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Advanced Diagnostic Tests

on High Voltage Bushings


Dr. Michael Krger, OMICRON Austria


Cigre A2.37 Transformer Failure Statistics
Failure Locations of Substation Transformers >100kV
Source: No. 261 - April 2012 ELECTRA
PAGE 2
Insulation Systems of High Voltage Bushings


RBP Resin Bonded Paper
RIP Resin Impregnated Paper
OIP
Oil Impregnated Paper
PAGE 10
RBP
RIP
OIP
1913 to 1974 since 1950
since 1960

Recommended measures


Time schedule

Visual check leakage and mechanical damage

In case of maintenance work

Measurement of capacitance and
dielectric dissipation factor


- after installation as reference for later measurements
(fingerprint)
- 10 years after commissioning

- dependend on results after each 5 years
(uncritical values) or shorter


Insulation Systems of High Voltage Bushings
Source: B. Heil (HSP Troisdorf, Germany), Diagnose und Bewertung von Durchfhrungen, OMICRON AWT Germany 2010
PAGE 11
Capacitive Bushings (1)
E
max
= high
A
E
max
=
smaller
A
without
capacitive
layers
with
capacitive
layers
Earthi ng Cap
PAGE 17
Capacitive Bushings (2)
PAGE 18
Aluminium foils with equal areas
Aluminium foil
Paper
Aluminium foil Conductor
Capacitive Bushings (3)
PAGE 19
Current at the Measurement Tap
50

= = 10 100
1.2

= / = 200
Bushing Measuring Tap
PAGE 25
Measuring Taps
MICAFIL
ABB
PAGE 26
Measuring Taps
HSP
PAGE 27
Measuring Taps
GE
PAGE 28
Arcing at the Measurement Tap
PAGE 29
Source: Norbert Koch Diagnoseverfahren an Hochspannungsdurchfhrungen aus Herstellersicht, Diagnoseverfahren an Schaltanlagen und Transformatoren,
HdT Essen 2013
Partly Burned Measurement Tap of a
245kV-RIP Busing
PAGE 30
Source: Hubert Goebel GmbH
Partly Burned Measurement Tap of a
400kV-OIP Busing
PAGE 31
Source: Hubert Goebel GmbH
Diagnostic
Methods
PAGE 32
Type of Fault
Moisture
Ageing
Contact problems and high impedance
faults between layers
Shorted grading layers
Leakage
Partial discharges

Diagnostic Technique
OIP 5 1 5 5 5 5
RBP 5 1 5 5 5 5
RIP 5 1 5 5 5 5
OIP 4 5 4 3 4 5
RBP 4 5 4 3 4 5
RIP 4 5 4 3 4 5
OIP 5 4* 1 3 4 4
RBP 5 4* 1 3 4 4
RIP 5 4* 1 3 4 4
OIP 3 5 3 1** 2 2
RBP 3 5 3 1** 2 2
RIP 3 5 3 1** 2 2
OIP 3 5 1 1 1 1
RBP 3 5 1 1 1 1
RIP 3 5 1 1 1 1
OIP 1 5 3 1 5 4
RBP 1 5 3 1 5 4
RIP 1 5 3 1 5 4
Dissolved gas analysis 1 5 1 1 4 5
Moisture in oil 5 5 4 5 3 1
DF/PF 4 5 4 3 2 2
Conductivity of oil (IEC 61620) 4 5 4 3 2 2
Particles in oil 5 5 5 5 2 5
Analysis of Furanic components 5 5 5 5 1 5
Test for corrosive Sulfur 5 5 5 5 2 5
1=very good, 2=good 3=fair 4=poor 5=not applicable
*big leakages can be detected with hot collar test **DF/PF from 2-12kV
OIP
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l

B
a
s
i
c
Dielectric Response
with FDS / PDC
Partial discharge measurement
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l

A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
O
i
l
Capacitance
DF/PF
Visual Inspection
Thermography
Infrared Thermography
PAGE 33
Source: ABB Brochure Bushing diagnostics and conditioning, 2750 515-142 en
C-Tan Progression of a Bushing
Source: RWE
PAGE 34
Source: Volker Seitz: Vorbeugende Instandhaltung an Leistungstransformatoren, OMICRON Anwendertagung 2003, Friedrichshafen

