Sanskrit Sahakarin

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 3
2. The Sanskrit Alphabet ........................................................................................................................ 4
3. Sandhi Rules ........................................................................................................................................ 5
3.1 Vowel Sandhi.................................................................................................................................... 5
3.2 Visarga Sandhi .................................................................................................................................. 6
3.3 Consonant Sandhi ............................................................................................................................. 8
4. Nouns.................................................................................................................................................. 11
4.1 Usage & Examples.......................................................................................................................... 11
4.2 Nouns ending in vowels.................................................................................................................. 14
4.2.1 Masculine Nouns ..................................................................................................................... 14
4.2.2 Feminine Nouns ....................................................................................................................... 15
4.2.3 Neuter Nouns ........................................................................................................................... 16
4.3 Nouns ending in consonants ........................................................................................................... 17
4.3.1 Nouns with one stem................................................................................................................ 17
4.3.2 Nouns with two stems.............................................................................................................. 18
4.2.3 Nouns with three stems............................................................................................................ 18
5. Pronouns ............................................................................................................................................ 19
5.1 Personal Pronouns........................................................................................................................... 19
5.2 Interrogative & Relative Pronouns ................................................................................................. 20
6. Verbs ................................................................................................................................................... 21
6.1 Tenses and Moods .......................................................................................................................... 21
6.2 Conjugations ................................................................................................................................... 22
6.3 Voice............................................................................................................................................... 23
6.4 Suffixes for Conjugational Tenses and Moods............................................................................... 24
6.5 Suffixes for Non Conjugational Tenses and Moods....................................................................... 24
6.6 Suffixes for Strong and Weak form endings .................................................................................. 25
6.7 Examples......................................................................................................................................... 28
7. Verbal Derivatives ............................................................................................................................ 30
7.1 k&t! Tyya>........................................................................................................................................ 31
7.1.1 General Rules........................................................................................................................... 31
7.1.2 Participles................................................................................................................................. 32
7.1.2.1 Declinable Participles ....................................................................................................... 32
7.1.2.2 Indeclinable Participles..................................................................................................... 34
7.1.3 Verbal Nouns ........................................................................................................................... 34
7.1.3.1 List of ktRir k&t! affixes covered....................................................................................... 34
7.1.3.2 List of ave k&t! affixes covered........................................................................................ 38
7.2 tit Tyya> ..................................................................................................................................... 40
7.2.1 General Rules........................................................................................................................... 40
s<Sk&t shkairn!
7.2.2 List of tit affixes covered ................................................................................................... 41

8. Derivative Conjugations .................................................................................................................. 46
8.1 Causative......................................................................................................................................... 46
8.2 Desiderative .................................................................................................................................... 47
8.3 Frequentative .................................................................................................................................. 48
8.4 Denominative.................................................................................................................................. 48
9. smasa> .................................................................................................................................................. 49
9.1 N .................................................................................................................................................. 49
9.2 kmRxary............................................................................................................................................ 49
9.3 tTpu;> ............................................................................................................................................. 50
9.4 bhuIih .............................................................................................................................................. 51
9.5 AVyyIav>........................................................................................................................................ 52
9.6 %ppd ................................................................................................................................................ 53
9.7 git................................................................................................................................................... 53
9.8 aid .................................................................................................................................................. 53
10. Verses from Gita.............................................................................................................................. 54
s<Sk&t shkairn!
1. Introduction
s<Sk&tm! is derived from the past participle of the root k& , to do, with the prefix sm! , well. The word
thus means that which is well done. The uniqueness of the language is that it uses 2200 verbal roots
(xatu), to generate an entire vocabulary of millions of words. The words are formed from these roots by
the addition of prefixes and suffixes (affixes; Tyy) according to well-defined rules. s<Sk&tm! is
phonetically precise, that is, every sound is represented by a unique symbol. When two sounds come
together in s<Sk&tm! , they combine with one another according to welldefined set of rules called
euphonic combination, or siNx rules.
All the words in s<Sk&tm! may be classified into three basic types. They are:
1. Declinable word (subNt) is a word that varies according to gender (p<ui, SIil, and
npu<skil) number (@kvcn, ivcn, bhuvcn) and case (wma, itIya, t&tIya, ctuwIR, pmI, ;I,
sPtmI, sMbaexn). Declinable words include nouns (nam; eg. ram>, gu>), pronouns (svRnam; eg. s>)
and adjectives (ivze;[; eg. %:[> hot)
2. Indeclinable word (AVyy) is a word that never varies, except when affected by phonetic rules
(siNx). Indeclibales words include adverbs (inTym! , kevlm! , icrm! , dUrm! ), prepositions or prefixes
(, Anu, iv, it, %p), conjunctions (Awva) and interjections (h, va)
3. Verb (iyapdm!) is a word that varies according to the number, person, tense, mood and voice.
xatu, the original form of the verb, is conjugated in six tenses and four moods. In each tense and
mood there are three persons (wm (third), mXym (second), %m (first)).
In s<Sk&tm! , any word has two elements:
1. k&it known as xatu, is the original form of the finite verb.
2. Tyy is the termination which is added to the xatu; k&it + Tyy = pdm! (word)
s<Sk&t shkairn!
2. The Sanskrit Alphabet

Ac> (Svra>) Vowels
A
Diphthongs
Aa
Simple Vowels
@e
Aae
AaE
hl> (Vynain ) Consonants
Hard
Hard
Aspirate
Soft
Soft
Aspirate
Soft
Nasal
Soft
Semivowels
Hard
Sibilants
Guttural
"
'
>
Palatal
Lingual
Dental
Labial
>
gu[ and v&i Table

