Wisconsin - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

State of Wisconsin
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): Badger State; America's Dairyland
Motto(s): Forward
Official
language
English (de facto)
Demonym Wisconsinite
Capital Madison
Largest city Milwaukee
Largest metro Milwaukee metropolitan area
Area Ranked 23rd
- Total 65,497.82 sq mi
(169,639 km
2
)
- Width 260 miles (420 km)
- Length 310 miles (500 km)
- % water 17
- Latitude 4230' N to 4705 N
- Longitude 8646 W to 9253 W
Population Ranked 20th
- Total
5,726,398 (2012 est)
[1]
- Density
105/sq mi (40.6/km
2
)
Ranked 23rd
- Median
household
income
$47,220 (15th)
Elevation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the state. For the river, see Wisconsin River. See also Wisconsin (disambiguation) and WI
(disambiguation).
Wisconsin
i
/wsknsn/ is a U.S. state located in the north-
central United States, in the Midwest and Great Lakes regions.
It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest,
Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the
northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin is the 23rd
state by total area and the 20th most populous. The state capital
is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee, which is located
on the western shore of Lake Michigan. The state comprises 72
counties.
Wisconsin's geography is diverse, with the Northern Highland
and Western Upland along with a part of the Central Plain
occupying the western part of the state and lowlands stretching
to the shore of Lake Michigan. Wisconsin is second to
Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline.
Wisconsin is known as "America's Dairyland" because it is one
of the nation's leading dairy producers, particularly famous for
cheese. Manufacturing and tourism are also major contributors
to the state's economy.
1 Etymology
2 History
3 Geography
3.1 Climate
4 Demographics
4.1 Religion
4.2 Crime
5 Government
5.1 Executive
5.2 Legislative
5.3 Judicial
5.4 Federal
5.5 Taxes
6 Politics
6.1 Lawmakers in Wisconsin
Coordinates: 44.5N 89.5W
Wisconsin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin
1 of 26 5/12/2014 12:32 AM
- Highest point
Timms Hill
[2][3]
1,951 ft (595 m)
- Mean 1,050 ft (320 m)
- Lowest point
Lake Michigan
[2][3]
579 ft (176 m)
Before
statehood
Wisconsin Territory
Admission to
Union
May 29, 1848 (30th)
Governor Scott Walker (R)
Lieutenant
Governor
Rebecca Kleefisch (R)
Legislature Wisconsin Legislature
- Upper house Senate
- Lower house State Assembly
U.S. Senators Ron Johnson (R)
Tammy Baldwin (D)
U.S. House
delegation
5 Republicans, 3 Democrats
(list)
Time zone Central: UTC 6/5
Abbreviations WI, Wis. US-WI
Website www.wisconsin.gov
(http://www.wisconsin.gov)
7 Economy
7.1 Agriculture
7.2 Manufacturing
7.3 Consumer goods
7.4 Tourism
7.5 Film industry
7.6 Energy
8 Transportation
9 Important municipalities
10 Education
11 Culture
11.1 Art
11.2 Music
11.3 Alcohol and Wisconsin culture
12 Recreation
13 Sports
14 See also
15 References
16 Further reading
17 External links
The word Wisconsin originates from the name given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian-speaking
American Indian groups living in the region at the time of European contact.
[4]
French explorer Jacques
Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River, arriving in 1673 and calling the river Meskousing
in his journal.
[5]
This spelling was later corrupted to Ouisconsin by other French explorers, and over time this
became the French name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the
spelling to its modern form when they began to arrive in greater numbers during the early 19th century. The
current spelling was made official by the legislature of Wisconsin Territory in 1845.
[6]
The Algonquian word for Wisconsin and its original meaning have both grown obscure. Interpretations vary, but
most implicate the river and the red sandstone that lines its banks. One leading theory holds that the name
originated from the Miami word Meskonsing, meaning "it lies red," a reference to the setting of the Wisconsin
River as it flows through the reddish sandstone of the Wisconsin Dells.
[7]
Other theories include claims that the
name originated from one of a variety of Ojibwa words meaning "red stone place," "where the waters gather," or
"great rock."
[8]
2 of 26 5/12/2014 12:32 AM
Wisconsin in 1718, Guillaume de L'Isle map,
approximate state area highlighted.
Jean Nicolet, depicted in a 1910
painting by Frank Rohrbeck, was
probably the first European to explore
Wisconsin. The mural is located in
the Brown County Courthouse in
Green Bay.
Main article: History of Wisconsin
Wisconsin has been home to a wide variety of cultures over
the past 12,000 years. The first people arrived around 10,000
BCE during the Wisconsin Glaciation. These early
inhabitants, called Paleo-Indians, hunted now-extinct ice age
animals exemplified by the Boaz mastodon, a prehistoric
mastodon skeleton unearthed along with spear points in
southwest Wisconsin.
[9]
After the ice age ended around 8000
BCE, people in the subsequent Archaic period lived by
hunting, fishing, and gathering food from wild plants.
Agricultural societies emerged gradually over the Woodland
period between 1000 BCE to 1000 CE. Toward the end of this
period, Wisconsin was the heartland of the "Effigy Mound
culture", which built thousands of animal-shaped mounds
across the landscape.
[10]
Later, between 1000 and 1500 CE,
the Mississippian and Oneota cultures built substantial
settlements including the fortified village at Aztalan in southeast Wisconsin.
[11]
The Oneota may be the ancestors
of the modern Ioway and Ho-Chunk tribes who shared the Wisconsin region with the Menominee at the time of
European contact.
[12]
Other American Indian groups living in Wisconsin when Europeans first settled included
the Ojibwa, Sauk, Fox, Kickapoo, and Pottawatomie, who migrated to Wisconsin from the east between 1500 and
1700.
[13]
The first European to visit what became Wisconsin was probably the
French explorer Jean Nicolet. He canoed west from Georgian Bay through
the Great Lakes in 1634, and it is traditionally assumed that he came
ashore near Green Bay at Red Banks.
[14]
Pierre Radisson and Mdard des
Groseilliers visited Green Bay again in 16541666 and Chequamegon Bay
in 16591660, where they traded for fur with local American Indians.
[15]
In 1673, Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet became the first to record a
journey on the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway all the way to the Mississippi
River near Prairie du Chien.
[16]
Frenchmen like Nicholas Perrot continued
to ply the fur trade across Wisconsin through the 17th and 18th centuries,
but the French made no permanent settlements in Wisconsin before Great
Britain won control of the region following the French and Indian War in
1763. Even so, French traders continued to work in the region after the
war, and some, beginning with Charles de Langlade in 1764, now settled
in Wisconsin permanently rather than returning to British-controlled Canada.
[17]
Wisconsin became a territorial possession of the United States in 1783 after the American Revolutionary War.
However, the British remained in control until after the War of 1812, the outcome of which finally established an
American presence in the area.
[18]
Under American control, the economy of the territory shifted from fur trading
to lead mining. The prospect of easy mineral wealth drew immigrants from throughout the U.S. and Europe to the
lead deposits located at Mineral Point, Wisconsin, Dodgeville, Wisconsin, and nearby areas. Some miners found
shelter in the holes they had dug and earned the nickname "badgers," leading to Wisconsin's identity as the
"Badger State."
[19]
The sudden influx of white miners prompted tension with the local Native American
population. The Winnebago War of 1827 and the Black Hawk War of 1832 led to the forced removal of American
Indians from most parts of the state.
[20]
Following these conflicts, Wisconsin Territory was organized in 1836.
3 of 26 5/12/2014 12:32 AM
The Little White Schoolhouse in
Ripon, Wisconsin, held the nation's
first meeting of the Republican Party
Drawing of Industrial Milwaukee in 1882
The Daniel E. Krause Stone Barn in
Chase, Wisconsin was built in 1903
as dairy farming spread across the
state
Continued white settlement led to statehood in 1848.
Politics in early Wisconsin were defined by the greater national debate
over slavery. A free state from its foundation, Wisconsin became a center
of northern abolitionism. The debate became especially intense in 1854
after Joshua Glover, a runaway slave from Missouri, was captured in
Racine. Glover was taken into custody under the Federal Fugitive Slave
Law, but a mob of abolitionists stormed the prison where Glover was held
and helped him escape to Canada. In a trial stemming from the incident,
the Wisconsin Supreme Court ultimately declared the Fugitive Slave Law
unconstitutional.
[21]
The Republican Party, founded on March 20, 1854, by
anti-slavery expansion activists in Ripon, Wisconsin, grew to dominate
state politics in the aftermath of these events.
[22]
During the Civil War,
around 91,000 troops from Wisconsin fought for the Union.
[23]
Wisconsin's economy also diversified during the early
years of statehood. While lead mining diminished,
agriculture became a principal occupation in the
southern half of the state. Railroads were built across
the state to help transport grains to market, and
industries like J.I. Case & Company in Racine were
founded to build agricultural equipment. Wisconsin
briefly became one of the nation's leading producers
of wheat during the 1860s.