Bushing Fault
Source: RWE
PAGE 35
Source: Volker Seitz: Vorbeugende Instandhaltung an Leistungstransformatoren, OMICRON Anwendertagung 2003, Friedrichshafen

Definitions of Dielectric Losses
Dielectric losses are caused by
Conductive losses
Polarization losses
Partial discharges



0.00E+00
5.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.50E-03
2.00E-03
2.50E-03
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Parallel
Parallel
Parallel circuit
Serial circuit
R
P
C
P
R
S
C
S
tot
R
S S
C
R
U
U
C R
U
U
=
= =


cos : PF
tan : DF
| |
| |
cos : PF
1
| |
| |
tan : DF
tot
RP
P P CP
RP
I
I
C R I
I
=

= =

0.00E+00
5.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.50E-03
2.00E-03
2.50E-03
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Serial
Serial
0.00E+00
5.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.50E-03
2.00E-03
2.50E-03
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Serial
Parallel
Sum
PAGE 38
Standards

Type RIP OIP RBP
Main insulation Resin
impregnated
paper
Oil
impregnated
paper
Resin bonded
paper
DF / tan delta (20C,
IEC60137)
<0.7 % <0.7 % <1.5 %
PF cos phi (20C,
IEEE C57.19.01)
<0.85 % <0.5 % <2 %
Typical new values 0.3-0.4 % 0.2-0.4 % 0.5-0.6 %
PD (IEC60137) at U
m

1.5 U
m
/3
1.05 U
m
/3
<10 pC
<5 pC
<5 pC
<10 pC
<5 pC
<5 pC


<300 pC
PAGE 39
Cigre WG A2.34 Brochure 445
Guide for Transformer Maintenance
www.e-cigre.org

PAGE 43
Frequency
Not free of cavities Partial Discharges
possible also at rated voltage

Higher dielectric losses can feed to thermal
instability

RPB has cavities and cracks in the
paper which are normally filled
with the surrounding oil

Increase of capacitance

After a longer storage period this oil is running
out. The PD level is increasing and the
capacitance is getting smaller
RBP - Bushings
PAGE 44
RBP Bushings
Cracks in the Insulation
PAGE 45
Micafil Bushings

RBP Superresocel
RBP Drysomic
OIP and RIP

Tan = f(T)
PAGE 49
Source: Karl Frey, Micafil
Measurement on 220kV RBP Bushings (1971)
PAGE 52
TanDelta 15-400Hz
PAGE 53
RBP Bushing Oil-Filled Cracks
Oil Ingress by Capillare Effect
PAGE 54
RBP Bushing 123kV (1963)
PF (f) A, B, C
0.0%
0.2%
0.4%
0.6%
0.8%
1.0%
1.2%
0
.
0
H
z

5
0
.
0
H
z

1
0
0
.
0
H
z

1
5
0
.
0
H
z

2
0
0
.
0
H
z

2
5
0
.
0
H
z

3
0
0
.
0
H
z

3
5
0
.
0
H
z

4
0
0
.
0
H
z

4
5
0
.
0
H
z

A
Influence of
Moisture
PAGE 55
Micafil UTXF 24 (Drysomic) RBP Bushings
A,B,N humid
after wrong
storage
C dried
PAGE 56
Micafil UTXF 24 RBP Bushings
A,B,N never used, wrongly stored, C dried

Messung bei 20C DF (f) A, B, C, N
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
0
.
0
H
z
5
0
.
0
H
z
1
0
0
.
0
H
z
1
5
0
.
0
H
z
2
0
0
.
0
H
z
2
5
0
.
0
H
z
3
0
0
.
0
H
z
3
5
0
.
0
H
z
4
0
0
.
0
H
z
4
5
0
.
0
H
z
A
B
C
N
dried
humid
PAGE 57
RBP Bushing 123kV
?
PAGE 60
RBP Bushing 123kV
PF (V) A, B, C
0.5%
0.6%
0.7%
0.8%
0.9%
1.0%
1.1%
0
.
0
V

2
0
0
0
.
0
V

4
0
0
0
.
0
V

6
0
0
0
.
0
V

8
0
0
0
.
0
V

1
0
0
0
0
.
0
V

1
2
0
0
0
.
0
V

1
4
0
0
0
.
0
V

A
B
C
PAGE 61
RBP Bushing 123kV
PF (f) A, B, C
0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
0
.
0
H
z