A Aa
# $
% ^
gu[
Aae
Ar!
Al!
v&i
Aa
@e
AaE
Aar!
Aal!
s<Sk&t shkairn!
3. Sandhi Rules
3.1 Vowel Sandhi
A or Aa + A or Aa
dIxR siNx>
Rule
Example(s)
Rule Name
muinna Aqaim = munnaqaim
Aa
# or $ + # or $
% or ^ + % or ^
nmis $rm! = nmsIrm!
ikNtu %vac = ikNtUvac
\ or + \ or
gu[ siNx>
kt&R \ju> = kt&Rju>
A or Aa + # or $
ram $rm! = ramerm
A or Aa + % or ^
Aae
gCDw %*anm! = gCDwae*anm!
A or Aa + \ or
Ar!
muinna \i;> = muinni;R>
A or Aa + l&
A or Aa + @
@e
itw @v = itwEv
A or Aa + Aae
AaE
oadw Aaednm! = oadwaEdnm!
A or Aa + @e
@e
#N> c @eravt> c = #NEravt
A or Aa + AaE
y[! siNx>
AaE
pZyw AaE"m! = pZyaE"m!
# or $ + any dissimilar vowel
v&i siNx>
Al!
y!
xavit A = xavTy>
% or ^ + any dissimilar vowel
nnu @v = nNvev
\ or + any dissimilar vowel
r!
kt&R #it = kiRit
l& or l + any dissimilar vowel
l!
Ay!
@ + any vowel except A
Ayaid siNx
v!
Aay!
or Ay! may optionally drop y!

@e + any vowel except A
or kv #CDis
or Aay! may optionally drop y!

Av!
Aav!
or Av! may optionally drop v!

AaE + any vowel except A
s<Sk&t shkairn!
tSmE #;u< yCDit = tSmaiy;u< yCDit

or tSma #;u< yCDit
Aae + any vowel except A
kve #Cdis = kviyCDis
gurae #it = gurivit

or gur #it
AaE #Nxnm! = AaivNxnm!
or Aav! mayoptionally drop v!

@ and Aae followed by A remain
munyee A< yCDaim = munye=< yCDaim
unchanged while the A is elided.
ae Axuna = ae=xuna
-Interjections like Aa he Ahae do not
vne Aitiw> pZyit ;vne=itiwvRsit.
combine with the following word.
Exceptions
or Aa #Nxnm!
kvI #CDt> ;bNxU Aitiw< nyt>
$ ^ and @, when i terminations,

remain unchanged before vowels.
-The final @ of a i v form followed
by any vowel remains unchanged.
lavhe Aism!; $]ewe #Nm!
3.2 Visarga Sandhi

Name
Rule
A+>+A
Example(s)
A> changes to Aae
xavt> AaE = xavtae=aE
and the following A is elided
A + > + any vowel except A
ivsgR
xavt> AaklaE = xavt AaklaE
is dropped
A + > + soft consonant
ivsgR
pu> xavit = puae xavit
changes to Aae
Aa + > + any vowel or soft consonant
ivsgR is dropped
bala> xaviNt = bala xaviNt

jna> AqiNt = jna AqiNt
-Any vowel except A or Aa + > + any
balE> xavit = balExaRvit
vowel or soft consonant the ivsgR is
imE> Aqit = imErqit
replaced by r!
-Any vowel + > + hard consonant
pu> onit,
remains unchanged before
jna> ptiNt, bal> srit,
k! o! p! )! Z! ;! s!
s<Sk&t shkairn!
Any vowel + > + q! or Q!

Any vowel + > + t! or w!
Any vowel + > + ;!

Any vowel + > + s!
Final r!
Any vowel + > + z!
Any vowel + > + c! or D!
z!
jna> cliNt = jnaliNt
;!
pQt> iqkam! = pQtikam!
s!
pu> trit = puStrit
z! or a ivsgR
ram> zr[m! or ramZzr[m!
;! or a ivsgR
nm> ;{muoay or nm:;{muoay
s! or a ivsgR
bal> srit or baSsrit
Final s! and r turn into visarga
nmws! = nmw>, netr! = net>
so also in the adverb
punr = pun>, atr = at>
Exception: Visarga standing for the
pun> Aip = punrip, ipt>
final r!
even when preceded by A or Aa and
followed by a vowel or a soft
vdis = iptvRdis, mat> #N< pZyis =

matirN< pZyis,
consonant is changed to r!.

s> and @;> drop their visarga before
s> #CDit
any consonant and before any vowel
@;> vIr>
except A.
Before A, they become sae and @;ae
s #CDit
s> & @;>
@;> AjuRn>
@; vIr>
A;ae=juRn>
while the following A is elided.

for AmI
The final $ of AmI (nom. pl. masc. of

Ads! ) never combines with following
vowels.
s<Sk&t shkairn!
AmI Aa>, AmI $]Nte
3.3 Consonant Sandhi

Name
Change of
Rule
Examples
If in the same word n! is
pa-in = pi[, nre-in = nre[
preceded by r! , ;! ,\ or and
ramay-n = ramay[; nran! because n! is
followed by a vowel, n! , m! ,y! ,
followed by nothing; pu:yiNt because n! is
v! it is changed to [! The rule
followed by t!; AjuRnen because the
applies even when the n! , is
intervening j! is neither a vowel, a
seperated from the preceding r!
n! to [!
gutteral, a labiel nor y! , v! , h , anusvara
,;! or \ by several letters,

provided those intervening
letters be vowels, gutterals,
labials, or y! , v! , h and
mt!s!
^j!R
member of which is r and the
anusvara.
No Sanskrit word can end with
more than one consonant. A
final compound consonant
must be reduced to its first
member
Exception is made for a final
double consonant the first
mt!
^kR
mXym a consonant which is not

a termination.
A Sanskrit word (i.e. a verb
with its termination or a
nominal stem with its caseending) can end only with one
of the eight following
consonants: k q t! p! ' n! m! or
vac!
visarga. All other final

consonants must be reduced to
one of these eight.
saj!
s<Sk&t shkairn!
av&;!
h! and Palatels are reduced
vak
saq
av&q
Celebrals are reduced to q
kk!
Dentals are reduced to t!
kivs!
Labials are reduced to p!
sut
kkp!
kiv> iptr!
sud!
to k! or q!
ipt>
s! and r! are reduced to

visarga
A final hard consonant
n&pat! Alt = n&padlt
becomes soft before a vowel or
a soft consonant.
amat! gCDaim = amad! gCDaim
This rule does not apply to the
final hard consonant of a
verbal base or a nominal stem
followed by a termination or a
case-ending beginning with a
vowel or a semi-vowel. It does
apply, however, when the final
consonant of a verbal base or
of a nominal stem is followed
by a termination beginning
with a soft consonant (except a
semi-vowel)
A soft consonant becomes hard
before a hard consonant.
pt!+AiNt=ptiNt mt!+@=mte
i]p!+y+te=i]Pyte
mt!+i=mi>
sud! + su = suTsu @td! + ptit =