[24]
Meanwhile, the lumber
industry dominated in the heavily forested northern sections of Wisconsin, and sawmills sprang up in cities like
La Crosse, Eau Claire, and Wausau. These economic activities had dire environmental consequences. By the close
of the 19th century, intensive agriculture had devastated soil fertility, and lumbering had deforested most of the
state.
[25]
These conditions forced both wheat agriculture and the lumber industry into a precipitous decline.
Beginning in the 1890s, farmers in Wisconsin shifted from wheat to dairy
production in order to make more sustainable and profitable use of their
land. Many immigrants carried cheese-making traditions that, combined
with the state's suitable geography and dairy research led by Stephen
Babcock at the University of Wisconsin, helped the state build a reputation
as "America's Dairyland."
[26]
Meanwhile, conservationists including Aldo
Leopold helped reestablish the state's forests during the early 20th
century,
[27]
paving the way for a more renewable lumber and paper milling
industry as well as promoting recreational tourism in the northern
woodlands. Manufacturing also boomed in Wisconsin during the early
20th century, driven by an immense immigrant workforce arriving from
Europe. Industries in cities like Milwaukee ranged from brewing and food
processing to heavy machine production and toolmaking, leading
Wisconsin to rank 8th among U.S. states in total product value by
1910.
[28]
The early 20th century was also notable for the emergence of progressive politics championed by Robert M. La
Follette. Between 1901 and 1914, Progressive Republicans in Wisconsin created the nation's first comprehensive
statewide primary election system,
[29]
the first effective workplace injury compensation law,
[30]
and the first state
income tax,
[31]
making taxation proportional to actual earnings. The progressive Wisconsin Idea also promoted
4 of 26 5/12/2014 12:32 AM
Wisconsin Governor Robert La
Follette addressing an assembly in
Decatur, Illinois, 1905.
Wisconsin can be divided into five
geographic regions.
The Driftless Area of southwestern
Wisconsin is characterized by bluffs
carved in sedimentary rock by water
from melting Ice Age glaciers.
the statewide expansion of the University of Wisconsin through the
UW-Extension system at this time.
[32]
Later, UW economics professors
John R. Commons and Harold Groves helped Wisconsin create the first
unemployment compensation program in the United States in 1932.
[33]
Wisconsin took part in several political extremes in the mid to late 20th
century, ranging from the anti-communist crusades of Senator Joseph
McCarthy in the 1950s to the radical antiwar protests at UW-Madison that
culminated in the Sterling Hall bombing in August 1970. The state became
a leader in welfare reform under Republican Governor Tommy Thompson
during the 1990s.
[34]
The state's economy also underwent further
transformations towards the close of the 20th century, as heavy industry
and manufacturing declined in favor of a service economy based on
medicine, education, agribusiness, and tourism.
Two U.S. Navy battleships, BB-9 and BB-64, were named for the state.
Main article: Regions of Wisconsin
Wisconsin is bordered by the Montreal River; Lake Superior and Michigan
to the north; by Lake Michigan to the east; by Illinois to the south; and by
Iowa to the southwest and Minnesota to the northwest. A border dispute
with Michigan was settled by two cases, both Wisconsin v. Michigan, in
1934 and 1935. The state's boundaries include the Mississippi River and
St. Croix River in the west, and the Menominee River in the northeast.
With its location between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River,
Wisconsin is home to a wide variety of geographical features. The state is
divided into five distinct regions. In the north, the Lake Superior Lowland
occupies a belt of land along Lake Superior. Just to the south, the Northern
Highland has massive mixed hardwood and coniferous forests including
the 1,500,000 acres (6,100 km
2
) Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest, as
well as thousands of glacial lakes, and the state's highest point, Timms
Hill. In the middle of the state, the Central Plain has some unique
sandstone formations like the Dells of the Wisconsin River in addition to
rich farmland. The Eastern Ridges and Lowlands region in the southeast is
home to many of Wisconsin's largest cities. The ridges include the Niagara
Escarpment that stretches from New York, the Black River Escarpment
and the Magnesian Escarpment.
[35][36]
The bedrock of the Niagara
Escarpment is dolomite, while the two shorter ridges have limestone
bedrock. In the southwest, the Western Upland is a rugged landscape with
a mix of forest and farmland, including many bluffs on the Mississippi
River. This region is part of the Driftless Area, which also includes
portions of Iowa, Illinois, and Minnesota. This area was not covered by
glaciers during the most recent ice age, the Wisconsin Glaciation.
Overall, 46% of Wisconsin's land area is covered by forest. Langlade
5 of 26 5/12/2014 12:32 AM
Wisconsin Pole of Inaccessibility
County has a soil rarely found outside of the county called Antigo Silt
Loam.
Areas under the management of the National Park Service include the
following:
[37]
Apostle Islands National Lakeshore along Lake Superior
Ice Age National Scenic Trail
North Country National Scenic Trail
Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway
There is one national forest managed by the U.S. Forest Service in
Wisconsin, Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest.
Wisconsin has sister-state relationships with the Germany's Hesse, Japan's Chiba Prefecture, Mexico's Jalisco,
China's Heilongjiang, and Nicaragua.
[38]
The pole of inaccessibility for Wisconsin, located approximately 15 miles (24 km) southwest of Wausau at
, marks the location furthest from any point not within Wisconsin.
Climate
The southern third of Wisconsin is classified as hot summer humid continental climate (Kppen Dfa) and the
colder northern portion is classified as warm summer humid continental climate (Kppen Dfb). The highest
temperature ever recorded in the state was in the Wisconsin Dells, on July 13, 1936, where it reached 114 F (46
C). The lowest temperature ever recorded in Wisconsin was in the village of Couderay, where it reached 55 F
(48 C) on both February 2 and 4, 1996. Wisconsin also receives a large amount of regular snowfall averaging
around 40 inches in the southern portions with up to 160 inches annually in the Lake Superior snowbelt each
year.
[39]
44.8824N 89.912W
6 of 26 5/12/2014 12:32 AM
Historical population
Census Pop. %
1820 1,444
1830 3,635 151.7%
1840 30,945 751.3%
1850 305,391 886.9%
1860 775,881 154.1%
1870 1,054,670 35.9%
1880 1,315,457 24.7%
1890 1,693,330 28.7%
1900 2,069,042 22.2%
1910 2,333,860 12.8%
1920 2,632,067 12.8%
1930 2,939,006 11.7%
1940 3,137,587 6.8%
Monthly normal high and low temperatures for selected Wisconsin cities [F (C)]
City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Green Bay
25/10
(4/12)
29/13
(2/11)
40/23
(5/5)
55/35
(13/1)
67/45
(19/7)
76/55
(25/13)
81/59
(27/15)
79/58
(26/14)
71/49
(22/10)
58/38
(14/4)
43/28
(6/2)
30/15
(1/9)
Hurley
19/0
(7/18)
26/4
(-4/16)
36/16
(2/9)
49/29
(9/-2)
65/41
(18/5)
73/50
(23/10)
76/56
(25/13)
75/54
(24/12)
65/46
(18/8)
53/35
(12/2)
36/22
(2/-6)
24/8
(-5/14)
La Crosse
26/6
(3/14)
32/13
(0/11)
45/24
(7/4)
60/37
(16/3)
72/49
(22/9)
81/58
(27/14)
85/63
(29/17)
82/61
(28/16)
74/52
(23/11)
61/40
(16/4)
44/27
(7/3)
30/14
(1/10)
Madison
27/11
(3/12)
32/15
(0/9)
44/25
(7/4)
58/36
(14/2)
69/46
(21/8)
79/56
(26/13)
82/61
(28/16)
80/59
(27/15)
73/50
(23/10)
60/39
(15/3)
45/28
(7/2)
31/16
(1/9)
Milwaukee
29/16
(2/9)
33/19
(0/7)
42/28
(6/2)
54/37
(12/3)
65/47
(18/8)
75/57
(24/14)
80/64
(27/18)
79/63
(26/17)
71/55
(22/13)
59/43
(15/6)
46/32
(8/0)
33/20
(0/7)
Superior
[40]
21/2
(6/17)
26/6
(-3/14)
35/17
(2/8)
46/29
(8/-2)
56/38
(13/3)
66/47
(19/8)
75/56
(24/13)
74/57
(23/14)
65/47
(18/8)
52/36
(11/2)
38/23
(3/5)
25/9
(4/13)
See also: Hmong in Wisconsin
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Wisconsin was
5,742,713 on July 1, 2013, a 1.0% increase since the 2010 United States
Census.
[1]
Since its founding, Wisconsin has been ethnically heterogeneous. Following the
period of French fur traders, the next wave of settlers were miners, many of
whom were Cornish, who settled the southwestern area of the state. The next
wave was dominated by "Yankees," migrants of English descent from New
England and upstate New York; in the early years of statehood, they dominated
the state's heavy industry, finance, politics and education. Between 1850 and
1900, large numbers of European immigrants followed them, including
Germans, Scandinavians (the largest group being Norwegian), and smaller
groups of Belgians, Dutch, Swiss, Finns, Irish, Poles, Italians, and others. In the
20th century, large numbers of Mexicans and African Americans came, settling
mainly in Milwaukee; and after end of the Vietnam War came an influx of
Hmongs.