5
0
.
0
H
z

1
0
0
.
0
H
z

1
5
0
.
0
H
z

2
0
0
.
0
H
z

2
5
0
.
0
H
z

3
0
0
.
0
H
z

3
5
0
.
0
H
z

4
0
0
.
0
H
z

4
5
0
.
0
H
z

A
B
C
PAGE 62
RBP Bushing 123kV

Bushing has to be
exchanged
defective contact on the
measuring tap or
defective connection between the
innermost layer and the HV
conductor or
partial breakdown between layers
PAGE 63
Measurement Tap O.K.
PAGE 64
Innermost Layer was not Properly
Connected to the HV Conductor.
PAGE 65
123kV RBP Bushing
PAGE 66
Dissipation Factor Measurement
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
8.0%
0
.
0
H
z
5
0
.
0
H
z
1
0
0
.
0
H
z
1
5
0
.
0
H
z
2
0
0
.
0
H
z
2
5
0
.
0
H
z
3
0
0
.
0
H
z
3
5
0
.
0
H
z
4
0
0
.
0
H
z
4
5
0
.
0
H
z
DF (f) A, B, C
A
B
C
PAGE 67
Measurement of the Removed Bushing
PAGE 68
Measurement of the Removed Bushing
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
0
.
0
H
z
5
0
.
0
H
z
1
0
0
.
0
H
z
1
5
0
.
0
H
z
2
0
0
.
0
H
z
2
5
0
.
0
H
z
3
0
0
.
0
H
z
3
5
0
.
0
H
z
4
0
0
.
0
H
z
4
5
0
.
0
H
z
DF (f)
C1
PAGE 69
Aktivteil
PAGE 70
OIP Bushings
Paper of the OIP bushings ages particularly
at high temperatures
Through aging the dielectric losses will
increase
-> this increases the power factor
Temperature dependent aging decomposes
the Paper and produces additional water
-> this accellerates the aging
PAGE 73
OIP Bushing Fault
PAGE 80
Source: Hubert Goebel GmbH
OIP Bushing
Fault
PAGE 81
Source: Hubert Goebel GmbH
OIP Bushing Fault
PAGE 82
Source: Hubert Goebel GmbH
OIP Bushing
PAGE 90
Source: Hubert Goebel GmbH
OIP Bushing
Breakdown at the Sharp Edge of the Foil
PAGE 91
Source: Hubert Goebel GmbH
OIP Bushing
PAGE 94
Source: Hubert Goebel GmbH
33kV OIP Bushings
New bushings
Removed
bushings
C-Tan-Delta Meas.
PAGE 95
Tan Delta (T) at 50Hz (OIP DF)

0.10
1.00
10.00
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
C
[%]
0.1-0.3% Water in paper
0.4-0.6% Water in paper
1% Water in paper
Source: ABB, Bushing diagnostics and conditioning
PAGE 96
Tan Delta (f) at 30C (33kV OIP DF)

Tan Delta (f) A, B, C
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0
5
0
1
0
0
1
5
0
2
0
0
2
5
0
3
0
0
3
5
0
4
0
0
4
5
0 Hz
%
A
B
C
A Removed
B Removed
C Removed
PAGE 97
123kV OIP Bushings TanDelta = f(U)
PF (V) A, B, C
0.4%
0.5%
0.6%
0.7%
0.8%
0.9%
1.0%
1.1%
1.2%
1.3%
0
.
0
V