@tTptit,
This rule does not apply to the

final soft aspirate of a verbal
root followed by a termination
l! + t = lBx
beginning with t! or w!. In that

case, the final consonant of the
root loses its aspiration, and
the t! or w! of the termination is
changed to x
When "! x! ! and h! lose their
kamh! becomes kamxuk
aspiration owing to
combination with the
following consonants, the
preceding consonant becomes
aspirate, if possible.
s<Sk&t shkairn!
Final n!
Final n! preceded by a short
hsn! AagCDit = hsagCDit
vowel and followed by any

vowel is doubled.
biln! Ajy> = biljy>
Final n!
tan! c = ta<
followed by c! or D is replaced
xIman! qIka< pQit = xIma<:qIka< pQit
by anusvara and z!
ArIn! tfayit = ArIStafyit
followed by q or Q is replaced
by anusvara and ;!
followed by t! or w! is replaced
by anusvara and s!
Dentals in
contact with
palatals,
celebrals
Any dental coming into

conatct with a palatal is
changed to the corresponding
palatal.
sut! clit = sulit, Aanyt! jlm! =
Initial z! preceded by any of
tc! uTva optionally becomes tCTva
Aanyd! jlm! = Aanylm!

tt! uTva = tc! uTva
and l!
the first four letters of a class is
optionally changed to D!
Any dental coming into
conatact with a celebral is
changed to the corresponding
celebral
The preceding rule does not
apply when a dental is
Aipvt! qam! = Aipvq qam!

pu;! + t = pu
Ayt! ;afvm!
followed by ;!
A dental followed by l! is
@td lte = @tLte
changed to l
v&]an! luMpit = v&]al!~ luMpit
n! followed by l! is changed to
nasalized l!~
s<Sk&t shkairn!
10
4. Nouns
Meanings
Case (ivi)
wma (Nominative)
ktRa (subject)
itIya (Accusative)
kmR (object)
t&tIya (Instrumental)
kr[m! (Instrument) by/with/through
ctuwIR (Dative)
sMdanm! (Indirect object) for/to
pmI (Ablative)
Apadanm! from/than
;I (Genitive)
sMbNx
sPtmI (Locative)
Aixkr[m! (Location)
sMbaexn (Vocative)
sMbaexn (Address) Oh/ye
of/among
in/on/at
4.1 Usage & Examples

Used to Indicate
ivi
Examples
bala> viNt ctura>, The boys are intelligent.

cur> devd> vdit, The intelligent Devdatta speaks.
-direct object of transitive verb
$r> jnan! r]it, vara protects the people.
-objective complement
ram> vIr< baexam>, We know Rma (to be) hero.
-after verbs indicating movement
das> kUp< gCDit, The servant goes to the well
Ait (above), Anu (after/long), %p(below/near),
Ait knk< suom!, Anu n&p< nr> jit, %p dez< n&p> (vit),
Ait> (near/in front of), pirt> (around), svRt>
Swan< Ait> bal> )lain oadit, pvRt< pirt> v&]a> raehiNt, am<
(on all sides of), %yt> (on both sides of), ixk!>
svRt> kmlain raehiNt, pvRt< %yt> v&]a> raehiNt, ixk! kakan!, vn<
(fie on), ANtre[ (without/concerning), ANtr (in
smya vsam>, knk< ivna zrIr< jIvit, ANn< ANtre[ km< raehit,
between), %yt> (on both sides of), smya/ink;a/
%psgaR>
$r> r]it, vara protects.
-as an adjective in apposition to the subject

itIya
-the subject of a finite verb

-the subjective complement
wma
vne ANtr am> vit, pvRt< it bal> xavit, g&h< Ai Ifam>,
Ai (near), ivna (without), it (towards)

-agent of passive verb
rame[ m&g< zyt, A deer is seen by Rma.
-instrument or means by which action is done.
t&tIya
bal> muo< hSta_ya< gUhit, The boy hides face with (his) hands.
s<Sk&t shkairn!
11
-person or thing accompanying the action

-cause or reason (i.e to translate expressions:
owing to, on account of, out of, because of)
Al< zaeken, Enough with grief.

k&t< kaelahllen, Enough with noise.
sh (with)
k&:[en sh gCDaim, I go with K a.

%pnee[ ivna n pZyit, He does not see without glasses.
-indirect object of verbs meaning to give, to

send, to promise, to show
AacayR> iz:ye_y> puSkain yCDit, The preceptor gives the books
-govern the verbs meaning to be angry with, to

desire, to long for.
jnk> puay kuPyit, The father is angry with the son.
-to express the purpose of action.
yuay gCDit, He goes for war (with a purpose to fight).
-purpse or thing for whom the action is done
kUp< pue_y> onit, He digs well for (his) sons.
-after the verbs indicating action
dasae amay gCDit , The servant goes to the village.
nm:
Iramay nm>, Salutations to r Rma.
SviSt
n&pay SviSt, Hail to th king.
-thing from which something is seperated
)l< v&]at! ptit, The fruit falls from the tree.
-source or place from which action begins
\i;> vnat! gCDit, The sage goes from the forest.
-govern verbs to resist from, to protect, to be

afraid from
-cause or motive of an action
pmI
Alm! (enough)
ivna (without)
particle
adzivR;ERVyaRkr[< Uyte, Grammer is learnt within twelve years.
k&tm! (enough).
ctuwIR
Svaven ram> vIr> vit, Rma is a hero by nature.
-time and sapce in which the action is performed
%psgaR>
du>oen am< Tyjaim, On account of misery, I leave the village.
-translate expressions like: by name, by

nature, by family, by birth, etc.
particle
k&:[en gCDaim, I go with K a.
bal> caere_y> ibeit, The boy is afraid of thieves.
to the students.
sMmaehat! Am&it ivm> vit, Out of delusion arises loss of

memory.
%psgaR>
ak! (before, to the east of), \te> (without), ivna
ak! igre #Ndu< pZyit, He sees the moon to the east of the
(without) pUvRm! (before), bih> (outside), AnNtrm!
mountain.
(after), Aa &it (until/since/beginning from)