According to the 2010 Census, the racial composition of the population was:
7 of 26 5/12/2014 12:32 AM
1950 3,434,575 9.5%
1960 3,951,777 15.1%
1970 4,417,731 11.8%
1980 4,705,767 6.5%
1990 4,891,769 4.0%
2000 5,363,675 9.6%
2010 5,686,986 6.0%
Est. 2013 5,742,713 1.0%
Source: 19102010
[41]
Wisconsin 2010 Population Density
Map
86.2% White American (83.3% non-Hispanic white, 2.9% White
Hispanic)
6.3% Black or African American
1.0% American Indian and Alaska Native
2.3% Asian American
1.8% Multiracial American
2.4% Some other race
In the same year, 5.9% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin
(they may be of any race).
[42]
Wisconsin Racial Breakdown of Population
Racial composition
1990
[43]
2000
[44]
2010
[45]
White 92.2% 88.9% 86.2%
Black 5.0% 5.7% 6.3%
Asian 1.1% 1.7% 2.3%
Native 0.8% 0.9% 1.0%
Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander
- - -
Other race 0.9% 1.6% 2.4%
Two or more races - 1.3% 1.8%
The six largest ancestry groups in Wisconsin are: German (42.6%), Irish
(10.9%), Polish (9.3%), Norwegian (8.5%), English (6.5%), and Italian (6.1%).
[46]
German is the most common
ancestry in every county in the state, except Menominee, Trempealeau and Vernon.
[47]
Wisconsin has the highest
percentage of residents of Polish ancestry of any state.
[46]
The various ethnic groups settled in different areas of
the state. Although Germans settled throughout the state, the largest concentration was in Milwaukee. Norwegians
settled in lumbering and farming areas in the north and west. Small colonies of Belgians, Swiss, Finns and other
groups settled in their particular areas, with Irish, Italian, and Polish immigrants settling primarily in urban
areas.
[48]
African Americans came to Milwaukee, especially from 1940 on. Menominee County is the only county
in the eastern United States with an American Indian majority.
86% of Wisconsin's African-American population live in four cities: Milwaukee, Racine, Beloit, Kenosha, with
Milwaukee home to nearly three-fourths of the state's black Americans. In the Great Lakes region, only Detroit
and Cleveland have a higher percentage of African-American residents.
33% of Wisconsin's Asian population is Hmong, with significant communities in Milwaukee, Wausau, Green Bay,
Sheboygan, Appleton, Madison, La Crosse, Eau Claire, Oshkosh, and Manitowoc.
[49]
Of the residents of Wisconsin, 71.7% were born in Wisconsin, 23.0% were born in a different US state, 0.7% were
born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 4.6% were foreign born.
[50]
Religion
Christianity is the predominant religion of Wisconsin. As of 2008, the three largest denominational groups in
8 of 26 5/12/2014 12:32 AM
The Roman Catholic Shrine of Our
Lady of Guadalupe, in La Crosse,
Wisconsin
The Wisconsin State Capitol
Wisconsin were Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, and Mainline
Protestant.
[51]
As of 2010, the Catholic Church had the highest number of
adherents in Wisconsin (at 1,425,523), followed by the Evangelical
Lutheran Church in America with 414,326 members, and the Lutheran
ChurchMissouri Synod with 223,279 adherents.
[52]
As of 2008, the
non-religious population of Wisconsin surpassed 850,000. The percentage
of Wisconsin residents who belong to various affiliations are
[53]
Christian
81%, Protestant 50%, Roman Catholic 29%, Mormon 0.5%, Jewish 0.5%,
Muslim 0.5%, Buddhist 0.5%, Hindu 0.5% and the unaffiliated at 15%.
Circle Sanctuary, based in southwestern Wisconsin, is one of the largest
Wiccan churches in the country.
[54]
Crime
Statewide FBI Crime statistics for 2009 include 144 murders/nonnegligent manslaughter; 1,108 rapes; 4,850
robberies; 8,431 aggravated assaults; and 147,486 property crimes.
[55]
Wisconsin also publishes its own statistics
through the Office of Justice Assistance.
[56]
The OJA reported 14,603 violent crimes in 2009, with a clearance
rate (% solved) of 50%.
[57]
The OJA reported 4,633 sexual assaults in 2009, with an overall clearance rate for
sexual assaults of 57%. Of note, in Wisconsin juveniles are nearly three times more likely than adults to be
victims of sexual assault, with 11- to 15-year-old children as the highest victimized age group.
[58]
The Wisconsin Blue Book is the primary published reference about the government and politics of the state,
documenting the organization of the states three branches of government. Published every two years with
updated information, copies are available by contacting state legislators.
Wisconsin's Constitution outlines the structure and function of state government. Wisconsin's government is
organized into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.
Executive
The executive branch is headed by the governor. The current governor,
Scott Walker, assumed office on January 3, 2011. In addition to the
governor, the executive branch includes five other elected constitutional
officers: Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney General,
Treasurer, and State Superintendent of Public Instruction.
Legislative
The Wisconsin State Legislature is Wisconsin's legislative branch. The
Legislature is a bicameral body consisting of the Assembly and the Senate.
Judicial
Wisconsin's court system has four levels: municipal courts, circuit courts,
the Court of Appeals, and the Supreme Court. Municipal courts typically handle cases involving local ordinance
9 of 26 5/12/2014 12:32 AM
Year Republican Democratic
2012 45.89% 1,407,966 52.83% 1,620,985
2008 42.31% 1,262,393 56.22% 1,677,211
2004 49.31% 1,478,120 49.71% 1,489,504
2000 47.56% 1,237,279 47.83% 1,242,987
1996 38.48% 845,029 48.81% 1,071,971
1992 36.78% 930,855 41.13% 1,041,066
1988 47.80% 1,047,794 51.41% 1,126,794
Presidential elections results
matters. The circuit courts are Wisconsin's trial courts, they have original jurisdiction in all civil and criminal
cases within the state. Challenges to circuit court rulings are heard by the Wisconsin Court of Appeals, consisting
of sixteen judges who typically sit in three-judge panels. As the state's highest appellate court, the Wisconsin
Supreme Court may hear both appeals from lower courts and original actions. In addition to deciding cases, the
Supreme Court is responsible for administering the state's court system and regulating the practice of law in
Wisconsin.
[59]
Federal
In the United State Senate Wisconsin is represented by Ron Johnson and Tammy Baldwin. Wisconsin is divided
into eight congressional districts.
Taxes
Wisconsin collects personal income taxes (based on five income brackets) which range from 4.6% to 7.75%. The
state sales and use tax rate is 5.0%. Fifty-nine counties have an additional sales/use tax of 0.5%.
[60]
Milwaukee
County and four surrounding counties have an additional temporary 0.1% tax that helps fund the Miller Park
baseball stadium, which was completed in 2001.
The most common property tax assessed on Wisconsin residents is the real property tax, or their residential
property tax. Wisconsin does not impose a property tax on vehicles, but does levy an annual registration fee.
Property taxes are the most important tax revenue source for Wisconsin's local governments, as well as major
methods of funding school districts, vocational technical colleges, special purpose districts and tax incremental
finance districts. Equalized values are based on the full market value of all taxable property in the state, except for
agricultural land. In order to provide property tax relief for farmers, the value of agricultural land is determined by
its value for agricultural uses, rather than for its possible development value. Equalized values are used to
distribute state aid payments to counties, municipalities, and technical colleges. Assessments prepared by local
assessors are used to distribute the property tax burden within individual municipalities.
Wisconsin does not assess a tax on intangible property. Wisconsin does not collect inheritance taxes. Until
January 1, 2008, Wisconsin's estate tax was decoupled from the federal estate tax laws; therefore the state
imposed its own estate tax on certain large estates.
[61]
There are no toll roads in Wisconsin; highway construction and maintenance are funded in part by motor fuel tax
revenues, and the remaining balance is drawn from the State General Fund. Non-highway road construction and
maintenance are funded by local governments (municipalities or counties).
During the period of the Civil War, Wisconsin was a Republican state; in
fact it is the state that gave birth to the Republican Party, although ethno-
religious issues in the late 19th century caused a brief split in the
Republican coalition. Through the first half of the 20th century,
Wisconsin's politics were dominated by Robert La Follette and his sons,
originally of the Republican Party, but later of the revived Progressive
Party. Since 1945, the state has maintained a close balance between
Republicans and Democrats. Republican Senator Joe McCarthy was a
controversial national figure in the early 1950s. Recent leading
Republicans include former Governor Tommy Thompson and
10 of 26 5/12/2014 12:32 AM
Congressman F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr.; prominent Democrats include Senators Herb Kohl and Russ Feingold,
and Congressman David Obey.
[62]
The most famous controversy in the state's political history dealt with foreign language teaching in schools. This
was fought out in the Bennett Law campaign of 1890, when the Germans switched to the Democratic Party
because of the Republican Party's support of the Bennett Law, which led to a major victory for the Democrats.
