile force in the design. This situation can be avoided by using signed Response Spectrum
results. The mode having maximum mass participation is considered as dominant mode and all the
response quantities are assigned the sign of dominant mode. On using the sign of the dominant mode,
the members forces gets modified which is quite acceptable and can be used in design. Fig-6 shows
the members forces on the column after using the sign of dominant mode.



Fig.6- Members forces on the column after using the sign of dominant mode

It can be seen that the axial force of the governing load case has come down to a lower tension force
which is apt for the design. Fig. 7 shows the design output for the same column.

The design axial for the critical load combination 210 is found to be 325.99 KN (tension). The
percentage of reinforcement required is found to be 1.40.

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Sanjib Das, Product Specialist, Bentley Systems, E-mail: Sanjib.Das@bentley.com Page 4 of 5


Fig-7. Design output for the column considering signed response spectrum results


6. Findings from Present Case Study

Instead of using the usual process, designers can use the Signed Response Spectrum results. Designers
can use the relevant command to instruct the program to use the sign of the member forces in
Response Spectrum results for the most dominant mode - where the mass participation is the highest
among all the considered modes in the analysis. If engineers use simple algebraic summation of the
signed response spectrum quantities with the other load cases, the final result used for the design will
have the proper sign. This can be simply understood from the output results of the case study.
Designers can clearly identify the nature of forces in the column. In this process, designers are not
changing the magnitude of Response Spectrum responses but are getting a realistic result that can be
used in design.

7. Conclusion

Direct use of unsigned Response Spectrum analysis results in design sometimes leads to very
erroneous design. Specifically, the corner columns of the building may experience very high tension
arising from a load combination where the Response Spectrum load case is involved. It can be
concluded from this case study that use of signed response spectrum results, where the sign of the
response spectrum quantities obtained from the dominant mode, provides a realistic design result.

References:

Sen Tapan K (2009): Fundamentals of Seismic Loading on Structures, J ohn Wiley and Sons, Ltd,
Publication.

Wilson Edward L (2002): Three-Dimensional Static and Dynamic Analysis of Structures,
Computers and Structures, Inc.

DUTTA T.K. (2010): Seismic Analysis of Structures, J ohn Wiley & Sons.

HOUSNER G.W., JENNINGS P.C. (1982): Earthquake Design Criteria, Earthquake Engineering
Research Institute.
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