;I
-the relation of one noun to another, usually

rendered into english by the preposition of
-translate to have
jlat! ivna v&]> n jIvit, The tree does not live without water.
dzrwSy pu>, Son of Daratha.
Daa[a< puSkain viNt, Of the students there are books.
n&pSy pu> AiSt, Of the king there is son.
-with verbs meaning to be master of, to have

mercy, to remember, to favor, to trust in
-often, instead of dative, after verbs meaning to
give, to tell, to promise, to show, to send
s<Sk&t shkairn!
matu> Smraim, I remember my mother.

te;a< dIyta< zr[m!, Let shelter be given to them.
12
-with nouns derived by means of primary suffix

-instead of the instr., with ppp used the present
ramSy or rame[ pUijt>, Honoured by Rma.
-after superlatives
nra[a< e>, The best of men.
-with adjectives meaning dear, dependent on,

versed in , equal to
-express a sense of since
s ra} iy AasIt!, He was dear to the king .
%pir (above), Ax> (below), purt> (in front of)
. mexana< %pir riv> clit, The sun moves above the clouds.
pat! (behind), prt> (beyond), Ae sm]< (in the
t&[Sy raze> A> kiv> #;u< ivNdit, The poet finds the arrow
presence of), k&te (for the sake of)
under a heap of grass.
-use as Genitive Absolute
%psgaR>
senaya neta, Leader of the army.
rav[Sy pZyt> Aip ram> ra]asan! hiNt, Rma killed the
muneragtSy pmae idvs>, The sage came five days ago.
g&hSy purt> v&]a> viNt, There are trees in front of the house.
demons, inspite of the fact that Rvaa was looking on.
iptu> pZyt> Aip bal> atr< tudit, Even though his father is
looking on, the boy strikes his brother.
-the place where the action takes place
Ifa[e Ifaim, I play in the playground.
-time when the action takes place
I:me ngr< gCDaim, In summer I go to the city.
-imdicating movement such as to fall, to

place, to throw, to send, to enter.
bal> g&he ivxit, The boy enters the house.
-expressions likeconcerning, matter of
sPtmI
ivnye gaeivNd> wmiStit, In the matter of modesty Govinda

stands first
-object of emotion and feelings
rame iSnait, I feel affection for Rma.
-object owards which an action is directed
mULye ivvdete, The two are disputing about the price.
-nouns denoting lordship or claim
ame SvamI, Master of (over) the village.
-adjectives meaning skilful, well-versed etc,
yue inpu[>, Skillful in war.
-sometimes instead of dative with verbs meaning

to give, to bestow, to promise, etc
xn< dire;u ivtrit, He gives money to the poor.
-render the meaning of among
. nre;u Tv< e>, Thou are best among men.
-use in locative absolute
rame vn< gCDit sveR jna> duiota>,
sit sPtmI
While Rma was going to the forest, all people were unhappy.
sItaya< t< pZyNTya< kEkeyI Ahst!,
When St was wathing him, Kaikeyi laughed.
AaTma n hNyte hNymane zrIre,
tm is not killed, when the body is being killed
sMbaexn
-case of address
s<Sk&t shkairn!
he izzae !, O baby!
13
4.2 Nouns ending in vowels