The cities of Wisconsin have been active in increasing the availability of legislative information on the internet,
thereby providing for greater government transparency. Currently three of the five most populous cities in
Wisconsin provide their constituents with internet-based access of all public records directly from the cities
databases. Wisconsin cities started to make this a priority after Milwaukee began doing so, on their page
(http://legistar.milwaukee.gov/mattersearch/), in 2001. One such city, Madison, has been named the Number 1
digital city by the Center for Digital Government (http://www.usatoday.com/tech/products/cnet/2006-12-01-
wired-cities_x.htm) in consecutive years.
In recent decades, Wisconsin has become a Democratic-leaning state at the presidential level; it has voted for
Democratic candidates in each of the last seven presidential elections. The last Republican to carry the state was
Ronald Reagan in 1984. In 2012, Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney chose Wisconsin Congressman
Paul Ryan, a native of Janesville, as his running mate against incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama and
Vice President Joe Biden. Despite Ryan's presence on the Republican ticket, Obama still carried Wisconsin by a
margin of 53% to 46%.
At the statewide level, Wisconsin is competitive, with control regularly alternating between the two parties. The
2010 elections saw a huge Republican resurgence in Wisconsin. Republicans took control of the governor's office
and both houses of the state legislature. Republican Ron Johnson defeated Democratic incumbent U.S. Senator
Russ Feingold, and Republicans took two previously Democratic-held House seats, creating a 53 Republican
majority House delegation.
On February 14, 2011, the Wisconsin State Capitol erupted with protests when the Legislature took up a bill that
would end most collective bargaining rights for state employees, except for wages, to address the $3.6 bil. deficit.
The protests attracted tens of thousands of people each day, and garnered international attention.
The Assembly passed the bill 5342 on March 10 after the State Senate passed it the night before, and sent it to
the Governor for his signature.
[63]
In response to the bill, enough signatures were gathered to force a recall
election against Governor Walker. Tom Barrett, the mayor of Milwaukee and Walker's 2010 opponent, won the
Democratic primary and faced Walker again. Walker won the election by 53% to 46% and became the first
governor in United States history to retain his seat after a recall election.
Further information: 2011 Wisconsin protests, Political party strength in Wisconsin, and Wisconsin
gubernatorial recall election
Lawmakers in Wisconsin
The last election in which Wisconsin supported a Republican Presidential candidate was in 1984. However, both
the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections were close, with Wisconsin receiving heavy doses of national advertising
because it was a "swing", or pivot, state. Al Gore carried the presidential vote in 2000 by 5,700 votes, and John
Kerry won Wisconsin in 2004 by 11,000 votes. However, in 2008, Barack Obama carried the state by 381,000
votes and with 56%. Republicans had a stronghold in the Fox Valley, but elected a Democrat, Steve Kagen, of
Appleton, for the 8th Congressional District in 2006. However, Kagen survived only two terms and was replaced
by Republican Reid Ribble in the Republican Party's sweep of Wisconsin in November 2010, the first time the
Republican Party has taken back both chambers of the state legislature and the governorship in the same election.
11 of 26 5/12/2014 12:32 AM
Republicans have held Waukesha County. The City of Milwaukee heads the list of Wisconsin's Democratic
strongholds, which also includes Madison and the state's Native American reservations. Wisconsin's largest
Congressional district, the 7th, had voted Democratic since 1969. Its representative, David Obey, chaired the
powerful House Appropriations Committee.
[64]
However, Obey retired and the once Democratic seat was
overtaken by Republican Sean Duffy in November 2010.
Wisconsin's political history encompasses, on the one hand, "Fighting Bob" La Follette and the Progressive
movement; and on the other, the Republican and anti-Communist Joe McCarthy.
In the early 20th century, the Socialist Party of America had a base in Milwaukee. The phenomenon was
referred to as "sewer socialism" because the elected officials were more concerned with public works and
reform than with revolution (although revolutionary socialism existed in the city as well). Its influence
faded in the late 1950s, largely because of the red scare and racial tensions.
[65]
The first Socialist mayor of
a large city in the United States was Emil Seidel, elected mayor of Milwaukee in 1910; another Socialist,
Daniel Hoan, was mayor of Milwaukee from 1916 to 1940; and a third, Frank P. Zeidler, from 1948 to
1960. Socialist newspaper editor Victor Berger was repeatedly elected as a U.S. Representative, although he
was prevented from serving for some time because of his opposition to the First World War.
William Proxmire, a Democratic Senator (195789), dominated the Democratic party for years; he was best
known for attacking waste and fraud in federal spending.
Democrat Russ Feingold was the only Senator to vote against the Patriot Act in 2001.
Democrat Tammy Baldwin from Madison was the first openly lesbian U.S. Representative.
[66]
She was also
the first openly gay U.S. Senator.
Republican Paul Ryan was, at age 28, the youngest member of the Congressional freshmen class when he
took office in January 1999. In 2012, he was selected as the Republican party's candidate for Vice President,
running with Mitt Romney.
In 2004, Gwen Moore, a Democrat from Milwaukee, became Wisconsin's first African-American U.S.
Representative.
In 2006, Democrats gained in a national sweep of opposition to the Bush administration, and the Iraq War. The
retiring GOP 8th District Congressman, Mark Green, of Green Bay, ran against the incumbent Governor Jim
Doyle. Green lost by 8% statewide, making Doyle the first Democratic governor to be re-elected in 32 years. The
Republicans lost control of the state Senate. Although Democrats gained eight seats in the state Assembly,
Republicans retained a five-vote majority in that house. In 2008, Democrats regained control of the State
Assembly by a 5246 margin, marking the first time since 1987 that the governor and state legislature were both
Democratic. However, Republicans won both chambers of the legislature and the governorship in 2010, the first
time all three changed partisan control in the same election. In November 2012, Tammy Baldwin became the first
openly gay senator to be elected into office in the nation.
[67]
See also: Wisconsin locations by per capita income
In 2010 Wisconsins gross state product was $248.3 billion, making it 21st among U.S. states.
[68]
The economy of
Wisconsin is driven by manufacturing, agriculture, and health care. The state's economic output from
12 of 26 5/12/2014 12:32 AM
The U.S. Bank Center in Milwaukee
is Wisconsin's tallest building.
Badger State
State Animal: Badger
State Domesticated
Animal:
Dairy cow
State Wild Animal: White-tailed deer
manufacturing was $48.9 billion in 2008, making it the tenth largest
among states in manufacturing gross domestic product.
[69]
Manufacturing
accounts for about 20% of the state's gross domestic product, a proportion
that is third among all states.
[70]
The per capita personal income was
$35,239 in 2008.
In June 2010, the state's unemployment rate was 8% (seasonally
adjusted).
[71]
In quarter four of 2011, the largest employers in Wisconsin were:
Wal-Mart 1.
University of WisconsinMadison 2.
Milwaukee Public Schools 3.
U.S. Postal Service 4.
Wisconsin Department of Corrections 5.
Menards 6.
Marshfield Clinic 7.
Wisconsin Department of Veterans Affairs 8.
Target Corporation, and 9.
City of Milwaukee.
[72]
10.
Agriculture
Wisconsin produces about a quarter of America's cheese, leading the nation in cheese production.
[73][74]
It is
second in milk production, after California,
[75]
and third in per-capita milk production, behind California and
Vermont.
[76]
Wisconsin is second in butter production, producing about one-quarter of the nation's butter.
[77]
The
state ranks first nationally in the production of corn for silage, cranberries
[78]
ginseng,
[79]
and snap beans for
processing. It grows over half the national crop of cranberries.
[78]
and 97% of the nation's ginseng.
[79]
Wisconsin
is also a leading producer of oats, potatoes, carrots, tart cherries, maple syrup, and sweet corn for processing. The
significance of the state's agricultural production is exemplified by the depiction of a Holstein cow, an ear of corn,
and a wheel of cheese on Wisconsin's state quarter design.
[80]
A large part of the state's manufacturing sector includes commercial food processing, including well-known
brands such as Oscar Mayer, Tombstone frozen pizza, Johnsonville brats, and Usinger's sausage. Kraft Foods
alone employs over 5,000 people in the state. Milwaukee is a major producer of beer and was formerly
headquarters for Miller Brewing Company the nation's second-largest brewer until it merged with Coors
Brewing Company. Formerly, Schlitz, Blatz, and Pabst were cornerstone breweries in Milwaukee.
Manufacturing
Wisconsin is home to a very large and diversified
manufacturing economy, with special focus on transportation
and capital equipment. Major Wisconsin companies in these
categories include the Kohler Company; Mercury Marine;
13 of 26 5/12/2014 12:32 AM
State Beverage: Milk
State Fruit: Cranberry
State Bird: Robin
State Capital: Madison
State Dog: American water spaniel
State pro football team: Green Bay Packers
State pro baseball team: Milwaukee Brewers
State pro basketball team: Milwaukee Bucks
State pro hockey team: Milwaukee Admirals
State Fish: Muskellunge
State Flower: Wood violet
State Fossil: Trilobite
State Grain: Corn
State Insect: European honey bee
State Motto: Forward
State Song: "On, Wisconsin!"
