EFFECTS OF UNBALANCED

HYDROSTATIC AND
SEEPAGE FORCES
ASSIGNMENT 2
EARTH RETAINING METHOD

RAMIREZ RYAN
(라미레즈 리안)
201383554
 OUTLINE

I. REVIEW ON BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

and FLOW NET
II. PROBLEM
III. SOLUTION
IV. FINAL ANSWER
 I. BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

The energy of a fluid particle is made of:

1. Kinetic energy
fluid particle
- due to velocity

2. Strain energy z
- due to pressure

3. Potential energy datum

- due to elevation (z) with respect to a datum

 I. BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

Expressing energy in unit of length:

Velocity head fluid particle

+
Total head = Pressure head z

+
Elevation head datum
 I. BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
For flow through soils, velocity (and thus
velocity head) is very small. Therefore,

0
Velocity head fluid particle

+
z
Total head = Pressure head
+ datum
Elevation head

Total head = Pressure head + Elevation head

hт = hᴘ + hᴇ
 I. BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

If flow is from A to B, total head is

higher at A than at B.

Energy is dissipated
water
in overcoming the
soil resistance and B
A
hence is the head
loss.
I. BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
 I. SEEPAGE TERMINOLOGY
Stream/Flow line is simply the path of a water molecule.
From upstream to downstream, total head steadily
decreases along the stream line.

hL

datum
concrete dam
hT = hL hT = 0

soil

impervious strata
 I. SEEPAGE TERMINOLOGY
Equipotential line is simply a contour of constant total
head.

hL

datum
concrete dam
hT = hL hT = 0

hT = 0.8 hL
soil

impervious strata
 I. FLOW NET
A network of selected stream lines and
equipotential lines.

concrete dam

curvilinear
square

90º
soil

impervious strata
 I. HEADS AT A POINT ‘X’
Total head, hT = hL – no. of drops from upstream x h
Elevation head, hE = -z
Pressure head, hP = Total head (hT) – Elevation head (hE)

 hL, total head loss

 h, head loss per
hL
datum element
concrete dam hL
h =
hT= hL hT = 0 Nd
z  Nd, no. of potential
drop
h X
 Nf, no. of flow
impervious strata channel
 II. PROBLEM
 Determine the net water pressure acting on the single row of
sheet piles shown.
Nd = 12; Nf = 5; hL = 2.50 m
Single row of sheet piles

Upstream

2.50 m
Downstream
El. 0 m 1
Datum
4.00 m 2
3
4
4.70 m 5
6
7

4.80 m

impervious strata
 III. SOLUTION
SOLUTION TABLE

ELEVATION PRESSURE WATER

LOCATION/ TOTAL HEAD
HEAD HEAD PRESSURE
POINT hT (m)
hE (m) hP (m) u (kPa)

7
 III. SOLUTION
1. DETERMINE THE WATER PRESSURE ACTING AT THE BACK OF THE SHEET PILE.

1.1. Elevation head (hE) measured from datum

At point 1: hE = 0 m
At point 7: hE = -8.70 m

1.2. Total head (hTB)

2.5
At point 1: hTB = 2.5 − 1 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟗 𝐦
12
2.5
At point 7: hTB = 2.5 − 6 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝐦
12

ELEVATION TOTAL SEEPAGE PRESSURE WATER

LOCATION HEAD HEAD PRESSURE HEAD PRESSURE
hE (m) hTB (m) uB (kPa) hPB (m) uB (kPa)

1 0.00 2.29

7 -8.70 1.25
 III. SOLUTION
1. DETERMINE THE WATER PRESSURE ACTING AT THE BACK OF THE SHEET PILE

1.3. Seepage pressure (uB ) = γWhTB

At point 1: uB = 9.8(2.29) = 22.44 kPa
At point 7: uB = 9.8(1.25) = 12.25 kPa

1.4. Pressure head (hPB) = hTB – hE

At point 1: hPB = 2.29 – 0 = 2.29 kPa
At point 7: hPB = 1.25 – (-8.7) = 9.95 kPa

ELEVATION TOTAL SEEPAGE PRESSURE WATER

LOCATION HEAD HEAD PRESSURE HEAD PRESSURE
hE (m) hTB (m) uB (kPa) hPB (m) uB (kPa)

1 0.00 2.29 22.44 2.29

7 -8.70 1.25 12.25 9.95

 III. SOLUTION
1. DETERMINE THE WATER PRESSURE ACTING AT THE BACK OF THE SHEET PILE

1.5. Water pressure (uB ) = γWhPB

At point 1: uB = 9.8(2.29) = 22.44 kPa
At point 7: uB = 9.8(9.95) = 97.51 kPa
OR, Water pressure (uB ) = γWz + γWhTB
At point 1: uB = 9.8(0) + 22.44 = 22.44 kPa
At point 7: uB = 9.8(8.70) + 12.25 = 97.51 kPa