4.2.1 Masculine Nouns
ram
@k
muin
bhu
@k
izzu
bhu
@k
bhu
wma
ram>
ramaE
rama>
muin>
munI
muny>
izzu>
izzU
izzv>
itIya
ramm!
ramaE
raman!
munIm!
munI
munIn!
izzum!
izzU
izzUn!
t&tIya
rame[
rama_yam!
ramE>
muinna
muin_ym!
muini>
izzuna
izzu_yam!
izzui>
ctuwIR
ramay
rama_yam!
rame_y>
munye
muin_yam!
muin_y>
izzbe
izzu_yam!
izzu_y>
pmI
ramat!
rama_ym!
rame_y>
mune>
muin_yam!
muin_y>
izzae>
izzu_yam!
izzu_y>
;I
ramSy
ramyae>
rama[am!
mune>
muNyae>
munInam!
izzae>
izae>
izzUnam!
sPtmI
rame
ramyae>
rame;u
munaE
muNyae>
muin;u
izzaE
izae>
izzu;u
sMbaexn
ram
ramaE
rama>
mune
munI
muny>
izzae
izzU
izzv>
net&
ipt&
wma
neta
nataraE
netar>
ipta
iptraE
ipetr>
itIya
netarm!
netaraE
netn!
iptrm!
iptraE
ipetn!
t&tIya
nea
net&_yam!
net&i>
ipa
ipt&_yam!
ipt&i>
ctuwIR
nee
net&_yam!
net&_y>
ipe
ipt&_yam!
t&_y>
pmI
netu>
net&_yam!
net&_y>
iptu>
ipt&_yam!
ipet&_y>
;I
netu>
neae>
net&[am!
iptu>
ipeae>
ipt&[am!
sPtmI
netir
neae>
net&;u
iptir
ipae>
ipt&;u
sMbaexn
netr!
netaraE
netar>
iptr!
iptaraE
iptar>
s<Sk&t shkairn!
14
4.2.2 Feminine Nouns
lta
@k
mit
bhu
@k
ndI
bhu
@k
bhu
wma
lta
lte
lta>
mit>
mtI
mty>
ndI
n*aE
n*>
itIya
ltam!
lte
lta>
mitm!
mtI
mtI>
ndIm!
n*aE
ndI>
t&tIya
ltya
lta_yam!
ltai>
mTya
mit_yam!
miti>
n*a
ndI_yam!
ndIi>
ctuwIR
ltayE
lta_yam!
lta_y>
mTyE-mtye
mit_yam!
mit_y>
n*E
ndI_yam!
ndI_y>
pmI
ltaya>
lta_yam!
lta_y>
mTya> - mtye
mit_yam!
mit_y>
n*a>
ndI_yam!
ndI_y>
;I
ltaya>
ltyae>
ltanam!
mTya> - mtye
mTyae>
mtInam!
n*a>
n*ae>
ndInam!
sPtmI
ltayam!
ltyae>
ltasu
mTyam! - mtaE
mTyae>
mit;u
n*am!
n*ae>
ndI;u
sMbaexn
lte
lte
lta>
mte
mtI
mty>
nid
n*aE
n*>
xenu
vxU
mat&
wma
xenu>
xenU
xenv>
vxU>
vXvaE
vXv>
mata
matraE
matr>
itIya
xenum!
xenU
xenU>
vxUm!
vXvaE
vxU>
mam!
matraE
mat>
t&tIya
xeNva
xenu_yam!
xenui>
vXva
vxU_yam!
vxUi>
maa
mat&_yam!
mat&i>
ctuwIR
xeNv -xenve
xenu_yam!
xenu_y>
vXvE
vxU_yam!
vxU_y>
mae
mat&_yam!
mat&_y>
pmI
xeNva> - xenae>
xenu_yam!
xenu_y>
vXva>
vxU_yam!
vxU_y>
matu>
mat&_yam!
mat&_y>
;I
xeNva> - xenae>
xeNvae>
xenUnam!
vXva>
vXvae>
vxUnam!
matu>
maae>
mat&[am!
sPtmI
xeNvam! - xenaE
xeNvae>
xenu;u
vXvam!
vXvae>
vxU;u
matir
maae>
mat&;u
sMbaexn
xenaee
xenU
xenv>
vxu
vXvaE
vXv>
mat>
matraE
matr>
s<Sk&t shkairn!
15
4.2.3 Neuter Nouns
vn
@k
vair
bhu
@k
mxu
bhu
@k
bhu
wma
vnm!
vne
vnain
vair
vair[I
vairi[
mxu
mxunI
mxUin
itIya
vnm!
vne
vnain
vair
vair[I
vairi[
mxu
mxunI
mixin
t&tIya
vnen
vna_yam!
vnE>
vair[a
vair_yam!
vairi>
mxuna
mxu_yam!
mxui>
ctuwIR
vnay
vna_yam!
vne_y>
vair[e
vair_yam!
vair_y>
mxune
mxu_yam!
mxu_y>
pmI
vnat!
vna_yam!
vne_y>
vair[>
vair_yam!
vair_y>
mxun>
mxu_yam!
mxu_y>
;I
vnSy
vnyae>
vnanam!
vair[>
vair[ae>
vair[am!
mxun>
mxunae>
mxUnam!
sPtmI
vne
vnyae>
vne;u
vairi[
vair[ae>
vair;u
mxinu
mxunae>
mxu;u
sMbaexn
vn
vne
vnain
vair-vare
vair[I
vairi[
mxu-mxae
mxunI
mxUin
xat&
wma
xat&
xat&[I
xati[
itIya
xat&
xat&[I
xati[
t&tIya
xat&[a
xat&_yam!
xat&i>
ctuwIR
xat&[e
xat&_yam!
xat&_y>
pmI
xat&[>
xat&_yam!
xat&_y>
;I
xat&[>
xat&[ae>
xat[am!
sPtmI
xat&i[
xat&[ae>
xat&;u
sMbaexn
xat&-xatr!
xat&[I
xati[
s<Sk&t shkairn!
16
4.3 Nouns ending in consonants

4.3.1 Nouns with one stem
pu<il and Iil

@k
npu<skil
bhu
@k
bhu
wma
s!
AaE
As!
itIya
Am!
AaE
As!
t&tIya
Aa
_yam!
is!
ctuwIR
_yam!
_ys!
pmI
As!
_yam!
_ys!
;I
As!
Aaes!
Aam!
sPtmI
Aaes!
su
sMbaexn
s!
AaE
As!
mt! (M)
Like the
pu<il
and
Iil
-
vac! (F)
@k
bhu
@k
wma
mt!
mtaE
mt>
vak!
itIya
mtm!
mtaE
mt>
t&tIya
mta
md!_yam!
ctuwIR
mte
pmI
bhu
@k
vacaE
vac>
jgt!
jgtaE
jgiNt
vacm!
vacaE
vac>
jgt!
jgtaE
jgiNt
md!i>
vaca
vaG_yam!
vaGi>
jgta
jgd!_yam!
jgi>
md!_yam!
md!_y>
vace
vaG_yam!
vaG_y>
jgte
jgd!_yam!
jgd!_y>
mt>
md!_yam!
md!_y>
vac>
vaG_yam!
vaG_y>
jgt>
jgd!_yam!
jgd!_y>
;I
mt>
mtae>
mtam!
vac>
vacae>
vacam!
jgt>
jgtae>
jgtam!
sPtmI
mit
mtae>
mTsu
vaic
vacae>
va]u
jgit
jgtae>
jgTsu
sMbaexn
mt!
mtaE
mt>
vak!
vacaE
vac>
jgt!
jgtaE
jgt>
s<Sk&t shkairn!
jgt! (N)
17
bhu
4.3.2 Nouns with two stems

Shaded areas are strong stem; xImt! (strong); xImNt! (weak)
pu<il
@k
wma
s!
i
AaE
npu<skil
bhu
pu<il
@k
bhu
@k
As!
xIman!
xImNtaE
xImNtm!
npu<skil
bhu
@k
xImNt>
xImt!
xImtI
xImiNt
xImNtaE
xImt>
xImt!
xImtI
xImiNt
xImta
xImd!_yam!
xImd!i>
xImte
xImd!_yam!
xImd!_y>
xImt>
xImd!_yam!
xImd!_y>
itIya
Am!
AaE
As!
t&tIya
Aa
_yam!
is!
ctuwIR
_yam!
_ys!
pmI
As!
_yam!
_ys!
;I
As!
Aaes!
Aam!
xImt>
xImtae>
xImtam!
sPtmI
Aaes!
su
xImit
xImtae>
xImTsu
sMbaexn
s!
AaE
As!
xImn!
xImNtaE
xImNt>
bhu
Like the
pu<il
Like the
pu<il
xImt!
xImtI
xImiNt
4.2.3 Nouns with three stems