2
0
0
0
.
0
V

4
0
0
0
.
0
V

6
0
0
0
.
0
V

8
0
0
0
.
0
V

1
0
0
0
0
.
0
V

1
2
0
0
0
.
0
V

1
4
0
0
0
.
0
V

A
B
C
PAGE 98
123kV OIP Bushings TanDelta = f(f)
PAGE 99
123kV OIP DF Corroded Measuring Tap
PAGE 100
Ageing of RIP Bushings
Partial breakdowns between capacitive layers are rather
seldom
Decrease of the power factor with increasing test voltage
can be an indicator for partial breakdowns
Also defective connections of the measurement layer to
the test tap or of the innermost layer to the high voltage
conductor may be the reason for a decrease of the power
factor with increasing test voltage
Increase of the capacitance after a partial breakdown
between two layers:
C
new
= C
old
x n / (n-1)
n= number of layers approx. 4-7 kV per layer
PAGE 101
RIP Bushings
PAGE 113
RIP Bushing
PAGE 114
Partial Breakdown on a RIP Bushing
Source: B. Heil, Diagnose und Bewertung von Durchfhrungen, OMICRON AWT Germany 2010
PAGE 115
220kV RIP Bushing, Stored Outside
PAGE 119
220kV RIP Bushing, Stored Outside
0.25 %
0.35 %
0.45 %
0.55 %
0.65 %
0.75 %
0.85 %
0.0 Hz 100.0 Hz 200.0 Hz 300.0 Hz 400.0 Hz 500.0 Hz
T
a
n

D
e
l
t
a
after removing from TR
3 months after removing
6 months afetr removing
Minimum
Minimum
Minimum
PAGE 120
PAGE 121
Influence of Humidity
for 123kV Bushings with Silicone Coated Composite Insulators
Mounted Horizontally
PAGE 122
DF (f)
0.2%
0.3%
0.4%
0.5%
0.6%
0.7%
0.8%
0.9%
1.0%
0.0Hz 50.0Hz 100.0Hz 150.0Hz 200.0Hz 250.0Hz 300.0Hz 350.0Hz 400.0Hz 450.0Hz
T31 2U2(f)
T31 2V2(f)
T31 2W2(f)
T32 2U2(f)
T32 2V2(f)
T32 2W2(f)
T33 2U2(f)
T33 2V2(f)
T33 2W2(f)
Influence of Humidity
for 123kV Bushings with Silicone Coated Composite Insulators
Mounted Horizontally
PAGE 123
Influence of Humidity
for 123kV Bushings with Silicone Coated Composite Insulators
Mounted Horizontally
DF (f)
0.2%
0.3%
0.4%
0.5%
0.6%
0.7%
0.8%
0.9%
1.0%
0.0Hz 50.0Hz 100.0Hz 150.0Hz 200.0Hz 250.0Hz 300.0Hz 350.0Hz 400.0Hz 450.0Hz
A
B
C
DF (f) A, B, C
0.0%
0.1%
0.2%
0.3%
0.4%
0.5%
0.6%
0
.
0
H
z
5
0
.
0
H
z
1
0
0
.
0
H
z
1
5
0
.
0
H
z
2
0
0
.
0
H
z
2
5
0
.
0
H
z
3
0
0
.
0
H
z
3
5
0
.
0
H
z
4
0
0
.
0
H
z
4
5
0
.
0
H
z
A
B
C
Bushings with
moss and outer
humidity
Bushings cleaned,
measured at dry weather
PAGE 124
Measurement with Guard
Leakage current is bypassing the meter
Meas. tap
Guard
Capacitive
layer
Meas.
layer
Leakage
current
PAGE 125
Measurement With High Humidity With and
Without Guard
PAGE 126
Measurement With High Humidity With and
Without Guard
without
Guard
with Guard
RIP Bushings without Epoxy Tube
before cleaning after cleaning
PAGE 128
RIP Bushing without Epoxy Tube Inner
Moisture
PAGE 129
The oil side of RBP and RIP bushings
doesn't need a housing

Cellulose near to the surface can absorb
water, if bushings are not stored properly

Incoming water, also from the ambient air
reduces the dielectric strength this
causes an increase of the dielectric
dissipation factor
Moisture in RBP and RIP Bushings
PAGE 130
Water in RBP and RIP Bushings
RIP wet RIP dry
Drying of RBP
and RIP bushings
is limited
PAGE 131
Measurement of the Dielectric Response
with FDS und PDC
PAGE 132
PDC FDS
Combination of
PDC und FDS
reduces
measurement time
Combined FDS-PDC Measurement
on a RIP Bushing
PAGE 133
RBP
RIP
OIP
FDS Results on RIP, RBP and OIP Bushings
PAGE 134
25C
60C
FDS/PDC on a RIP Bushing at Different
Temperatures
50Hz tan
PAGE 135
Source: G. Kopp, Measurement of the dielectric response on HV bushings
dry surface
wet surface
FDS/PDC with Dry and Wet Surface
50Hz tan
equal
PAGE 136
Source: G. Kopp, Measurement of the dielectric response on HV bushings
michael.krueger@omicron.at
Questions and Remarks?

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