State Tree: Sugar maple
State Mineral: Galena (Lead sulfide)
State Rock: Red granite
State Soil: Antigo silt loam
State Dance: Polka
State Symbol of
Peace:
Mourning dove
State Microbe Lactococcus lactis
State Pastry: Kringle
Wisconsin state welcome sign
Rockwell Automation; Johnson Controls; Seagrave Fire
Apparatus; Pierce Manufacturing (fire apparatus); John
Deere;Briggs & Stratton; Miller Electric; Milwaukee Electric
Tool Company; Caterpillar Inc.; Joy Global; The Manitowoc
Company; Modine Manufacturing; Reliance Controls; Ladish
Co.; Oshkosh Truck; Harley-Davidson; Case IH; S. C.
Johnson & Son; Ashley Furniture; Ariens;and Evinrude
Outboard Motors.
Consumer goods
Wisconsin is a major producer of paper, packaging, and other
consumer goods. Major consumer products companies based
in the state include SC Johnson & Co., and Diversey Inc.,
Wisconsin also ranks first nationwide in the production of
paper products; the lower Fox River from Lake Winnebago to
Green Bay has 24 paper mills along its 39 miles (63 km)
stretch.
The development and manufacture of health care devices and
software is a growing sector of the state's economy, with key
players such as GE Healthcare, Epic Systems, and
TomoTherapy.
Tourism
Tourism is a major industry in Wisconsin the state's third
largest, according to the Department of Tourism. Tourist
destinations such as the House on the Rock near Spring
Green, Circus World Museum in Baraboo, and The Dells of
the Wisconsin River draw thousands of visitors annually, and
festivals such as Summerfest and the EAA Oshkosh Airshow
draw international attention, along with hundreds of
thousands of visitors.
Given the large number of lakes and rivers in the state, water recreation is
very popular.
The distinctive Door Peninsula, which extends off the eastern coast of the
state, contains one of the state's tourist destinations, Door County. Door
County is a popular destination for boaters because of the large number of
natural harbors, bays, and ports on the Green Bay and Lake Michigan side
of the peninsula that forms the county. The area draws hundreds of
thousands of visitors yearly to its quaint villages, seasonal cherry picking, and fish boils.
Film industry
On January 1, 2008, a new tax incentive for the film industry came into effect. The first major production to take
advantage of the tax incentive was Michael Mann's Public Enemies. While the producers spent $18 million on the
film, it was reported that most of that went to out-of-state workers and for out-of-state services; Wisconsin
14 of 26 5/12/2014 12:32 AM
Wisconsin counties
taxpayers had provided $4.6 million in subsidies, and derived only $5 million in revenues from the film's
making.
[81]
Energy
Wisconsin has the potential to generate 255,266 GWh from 103,751 MW of land based wind turbines and
317,755 GWh from 80,672 MW of offshore wind turbines located in Lake Superior and in Lake Michigan, as well
as 5,042,259 GWh from 3,206,830 MW of rural utility scale photovoltaics, and 13,939 GWh from 12,262 MW of
rooftop mounted photovoltaics.
[82]
Wisconsin Wind Generation (GWh, Million kWh)
Year
Capacity
(MW)
Total Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Eff. %
2009 449 1,052 99 115 123 116 114 62 53 70 35 80 94 94 26.7%
2010 469 1,088 114 62 88 137 90 59 60 66 90 94 128 108 26.5%
2011 631 1,196 84 129 97 126 127 85 57 46 75 106 135 127 21.6%
2012 193 123 173 145 135
Source:
[83][84][85]
Wisconsin is served by eight commercial service airports, in addition to a number of general aviation airports.
The Wisconsin Department of Transportation is responsible for planning, building and maintaining the state's
highways. Seven Interstate Highways transverse the state.
Further information: List of municipalities in Wisconsin by
population and Political subdivisions of Wisconsin
Over 68% of Wisconsin residents live in urban areas, with the Greater
Milwaukee area home to roughly one-third of the state's
population.
[86]
Milwaukee is at the northern edge of an urban area
bordering Lake Michigan that stretches southward into greater
Chicago and northwestern Indiana, with a population of over 11
million. With over 594,000 residents, Milwaukee is the 30th-largest
city in the country.
[87]
The string of cities along the western edge of
Lake Michigan is generally considered to be an example of a
megalopolis.
With a population of around 233,000 and metropolitan area of over
600,000, Madison has a dual identity as state capital and college town.
Madison's suburb, Middleton, was ranked the "Best Place to Live in
America" in 2007 by Money Magazine. Medium-size cities dot the
15 of 26 5/12/2014 12:32 AM
Music stage at Summerfest in 1994
The Milwaukee Art Museum
state and anchor a network of working farms surrounding them. As of 2011, there were 12 cities in Wisconsin
with a population of 50,000 or more, accounting for 73% of the state's employment.
[88]
Wisconsin has three types of municipality: cities, villages, and towns. Cities and villages are incorporated urban
areas. Towns are unincorporated minor civil divisions of counties with limited self-government.
Wisconsin, along with Minnesota and Michigan, was among the Midwestern leaders in the emergent American
state university movement following the Civil War in the United States. By the start of the 20th century, education
in the state advocated the "Wisconsin Idea", which emphasized service to the people of the state. The "Wisconsin
Idea" exemplified the Progressive movement within colleges and universities at the time.
[89]
Today, public
post-secondary education in Wisconsin includes both the 26-campus University of Wisconsin System, with the
flagship university University of WisconsinMadison, and the 16-campus Wisconsin Technical College System.
Private colleges and universities include Beloit College, Cardinal Stritch University, Carroll University, Carthage
College, Concordia University Wisconsin, Edgewood College, Lakeland College, Lawrence University,
Marquette University, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Ripon College, St.
Norbert College, and others.
See also: List of colleges and universities in Wisconsin, List of high schools in Wisconsin and List of school
districts in Wisconsin
Residents of Wisconsin are referred to as Wisconsinites. The traditional
prominence of references to dairy farming and cheesemaking in
Wisconsin's rural economy (the state's license plates have read "America's
Dairyland" since 1940
[90]
) have led to the nickname (sometimes used
pejoratively among non-residents) of "cheeseheads" and to the creation of
"cheesehead hats" made of yellow foam in the shape of a wedge of cheese.
Numerous ethnic festivals are held throughout Wisconsin to celebrate the
heritage of its citizens. Such festivals include Summerfest, Oktoberfest,
Polish Fest, Festa Italiana, Irish Fest, Bastille Days, Syttende Mai
(Norwegian Constitution Day), Brat(wurst) Days in Sheboygan, Cheese
Days in Monroe and Mequon, African World Festival, Indian Summer,
Arab Fest, and many others.
Art
The Milwaukee Art Museum, with its brise soleil designed by Santiago
Calatrava, is known for its interesting architecture. Monona Terrace in
Madison, a convention center designed by Taliesin architect Anthony
Puttnam, is based on a 1930s design by Frank Lloyd Wright.
[91]
Wright's
home and studio in the 20th century was at Taliesin, south of Spring
Green. Decades after Wright's death, Taliesin remains an architectural office and school for his followers.
16 of 26 5/12/2014 12:32 AM
Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin in
Spring Green
Music
Main article: Music of Wisconsin
Wisconsin has more country music festivals than any other state,
[92]
including Miller Lite Presents Country Fest, Bud Light Presents Country
Jam USA, the Coors Hodag Country Festival, Porterfield Country Music
Festival, Country Thunder USA in Twin Lakes,
[92]
and Ford Presents
Country USA.
Milwaukee also hosts Summerfest, dubbed "The World's Largest Music
Festival," every year. This festival is held at the lakefront Henry Maier Festival Park just south of downtown, as
are a summer-long array of ethnic musical festivals such as the Milwaukee Irish Fest.
The Wisconsin Area Music Industry provides an annual WAMI event where it presents an awards show for top
Wisconsin artists.
Alcohol and Wisconsin culture
Drinking has long been considered a significant part of Wisconsin culture, and the state ranks at or near the top of
national measures of per-capita alcohol consumption, binge drinking, driving under the influence, and proportion
of drinkers.
[93]
Factors such as cultural identification with the state's heritage of German immigration, the
longstanding presence of major breweries in Milwaukee, and a cold climate are often associated with the
prevalence of drinking in Wisconsin. The minimum legal age for recreational consumption of alcohol is 21 unless
accompanied by a parent or guardian. Wisconsin is the only state that treats a first offense drunk driving (OWI) as
a traffic violation and not a misdemeanor.
[94]
The Wisconsin Tavern League is a strong political force and the state legislature, reluctant to lower a DUI offense
from BAC 0.10 to 0.08, did so only as a result of federal government pressure. The League also opposes raising
the alcoholic beverage tax. The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel series "Wasted in Wisconsin" examined this
situation.
[95]
The varied landscape of Wisconsin makes the state a popular vacation destination for outdoor recreation. Winter
events include skiing, ice fishing and snowmobile derbies. Wisconsin is situated on two Great Lakes and has
many inland lakes of varied size; the state contains 11,188 square miles (28,980 km
2
) of water, more than all but
three other states - Alaska, Michigan, and Florida.