Shaded areas are strong stem; thick box is middle stem; rajn! (strong); raj (middle): ra}! (weak)
pu<il
@k
npu<skil
bhu
@k
pu<il
bhu
@k
npu<skil
bhu
@k
bhu
wma
s!
AaE
As!
raja
rajanaE
rajan>
raja
rajanaE
rajan>
itIya
Am!
AaE
As!
rajanam!
rajanaE
rajan>
rajanam!
rajanaE
rajan>
t&tIya
Aa
_yam!
is!
ra}a
raj_yam!
raji>
ctuwIR
_yam!
_ys!
ra}e
raj_yam!
raj_y>
pmI
As!
_yam!
_ys!
ra}>
raj_yam!
raj_y>
;I
As!
Aaes!
Aam!
ra}>
ra}ae>
ra}am!
sPtmI
Aaes!
su
rai}-rajin
ra}ae>
rajsu
sMbaexn
s!
AaE
As!
rajn!
rajanaE
rajan>
s<Sk&t shkairn!
Like the
pu<il
18
Like the
pu<il
rajn!
rajanaE
rajan>
5. Pronouns
5.1 Personal Pronouns
ASmd!
@k
yuSmd! (Tvm! - you)
(Ahm! I)
i
bhu
wma
Ahm!
Aavam!
itIya
mam! ma
Aavam! - naE
t&tIya
mya
Aava_yam!
ctuwIR
mm! - me
pmI
@k
vym!
bhu
Tvm!
yuvam!
Tvam! Tva
yuvam! vam!
ASmai>
Tvya
yuva_yam!
yu:mai>
Aava_yam! naE
ASm_ym! n>
tu_ym! - te
yuva_yam! vam!
yu:m_ym! v>
mt!
Aava_yam!
ASmt!
Tvt!
yuva_yam!
yu:mt!
;I
mm - me
Aavyae> - naE
ASmakm! n>
tv - te
yuvyae> - vam!
yu:makm! v>
sPtmI
miy
Aavyae>
Tviy
yuvyae>
ASman! n>
ASmasu
yUym!
yu:man! v>
yu:masu
s> (He)
sa (She)
td! (That)
p<ui
SIil
npu<skil
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
wma
s>
taE
te
sa
te
ta>
tt!
te
tain
itIya
tm!
taE
tan!
tam!
te
ta>
tt!
te
tain
t&tIya
ten
ta_yam!
tE>
tya
ta_yam!
tai>
ten
ta_yam!
tE>
ctuwIR
tSmE
ta_yam!
te_y>
tSyE
ta_yam!
ta_y>
tSmE
ta_yam!
te_y>
pmI
tSmat!
ta_yam!
te_y>
tSya>
ta_yam!
ta_y>
tSmat!
ta_yam!
te_y>
;I
tSy
tyae>
te;am!
tSya>
tyae>
tasam!
tSy
tyae>
te;am!
sPtmI
tiSmn!
tyae>
te;u
tSyam!
tyae>
tasu
tiSmn!
tyae>
te;u
s<Sk&t shkairn!
19
5.2 Interrogative & Relative Pronouns

ikm! (which?, what?)
p<ui
@k
SIil
bhu
@k
npu<skil
bhu
@k
bhu
wma
k>
kaE
ke
ka
ke
ka>
ikm!
ke
kain
itIya
km!
kaE
kan!
kam!
ke
ka>
ikm!
ke
kain
t&tIya
ken
ka_yam!
kE>
kya
ka_yam!
kai>
ken
ka_yam!
kE>
ctuwIR
kSmE
ka_yam!
ke_y>
kSyE
ka_yam!
ka_y>
kSmE
ka_yam!
ke_y>
pmI
kSmat!
ka_yam!
ke_y>
kSya>
ka_yam!
ka_y>
kSmat!
ka_yam!
ke_y>
;I
kSy
kyae>
ke;am!
kSya>
kyae>
kasam!
kSy
kyae>
ke;am!
sPtmI
kiSmn!
kyae>
ke;u
kSyam!
kyae>
kasu
kiSmn!
kyae>
ke;u
yd! (which?, who?)

wma
y>
yaE
ye
ya
ye
ya>
yt!
ye
yain
itIya
ym!
yaE
yan!
yam!
ye
ya>
yt!
ye
yain
t&tIya
yen
ya_yam!
yE>
yya
ya_yam!
yai>
yen
ya_yam!
yE>
ctuwIR
ySmE
ya_yam!
ye_y>
ySyE
ya_yam!
ya_y>
ySmE
ya_yam!
ye_y>
pmI
ySmat!
ya_yam!
ye_y>
ySya>
ya_yam!
ya_y>
ySmat!
ya_yam!
ye_y>
;I
ySy
yyae>
ye;am!
ySya>
yyae>
yasam!
ySy
yyae>
ye;am!
sPtmI
yiSmn!
yyae>
ye;u
ySyam!
yyae>
yasu
yiSmn!
yyae>
ye;u
s<Sk&t shkairn!
20
6. Verbs
Verb -roots
Primitive
Derived
Derived from Verbs
Denominative
Divided into 10 gaas