ELEVATION TOTAL SEEPAGE PRESSURE WATER

LOCATION HEAD HEAD PRESSURE HEAD PRESSURE
hE (m) hTB (m) uB (kPa) hPB (m) uB (kPa)

1 0.00 2.29 22.44 2.29 22.44

7 -8.70 1.25 12.25 9.95 97.51

 III. SOLUTION
2. DETERMINE THE WATER PRESSURE ACTING IN FRONT OF THE SHEET PILE.

2.1. Elevation head (hE) measured from datum

At point 1: hE = 0 m
At point 7: hE = -8.70 m

2.2. Total head (hTF)

At point 1: hTF = 𝟎 m
2.5
At point 7: hTF = 2.5 − 7 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟒 𝐦
12

ELEVATION TOTAL SEEPAGE PRESSURE WATER

LOCATION HEAD HEAD PRESSURE HEAD PRESSURE
hE (m) hTF (m) uF (kPa) hPB (m) uF (kPa)

1 0.00 0.00

7 -8.70 1.04
 III. SOLUTION
2. DETERMINE THE WATER PRESSURE ACTING IN FRONT OF THE SHEET PILE

2.3. Seepage pressure (uB ) = γWhTF

At point 1: uB = 9.8(0) = 0 kPa
At point 7: uB = 9.8(1.04) = 10.19 kPa

2.4. Pressure head (hPF) = hTF – hE

At point 1: hP = 0 – 0 = 0 kPa
At point 7: hP = 1.04 – (-8.7) = 9.74 kPa

ELEVATION TOTAL SEEPAGE PRESSURE WATER

LOCATION HEAD HEAD PRESSURE HEAD PRESSURE
hE (m) hTF (m) uB (kPa) hPF (m) uF (kPa)

1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

7 -8.70 1.04 10.19 9.74

 III. SOLUTION
2. DETERMINE THE WATER PRESSURE ACTING IN FRONT OF THE SHEET PILE

2.5. Water pressure (uB ) = γWhPF

At point 1: uB = 9.8(0) = 0 kPa
At point 7: uB = 9.8(9.74) = 95.45 kPa
3. DETERMINE THE NET WATER PRESSURE ACTING ON THE SHEET PILE

3.1. Net water pressure (uNET) = uB – uF

At point 1: uNET = 22.44 – 0 = 22.44 kPa
At point 7: uNET = 97.51 – 95.45 = 2.06 kPa
ELEVATION TOTAL SEEPAGE PRESSURE WATER
LOCATION HEAD HEAD PRESSURE HEAD PRESSURE
hE (m) hT (m) uB (kPa) hP (m) uF (kPa)

1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

7 -8.70 1.04 10.19 9.74 95.45

 IV. FINAL ANSWER
COMPLETE SOLUTION TABLE
BACK OF THE SHEET PILE FRONT OF THE SHEET PILE
LOCATION/

NET WATER
PRESSURE
uNET (kPa)
POINT

ELEVATION

PRESSURE
PRESSURE

PRESSURE

PRESSURE

PRESSURE

PRESSURE
uB (kPa)

uF (kPa)
SEEPAGE

SEEPAGE
uB (kPa)

uF (kPa)
hPB (m)

hPF (m)
WATER

WATER
hTB (m)

hTF (m)
TOTAL

TOTAL
hE (m)
HEAD

HEAD

HEAD

HEAD

HEAD
1 0.00 2.29 22.44 2.29 22.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 22.44

2 -2.70 2.08 20.38 4.78 46.84 0.00 0.00 2.7 26.46 20.38

3 -4.00 1.98 19.40 5.98 58.60 0.00 0.00 4 39.2 19.4

4 -5.50 1.83 17.93 7.33 71.83 0.21 2.06 5.71 55.96 15.87

5 -7.10 1.67 16.34 8.77 85.95 0.50 4.90 7.6 74.48 11.47

6 -8.30 1.46 14.31 9.76 95.65 0.84 8.23 9.14 89.57 6.08

7 -8.70 1.25 12.25 9.95 97.51 1.04 10.19 9.74 95.45 2.06
IV. FINAL ANSWER
THANK YOU!
RAMIREZ RYAN
(라미레즈 리안)
201383554

ASSIGNMENT 2
EARTH RETAINING METHOD