[96]
Outdoor activities are popular in Wisconsin, especially hunting and fishing. One of the most prevalent game
animals is the whitetail deer. Each year in Wisconsin, well over 600,000 deer hunting licenses are sold.
[97]
In
2008, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources projected the pre-hunt deer population to be about 1.5 to
1.7 million.
Main article: Sports in Wisconsin
17 of 26 5/12/2014 12:32 AM
Lambeau Field in Green Bay is home to the NFL's Green Bay
Packers.
Miller Park is the home stadium of
Major League Baseball's Milwaukee
Brewers
Wisconsin is represented by major league
teams in three sports: football, baseball, and
basketball. Lambeau Field, located in Green
Bay, Wisconsin, is home to the National
Football League's Green Bay Packers. The
Packers have been part of the NFL since the
league's second season in 1921 and hold the
record for the most NFL titles, earning the city
of Green Bay the nickname "Titletown USA".
The Packers are the smallest city franchise in the NFL, and is the only one owned by shareholders statewide. The
franchise was founded by "Curly" Lambeau who played and coached for them. The Green Bay Packers are one of
the most successful small-market professional sports franchises in the world and have won 13 NFL
championships, including the first two AFL-NFL Championship games (Super Bowls I and II), Super Bowl
XXXI and Super Bowl XLV. The state's support of the team is evidenced by the 81,000-person waiting list for
season tickets to Lambeau Field.
[98]
The Milwaukee Brewers, the state's only major league baseball team, play
in Miller Park in Milwaukee, the successor to Milwaukee County Stadium
since 2001. In 1982, the Brewers won the American League
Championship, marking their most successful season. The team switched
from the American League to the National League starting with the 1998
season. Before the Brewers, Milwaukee had two prior Major League
teams. The first team, also called the Brewers, played only one season in
the newly founded American League in 1901 before moving to St. Louis
and becoming the Browns, who are now the Baltimore Orioles. Milwaukee
was also the home of the Braves franchise when they moved from Boston
from 1953 to 1965, winning the World Series in 1957 and the National
League pennant in 1958, before they moved to Atlanta.
The Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association play home
games at the Bradley Center. The Bucks won the NBA Championship in 1971.
The state also has minor league teams in hockey (Milwaukee Admirals) and baseball (the Wisconsin Timber
Rattlers, based in Appleton and the Beloit Snappers of the Class A minor leagues). Wisconsin is also home to the
Madison Mallards, the La Crosse Loggers, the Lakeshore Chinooks, the Eau Claire Express, the Green Bay
Bullfrogs, the Wisconsin Woodchucks, and the Wisconsin Rapids Rafters of the Northwoods League, a collegiate
all-star summer league. In arena football Wisconsin is represented by three teams: the Wisconsin Wolfpack in
Madison in the CIFL; the Green Bay Blizzard of the IFL, and the Milwaukee Mustangs of the AFL. The state is
also home to the 6 Time Major Indoor Soccer League Champion Milwaukee Wave.
Wisconsin also has many college sports programs, including the Wisconsin Badgers, of the University of
WisconsinMadison and the Panthers of University of WisconsinMilwaukee. The Wisconsin Badgers football
former head coach Barry Alvarez led the Badgers to three Rose Bowl championships, including back-to-back
victories in 1999 and 2000. The Badger men's basketball team won the national title in 1941 and made a second
trip to college basketball's Final Four in 2000. The Badgers claimed a historic dual championship in 2006 when
both the women's and men's hockey teams won national titles. In 2014, the Badgers also made it to the Final Four
The Marquette Golden Eagles of the Big East Conference, the state's other major collegiate program, is known for
its men's basketball team, which, under the direction of Al McGuire, won the NCAA National Championship in
1977. The team returned to the Final Four in 2003.
18 of 26 5/12/2014 12:32 AM
Many other schools in the University of Wisconsin system compete in the Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic
Conference at the Division III level. The conference is one of the most successful in the nation, claiming 92
NCAA national championships in 15 different sports as of the 201112 academic year.
[99]
The Semi-Professional Northern Elite Football League consists of many teams from Wisconsin. The league is
made up of former professional, collegiate, and high school players. Teams from Wisconsin include: The Green
Bay Gladiators from Green Bay, WI, The Fox Valley Force in Appleton, WI, The Kimberly Storm in Kimberly,
WI, The Central Wisconsin Spartans in Wausau, WI, The Eau Claire Crush and the Chippewa Valley Predators
from Eau Claire, WI, and the Lake Superior Rage from Superior, WI. The league also has teams in Michigan and
Minnesota. Teams play from May until August.
Wisconsin is home to the world's oldest operational racetrack. The Milwaukee Mile, located in Wisconsin State
Fair Park in West Allis, Wisconsin, held races there that considerably predate the Indy 500.
[100]
Wisconsin is home to the nation's oldest operating velodrome in Kenosha where races have been held every year
since 1927.
[101]
Index of Wisconsin-related articles
List of ecoregions in Wisconsin
Outline of Wisconsin organized list of topics about Wisconsin
^
a

b
"Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010
to July 1, 2013" (http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2013/tables/NST-EST2013-01.csv) (CSV). 2013
Population Estimates (http://www.census.gov/popest/). United States Census Bureau, Population Division. December
30, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
1.
^
a

b
"Elevations and Distances in the United States" (http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html).
United States Geological Survey. 2001. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
2.
^
a

b
Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988. 3.
^ "Wisconsin's Name: Where it Came from and What it Means" (http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/topics/wisconsin-
name/). Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
4.
^ Marquette, Jacques (1673). "The Mississippi Voyage of Jolliet and Marquette, 1673"
(http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-051/). In Kellogg, Louise P. Early Narratives of the Northwest, 16341699. New
York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 235. OCLC 31431651 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31431651).
5.
^ Smith, Alice E. (September 1942). "Stephen H. Long and the Naming of Wisconsin"
(http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/u?/wmh,14413). Wisconsin Magazine of History (Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin
Historical Society) 26 (1): 6771. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
6.
^ McCafferty, Michael. 2003. On Wisconsin: The Derivation and Referent of an Old Puzzle in American Placenames
(http://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=article&id=2002552&journal_code=ONO). Onoma 38: 3956
7.
19 of 26 5/12/2014 12:32 AM
^ Vogel, Virgil J. (1965). "Wisconsin's Name: A Linguistic Puzzle" (http://content.wisconsinhistory.org
/u?/wmh,23263). Wisconsin Magazine of History (Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Historical Society) 48 (3): 181186.
Retrieved July 24, 2008.
8.
^ Theler, James; Boszhardt, Robert (2003). Twelve Millennia: Archaeology of the Upper Mississippi River Valley. Iowa
City, Iowa: University of Iowa Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-87745-847-0.
9.
^ Birmingham, Robert; Eisenberg, Leslie (2000). Indian Mounds of Wisconsin. Madison, Wisconsin: University of
Wisconsin Press. pp. 100110. ISBN 978-0-299-16870-4.
10.
^ Birmingham 2000, p.152156 11.
^ Birmingham 2000, p.165167 12.
^ Boatman, John (1987). "Historical Overview of the Wisconsin Area: From Early Years to the French, British, and
Americans". In Fixico, Donald. An Anthology of Western Great Lakes Indian History. University of Wisconsin
Milwaukee. OCLC 18188646 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18188646).
13.
^ Rodesch, Gerrold C. (1984). "Jean Nicolet" (http://www.uwgb.edu/wisfrench/library/articles/nicolet.htm). University
of WisconsinGreen Bay. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
14.
^ "Turning Points in Wisconsin History: Arrival of the First Europeans" (http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints
/tp-006/?action=more_essay). Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
15.
^ Jaenen, Cornelius (1973). "French colonial attitudes and the exploration of Jolliet and Marquette". Wisconsin
Magazine of History 56 (4): 300310.
16.
^ "Dictionary of Wisconsin History: Langlade, Charles Michel" (http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary
/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2266&search_term=Langlade%2C+Charles+Michel). Wisconsin Historical Society.
Retrieved March 13, 2010.
17.
^ Nesbit, Robert (1973). Wisconsin : a history. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 6264.
ISBN 978-0-299-06370-2.
18.
^ "Badger Nickname" (http://www.uwbadgers.com/trads/nickname.html). University of Wisconsin. Retrieved March
14, 2010.
19.
^ Nesbit (1973). Wisconsin : a history. pp. 9597. ISBN 978-0-299-06370-2. 20.
^ Legler, Henry (1898). "Rescue of Joshua Glover, a Runaway Slave" (http://www.library.wisc.edu/etext/wireader
/WER1124.html). Leading Events of Wisconsin History. Milwaukee: Sentinel. pp. 226229. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
21.
^ Nesbit (1973). Wisconsin : a history. pp. 238239. ISBN 978-0-299-06370-2. 22.
^ "Turning Points in Wisconsin History: The Iron Brigade, Old Abe and Military Affairs"
(http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/tp-023/?action=more_essay). Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved
March 13, 2010.
23.
^ Nesbit (1973). Wisconsin : a history. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-299-06370-2. 24.