Causal
Desiderative
Frequentative
6.1 Tenses and Moods

Name
Sanskrit
English
;q! kalvacka> (Six Tenses)

lq!
vtRmankal>
Present
savRxatuka>
l'!
An*tn-Utkal>
Imperfect
(Conjugational Tenses)
ilq!
prae]-Utkal>
Perfect; remote past
AaxRxatuka>
(Non-Conjugational Tenses)
1. iTvilq (Reduplicative)
2. Anuyaegilq (Periphrastic)
lu'!
samaNy-Utkal>
Aorist; simple past
luq!
An*tn-iv:yTkal>
Periphrastic Future
l&q!
samaNy-iv:yTkal>
Simple Future
cTvar> karbaexka> (Four moods)

laeq!
Aa}a
Imperative
savRxatuka>
ivixil'!
ivix , Aa}a
Potential
(Conjugational Moods)
AazIilR'!
Aaza
Benedictive
AaxRxatuka>
Conditional
(Non-Conjugational Moods)
l&'!
s<Sk&t shkairn!
21
Past Tenses (l'! - ilq! - lu'!)

l'!
ilq!
Denotes past action,

not done today, i.e.
done at some time
prior to the current
day.
lu'!
Denotes past action, not done today, Generally used Denotes past action,
to denote actions done at a very remote past time.
without reference to
-The reduplicative perfect is common to all
any particular time.
monosyllabic roots beginning with a consonant or
with A, Aa and #, %, \. The periphrastic perfect is
used with roots beginning with a long vowel except
Aa and with the roots of the 10th conjugation.
Future Tenses (luq! l&q!)

1. The Periphrastic Future (luq!) expresses remote future events.
2. The Simple Future (l&q!) expresses any future events whether immediate or remote.
6.2 Conjugations
The 10 conjugations in Sanskrit are divided into two groups. The first group consists of the 1st, 4th, 6th
and the 10th conjugations and the second group consists of the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 8th and 9th conjugations.
The division of verbs into 10 conjugations do not apply to all the 10 tenses and moods. It applies only to
the active voice, both parasmaipada and atmanepada of savRxatuka>. In the passive voice, and in all other
tenses of the active voice, all verbs are treated alike without distinction of conjugations. Thus the name
conjugational tenses and moods.
With respect to non-conjugational tenses and moods, verbal roots are divided into three classes:
Description
Example
insert a # before the terminations
Ainq! (An!+#q!)
do not insert a #
lBx
veq! (va+#q!)
insert a # optionally
SyNd!
22
s<Sk&t shkairn!
ivta; AcR!
lBxa
seq! (s+#q!)
Roots
AicRta
SyiNdta; SyNta
g[
nam
g[ivkr[
xatunam>
lq!
1. wmg[>
_vaid
vit He is; becomes
2. itIyg[>
Adaid
Ad!
3. t&tIyg[>
juhaeTyaid
hu
juhaeit He offers
4. ctuwRg[>
idvaid
idv!
dIVyit He plays
5. pmg[>
Svaid
nu
su
sunaeit He presses
6. ;:Qg[>
tudaid
tux!
tudit He presses
7. sPtmg[>
xaid
x!
[ai He blocks
8. A:qmg[>
tnaid
tn!
tnaeit He stretches
9. nvg[>
(aidg[>
I[it He buys
10. dzmg[>
curaidg[>
Ay
cur!
caeryit He steals
Ai He eats
6.3 Voice
1. Active Voice (ktRir yaeg): The ktRa of any iyapdm! is in the wma ivi. The iyapdm! of any
sentence or clause always agrees in number and person with the ktRa
2. Passive Voice (kmRi[ yaeg): The iyapdm! refers to or agrees with kmR, instead of the ktRa. The
verbal ending specifies the number and person of the kmR
3. Passive Impersonal (ave yaeg): In s<Sk&m! , not only transitive verbs (skmRkxatu), but intransitive
verbs (AkmRkxatu), also can be conjugated in the passive voice.
xatu
yaeg
skmRkxatu
ktRir yaeg
balk> Nw< pQit, The boy reads the book.
kmRi[ yaeg
balken Nw> pQ(te, The book is read by the boy
AkmRkxatu ktRir yaeg

ave yaeg
s<Sk&t shkairn!
%dahr[
balk> hsit, The boy laughs.

balken hSyte , Laughing is done by the boy.
23
6.4 Suffixes for Conjugational Tenses and Moods

lq! (Present tense)
prSmEpd
@k
l'! (Past tense)
AaTmnepd
bhu
@k
prSmEpd
bhu
@k
AaTmnepd
bhu
@k
bhu
%m
im
v>
m>
vhe
mhe
Am!
vih
mih
mXym
is
w>
se
$we
Xve
s!
tm!
wa>
$wam!
Xvm!
wm
it
t>
AiNt
te
$te
ANte
t!
tam!
An!
#tam!
ANt
Laaeq! (Imperative mood)

%m
Aain
Aav
@e
AavhE
AamhE
$ym!
$v
$m
$y
$vih
$mih
Sv
$wam!
Xvm!
$s!
$tm!
$t
$was!
$yawam!
$Xvm!
tam!
tu
Aam!
tm!
mXym
wm
ivixil'! (Potential mood)
ANtu
tam!
$tam!
ANtam!
$t!
$tam
$yu>
$t
$yatam!
$rn!
6.5 Suffixes for Non Conjugational Tenses and Moods

luq (Periphrastic Future)
prSmEpd
l&q (Simple Future)
AaTmnepd
prSmEpd
AaTmnepd
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
%m
taiSm
taSv>
taSm>
tahe
taSvhe
taSmhe
Syaim
Syav>
Syam>
Sye
Syavhe
Syamhe
mXym
tais
taSw>
taSw
tasee
tasaw
taXv
Syis
Syw>
Syw
Syse
Syewe
SyXve
wm
ta
taraE
tar>
ta
taraE
tar>
Syit
Syt>
SyiNt
Syte
Syete
SyNte
l&' (Conditional)
@k
bhu
AazIilR' (Benedictive Mood)
%m
Sym!
Syav
Syam
Sye
Syavih
Syamih
yasm!
yaSv
yaSm
sIy
sIvih
sImih
mXym
Sy>
Sytm!
Syt
Sywa>
Syewam!
SyXvm!
ya>
yaStm!
yaSt
sIa>
sIyaSwam!
sIXvm!
wm
Syt!
Sytam!
Syn!
Syt
Syetam!
SyNt
yat!
yaStam!
yasu>
sI
sIyaStam!
sIrn!
iTvilq (Reduplicative Perfect)
Anuyaegilq (Periphrastic Perfect)
%m
vhe
mhe
To form the Periphrastic Perfect, a verbal noun in

the accusative is derived from the verbal base by
mXym
Awu>
se
Aawe
Xve
addition of Aam!. To that verbal noun the
wm
Atu>
%>
Aate
#re
reduplicative of k&,U& , or As! is added.
s<Sk&t shkairn!
24
6.6 Suffixes for Strong and Weak form endings