^ Nesbit (1973). Wisconsin : a history. pp. 281, 309. ISBN 978-0-299-06370-2. 25.
^ Buenker, John (1998). Thompson, William Fletcher, ed. The Progressive Era, 18931914. History of Wisconsin 4.
Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin. pp. 25, 4041, 62. ISBN 978-0-87020-303-9.
26.
^ "Turning Points in Wisconsin History: The Modern Environmental Movement" (http://www.wisconsinhistory.org
/turningpoints/tp-048/?action=more_essay). Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
27.
^ Buenker, John (1998). Thompson, William Fletcher, ed. The Progressive Era, 18931914. History of Wisconsin 4.
Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin. pp. 8081. ISBN 978-0-87020-303-9.
28.
^ Ware, Alan (2002). The American direct primary: party institutionalization and transformation in the North.
Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-521-81492-8.
29.
20 of 26 5/12/2014 12:32 AM
^ Ranney, Joseph. "Wisconsin's Legal History: Law and the Progressive Era, Part 3: Reforming the Workplace"
(http://www.wisbar.org/AM/TemplateRedirect.cfm?template=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=35854). Retrieved
March 13, 2010.
30.
^ Stark, John (1987). "The Establishment of Wisconsin's Income Tax". Wisconsin Magazine of History 71 (1): 2745. 31.
^ Stark, Jack (1995). "The Wisconsin Idea: The University's Service to the State". The State of Wisconsin Blue Book,
19951996. Madison: Legislative Reference Bureau. pp. 101179. OCLC 33902087 (https://www.worldcat.org
/oclc/33902087).
32.
^ Nelson, Daniel (1968). "The Origins of Unemployment Insurance in Wisconsin". Wisconsin Magazine of History 51
(2): 109121.
33.
^ "Tommy Thompson: Human Services Reformer" (http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=122179&page=1).
September 4, 2004. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
34.
^ Lawrence Martin (1965). The physical geography of Wisconsin (http://books.google.com/?id=QB7qpOSeh6sC&
pg=PA247&lpg=PA247&dq=Black+River+Escarpment&q=Black%20River%20Escarpment). University of Wisconsin
Press. ISBN 978-0-299-03475-7. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
35.
^ "The Eastern Ridges and Lowlands of Wisconsin" (http://www.wisconline.com/wisconsin/geoprovinces
/easternridges.html). Wisconsin Online. Retrieved September 14, 2010. mirror (http://www.webcitation.org
/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisconline.com%2Fwisconsin%2Fgeoprovinces%2Feasternridges.html&
date=2010-09-14)
36.
^ "Wisconsin" (http://www.nps.gov/state/wi). National Park Service. Retrieved July 17, 2008. 37.
^ "Sister-States and Cities" (http://international.wi.gov/SisterStates.html). International Wisconsin. March 20, 2006.
38.
^ Benedetti, Michael. "Climate of Wisconsin" (http://www.uwex.edu/sco/stateclimate.html). The University of
WisconsinExtension. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
39.
^ "Monthly Averages for Superior, WI (54880) - weather.com" (http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology
/monthly/54880). Retrieved May 29, 2013.
40.
^ Resident Population Data. "Resident Population Data 2010 Census" (http://2010.census.gov/2010census
/data/apportionment-pop-text.php). 2010.census.gov. Retrieved December 24, 2012.
41.
^ "Wisconsin QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau" (http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55000.html).
Quickfacts.census.gov. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
42.
^ Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For
The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States (http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056
/twps0056.html)
43.
^ Population of West Wisconsin: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts
(http://censusviewer.com/city/WI)
44.
^ 2010 Census Data (http://www.census.gov/2010census/data/) 45.
^
a

b
" "Ancestry: 2000," U.S. Census Bureau" (http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved
July 25, 2010.
46.
^ "Wisconsin Blue Book 20032004" (http://www.legis.state.wi.us/LRB/bb/03bb/128-133.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved July
25, 2010.
47.
^ Miller, Frank H., "The Polanders in Wisconsin (http://content.wisconsinhistory.org
/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/tp&CISOPTR=14489)". Parkman Club Publications No. 10. Milwaukee, Wis.:
Parkman Club, 1896. Retrieved January 29, 2008.
48.
21 of 26 5/12/2014 12:32 AM
^ "Wisconsin's Hmong Population" (http://www.apl.wisc.edu/publications/HmongChartbook.pdf) (PDF). University of
WisconsinMadison Applied Population Laboratory. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
49.
^ American FactFinder (http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk).
Factfinder2.census.gov. Retrieved on August 2, 2013.
50.
^ The Pew Forum. U.S.Religious Landscape Survey (http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report-religious-landscape-
study-full.pdf), Appendix 1, p. 97. Pew Research Center, 2008.
51.
^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report" (http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/55
/rcms2010_55_state_adh_2010.asp). www.thearda.com. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
52.
^ Carroll, Brett E. (December 28, 2000). The Routledge Historical Atlas of Religion in America. Routledge Atlases of
American History. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92137-6.
53.
^ Wiccan Veterans' Graves to Receive Government -Issued Pentacle Markers at Memorial Day Ceremony
(http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,275775,00.html) retrieved October 16, 2012
54.
^ "Table 5 Crime in the United States 2009" (http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2009/data/table_05.html). .fbi.gov.
Retrieved September 15, 2013.
55.
^ Office of Justice Assistance (http://oja.state.wi.us/index.asp?locid=97) 56.
^ [1] (http://oja.wi.gov/docview.asp?docid=19873&locid=97) 57.
^ Office of Justice Assistance Sexual Assaults (http://oja.wi.gov/category.asp?linkcatid=1327&linkid=709&locid=97) 58.
^ "Wisconsin Court System court system overview" (http://www.wicourts.gov/courts/overview/overview.htm).
Wicourts.gov. September 28, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
59.
^ "County Sales Tax Distribution-2007" (http://www.revenue.wi.gov/esd/cotax07.html). Wisconsin Department of
Revenue. March 6, 2007. Retrieved March 24, 2007.
60.
^ "Wisconsin Department of Revenue" (http://www.revenue.wi.gov/faqs/ise/estate.html#ret3). Revenue.wi.gov.
61.
^ Conant, James K. (March 1, 2006). "1". Wisconsin Politics and Government: America's Laboratory of Democracy.
University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-1548-7.
62.
^ "Wisconsin Assembly passes bill to curb collective bargaining" (http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/03/10
/wisconsin.budget/index.html?hpt=T1&iref=BN1). CNN. March 10, 2011.
63.
^ "David Obey, former U.S. Representative" (http://www.govtrack.us/congress/person.xpd?id=400300). GovTrack.us.
Retrieved February 18, 2012.
64.
^ Smith, Kevin D. (Spring 2003). "From Socialism to Racism: The Politics of Class and Identity in Postwar
Milwaukee". Michigan Historical Review 29 (1): 7195. doi:10.2307/20174004 (http://dx.doi.org
/10.2307%2F20174004).
65.
^ Bull, Chris (February 16, 1999). "Take a seat openly lesbian Representative Tammy Baldwin"
(http://web.archive.org/web/20050625081817/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1589/is_1999_Feb_16
/ai_53877986). The Advocate (LPI Media). Archived from the original (http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles
/mi_m1589/is_1999_Feb_16/ai_53877986) on June 25, 2005. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
66.
^ Wisconsin's Baldwin becomes first openly gay senator (http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/07/us-usa-campaign-
wisconsin-senate-idUSBRE8A60BY20121107) retrieved November 13, 2012
67.
^ "GDP by State" (http://greyhill.com/gdp-by-state). Greyhill Advisors. Retrieved September 7, 2011. 68.
^ EconPost, Manufacturing industry top 10 states by GDP (http://econpost.com/industry/manufacturing-industry-
top-10-states-gdp)
69.
22 of 26 5/12/2014 12:32 AM
^ EconPost, Manufacturing industry top states by percentage of state economy (http://econpost.com/industry
/manufacturing-industry-top-states-percentage-state-economy)
70.
^ WI June 2010 unemployment rates (http://www.dwd.state.wi.us/dwd/newsreleases/2010/100715_lmi_state_june.pdf) 71.
^ http://worknet.wisconsin.gov/worknet/largemp.aspx?menuselection=ed 72.
^ "Total Cheese Production Excluding Cottage Cheese States and United States: February 2010 and 2011" in United
States Department of Agriculture, Dairy Products (http://www.usda.gov/nass/PUBS/TODAYRPT/dary0411.pdf), p. 13.
73.
^ "American Cheese Production States and United States: February 2010 and 2011" in United States Department of
Agriculture, Dairy Products (http://www.usda.gov/nass/PUBS/TODAYRPT/dary0411.pdf), p. 14.
74.
^ "Milk Cows and Production 23 Selected States: March 2011 and 2012" in United States Department of Agriculture,
Milk Production (http://usda01.library.cornell.edu/usda/current/MilkProd/MilkProd-04-19-2012.pdf), p. 3.
75.
^ "Table 6: Per Capita Milk Production by State, 2003" in CITEC, The Dairy Industry in the U.S. and Northern New
York (http://www.citec.org/test/dairy_industry_study_020105.pdf), p. 25.
76.
^ Wisconsin Milk Marketing Board, Wisconsin's Rank in the Nations's Dairy Industry: 2007 (http://www.wisdairy.com
/Upload/statistics/wi_rank_nation_dairy_industry_2007.gif)
77.
^
a

b
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wisconsin Cranberries (http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State
/Wisconsin/Publications/Crops/cranberry.pdf), p. 1.
78.
^
a

b
United States Department of Agriculture, "American Ginseng Rooted in Wisconsin"
(http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/1992/outlying/gingfst.pdf), Census of Agriculture, September 1995.
79.
^ Walters, Steven. "Doyle flips decision, puts cow on quarter" (http://web.archive.org/web/20070321031237/http:
//www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=173693). Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original
(http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=173693) on March 21, 2007. Retrieved March 30, 2007.
80.
^ " "Commerce study slams film incentives law" The Business Journal of Milwaukee March 31, 2009"
(http://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/stories/2009/03/30/daily29.html). Bizjournals.com. March 31, 2009. Retrieved
July 25, 2010.
81.
^ "Renewable Energy Technical Potential" (http://www.nrel.gov/gis/re_potential.html). Nrel.gov. September 3, 2013.
Retrieved September 15, 2013.
82.
^ "U.S. Installed Wind Capacity" (http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/wind_installed_capacity.asp).
Windpoweringamerica.gov. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
83.
^ EIA (July 27, 2012). "Electric Power Monthly Table 1.17.A." (http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly
/epm_table_grapher.cfm?t=epmt_1_17_a). United States Department of Energy. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
84.
^ EIA (July 27, 2012). "Electric Power Monthly Table 1.17.B." (http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/index.cfm).
United States Department of Energy. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
85.
^ Naylor. "Number and Percent of Total Population by Urban/Rural Categories for Wisconsin Counties: April 1, 2000"
(http://www.doa.state.wi.us/docs_view2.asp?docid=418) (PDF). State of Wisconsin, Department of Administration.
86.
^ "Milwaukee (city), Wisconsin" (http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55/5553000.html). U.S. Census Bureau. 87.
^ Wisconsin Department of Revenue, "Wisconsin's Metropolitan Statistical Areas", Summer 2011. 88.
^ Rudolph, Frederick (1990). The American College and University: A History. The University of Georgia Press,
Athens and London.
89.
^ Christopulos, Mike and Joslyn, Jay. "Legislators took license with ideas for slogan on plate" Milwaukee Sentinel
12-27-85; Page 5, Part 1
90.
^ Pure Contemporary interview (http://www.purecontemporary.com/Interview/article/11) with Anthony Puttnam 91.
23 of 26 5/12/2014 12:32 AM
^
a

b
Winterroth, Scott (2011). "Wisconsin Country Music Festivals" (http://countrymusicchicago.com/category/wisc-
country-fests/). Country Music Chicago. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
92.
^ Rick Romell (October 19, 2008). "Drinking deeply ingrained in Wisconsin's culture" (http://www.jsonline.com
/news/wisconsin/31237904.html). Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
93.
^ "Lawmakers to try again on drunken driving bills" (http://www.channel3000.com/news/Lawmakers-to-try-again-
on-drunken-driving-bills/-/1648/18365522/-/r8cf1m/-/index.html). channel3000.com. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
94.
^ "Wasted in Wisconsin" (http://www.jsonline.com/news/30565984.html). Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved July
25, 2010.
95.
^ Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 (http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0358.pdf).
U.S. Government Printing Office. 2012. p. 223. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
96.
^ "A Chronology Of Wisconsin Deer Hunting From Closed Seasons To Antlerless Permits" (http://web.archive.org
/web/20070211061345/http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/news/rbnews/2005/111205scr4.htm) (Press release).
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. November 12, 2005. Archived from the original
(http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/news/rbnews/2005/111205scr4.htm) on February 11, 2007. Retrieved March 16,
2007.
97.
^ Green Bay Packers, Inc., Fan Zone FAQ (http://www.packers.com/fan_zone/faq/), accessed February 28, 2010.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100318031051/http://www.packers.com/fan_zone/faq/) March 18, 2010 at the
Wayback Machine
98.
^ "Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference National Championship Teams" (http://www.wiacsports.com/sports
/2010/7/23/GEN_0723103641.aspx?tab=nationalchampionshipteams). Wiacsports.com. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
99.
^ "Milwaukee Mile Website History" (http://www.milwaukeemile.com/History-2010.asp). Milwaukeemile.com.
100.
^ "Kenosha Velodrome Association" (http://www.333m.com/). 333m.com. Retrieved July 25, 2010. 101.
Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2005). The Almanac of American Politics, 2006. Washington, DC:
National Journal. ISBN 0-89234-112-2.
Current, Richard (2001). Wisconsin: A History. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-07018-6.
Gara, Larry (1962). A Short History of Wisconsin. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin.
Holmes, Fred L. (1946). Wisconsin. 5 vols. Chicago. Detailed popular history and many biographies.
Nesbit, Robert C. (1989). Wisconsin: A History (Rev. ed.). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
ISBN 0-299-10800-7.
Pearce, Neil (1980). The Great Lakes States of America. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-05619-8.
Quaife, Milo M. (1924). Wisconsin, Its History and Its People, 16341924. 4 vols. Detailed popular history
& biographies.
Raney, William Francis (1940). Wisconsin: A Story of Progress. New York: Prentice-Hall.
Robinson, Arthur H.; Culver, J. B., eds. (1974). The Atlas of Wisconsin.
Sisson, Richard, ed. (2006). The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia. Bloomington: Indiana
University Press. ISBN 0-253-34886-2.
24 of 26 5/12/2014 12:32 AM
Van Ells, Mark D. (2009). Wisconsin [On-The-Road Histories]. Northampton MA: Interlink Books.
ISBN 978-1-56656-673-5.
Vogeler, I. (1986). Wisconsin: A Geography. Boulder: Westview Press. ISBN 0-86531-492-6.
Wisconsin Cartographers' Guild (2002). Wisconsin's Past and Present: A Historical Atlas.
Works Progress Administration (1941). Wisconsin: A Guide to the Badger State. Detailed guide to every
town and city, and cultural history.
See additional books at History of Wisconsin
"Wisconsin" (http://www.nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/pdf/reference/pagegen_wi.pdf) (PDF).
National Atlas (map). US: The Government.
"State of Wisconsin" (http://www.wisconsin.gov/) (official World Wide Web site).
Wisconsin state symbols (http://www.wisconsin.gov/state/core/wisconsin_state_symbols.html). State of
Wisconsin.
"Legislature" (http://www.legis.state.wi.us/). State. Wisconsin.
Court System (http://www.wicourts.gov/). Wisconsin.
"Wisconsin" (http://www.ers.usda.gov/StateFacts/WI.htm). State Facts. US: DA.
Wisconsin Health and Demographic Data (http://www.lmhscscorecard.com/sc/brief.cgi?s=1)
Energy Profile for Wisconsin Economic, environmental, and energy data (http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state
/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=WI)
Wisconsin Historical Society (http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/)
The State of Wisconsin Collection (http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI) from the UW Digital
Collections Center (http://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/)
Wisconsin Free Speech Legacy (http://faculty.uwstout.edu/shiellt/freespeech1/)
Wisconsin Department of Tourism (http://www.travelwisconsin.com/)
"Traveling by public transit" (http://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/travel/transit/), Travel Information, Wisconsin
Department of Transportation.
Tuttle, Charles R (1875), An Illustrated History of the State of Wisconsin: Being a Complete Civil, Political,
and Military History of the State from its First Exploration down to 1875 (http://books.google.com
/books?id=jBCvxBTJQHYC&printsec=frontcover&
dq=An+Illustrated+History+of+the+State+of+Wisconsin&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WlZRU4dGj53IBKGqgaAJ&
ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&
q=An%20Illustrated%20History%20of%20the%20State%20of%20Wisconsin&f=false), Madison, WI: B.
B. Russell.
Geographic data related to Wisconsin (http://www.openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/165466) at
OpenStreetMap
25 of 26 5/12/2014 12:32 AM
Wisconsin (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/North_America/United_States/Wisconsin) at DMOZ
Wisconsin (http://collections.lib.uwm.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP1=all&CISOBOX1=Wisconsin&
CISOFIELD1=statep&CISOOP2=all&CISOBOX2=wisconsin+--+maps&CISOFIELD2=subjec&
CISOROOT=/agdm&t=s) (Maps), The American Geographical Society Library.
Preceded by
Iowa
List of U.S. states by date of statehood
Admitted on May 29, 1848 (30th)
Succeeded by
California
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wisconsin&oldid=607580893"
Categories: Wisconsin States of the United States States and territories established in 1848
Populated places in the United States with German-American plurality populations
This page was last modified on 8 May 2014 at 04:21.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply.
By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark
of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
26 of 26 5/12/2014 12:32 AM

Wisconsin - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Wisconsin - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

State of Wisconsin

Anda mungkin juga menyukai