As in the case of nouns with two or three stems, so also in the case of verbs of the 2nd, 3rd, 5th,7th,8th and
9th conjugations, there are strong and weak forms. Stong forms are shaded and he differences are
indicated in bold. The terminations in non-conjugational forms are all weak except for iTvilq
(Reduplicative Perfect) prSmEpd in first. second, and third person singular.
lq! (Present tense)

prSmEpd
l'! (Past tense)
AaTmnepd
prSmEpd
AaTmnepd
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
%m
im
v>
m>
vhe
mhe
Am!
vih
mih
mXym
is
w>
se
Aawe
Xve
s!
tm!
wa>
Aawam!
Xvm!
wm
it
t>
AiNt
te
$te
Ate
t!
tam!
An!
#tam!
At
Laaeq! (Imperative mood)
ivixil'! (Potential mood)
%m
Aain
Aav
Aam!
@e
AavhE
AamhE
$ym!
$v
$m
$y
$vih
$mih
mXym
ih
tm!
Sv
Aawam!
Aawam
Xvm!
$s!
$tm!
$t
$was!
$yawam!
$Xvm!
wm
tu
tam!
ANtu
tam!
$tam!
Atam!
$t!
$tam
$yus!
$t
$yatam!
$rn!
s<Sk&t shkairn!
25
U (_vaidg[>) prSmEpd
lq!
l'!
laeq
ivixil'!
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
%m
vaim
vav>
vam>
Avm!
Avav
Avam
vain
vav
vam
veym!
vev
vem
mXym
vis
vw>
vw
Av>
Avtm!
Avt
vtm!
vt
ve>
vetm!
vet
wm
vit
vt>
viNt
Avt!
Avtam!
Avn!
vtu
vtam!
vNtu
vet!
vetam!
veyu>
luq
l&q
l&'
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
%m
ivtaiSm
ivtaSv>
ivtaSm>
iv:yaim
iv:yav>
iv:yam>
Aiv:ym!
Aiv:yav
Aiv:yam
mXym
ivtais
ivtaSw>
ivtaSw
iv:yis
iv:yw>
iv:yw
Aiv:Sy>
Aiv:ytm!
Aiv:Syt
wm
ivta
ivtaraE
ivtar>
iv:yit
iv:yt>
iv:yiNt
Aiv:Syt!
Aiv:ytam!
Aiv:yn!
AazIilR'
iTvilq
Anuyaegilq
%m
Uyasm!
UyaSv
UyaSm
bUv
bUivv
mXym
Uya>
UyaStm!
UyaSt
bUivw
bUvwu>
bUv
wm
Uyat!
UyaStam!
Uyasu>
bUv
bUvtu>
(?)
bUivm
bUvu>
l! (_vaidg[>) AaTmnepd
lq!
l'!
laeq
ivixil'!
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
%m
le
lavhe
lamhe
Ale
Alavih
Alamih
lE
lavhE
lamhE
ley
levih
lemih
mXym
lse
lewe
lXve
Alwas!
Alewam!
AlXvm!
lSv
lewam!
lXvm!
lewa>
leyawam!
leXvm!
wm
lte
lete
lNte
Alt
Aletam!
AlNt
ltam!
letam!
lNtam!
let
leyatam!
lern!
luq
l&q
l&'
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
%m
lBxahe
lBxaSvhe
lBxaSmhe
lPSye
lPSyavhe
lPSyamhe
AlPSye
AlPSyavih
AlPSyamih
mXym
lBxasee
lBxasaw
lBxaXv
lPSyse
lPSyewe
lPSyXve
AlPSywa>
AlPSyewam!
AlPSyXvm!
wm
lBxa
lBxaraE
lBxar>
lPSyte
lPSyete
lPSyNte
AlPSytam!
AlPSyetam!
AlPSyNt
AazIilR'
iTvilq
Anuyaegilq
%m
lPsIy
lPsIvih
lPsImih
lee
leivhe
leimhe
mXym
lPsIa>
lPsIyaSwam!
lPsIXvm!
le;e
leawe
leiXve
wm
lPsI
lPsIyaStam!
lPsIrn!
lee
leate
leire
s<Sk&t shkairn!
26
su (Svaidg[>) prSmEpd Strong base (shaded) sunae weak base sunu

lq!
l'!
laeq
ivixil'!
@k
mXym
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
sunaeim
sunuv>
sunum>
Asunvm!
Asunuv
Asunum
sunvain
sunvav
suuvam!
sunuyam!
sunuyav
sunuyam!
suNv>
%m
suNm>
AsuNv
AsuNm
sunuw>
sunaei;
Asunutm!
Asunut
sunu
sunutm!
sunut
sunuya>
sunuyatm!
sunuyat
sunutam!
suNvNtu
sunuyat!
sunuyatam!
sunuyu>
sunai;
Asunae>
sunutat!
wm
sunaeit
sunut>
sNviNt
Asunaet!
Asunutam!
AsuuNvn!
sunaetu
sunutat!
luq
l&q
l&'
@k
bhu
saetaiSm
saetaSv>
saetaSm>
sae:yim
sae:yav>
sae:yam>
sivtaSv>
sivtaSm>
siv:yaim
siv:yav>
siv:yam>
saetais
saetaSw>
saetaSw
sae:yis
sae:yw>
sae:yw
sivataSw>
sivtaSw
siv:yis
siv:yw>
siv:yw
saeta
saetaraE
saetar>
sae:yit
sae:yt>
sae:yiNt
sivta
wm
@k
sivtais
mXym
bhu
sivtaiSm
%m
sivtaraE
sivtar>
siv:yit
siv:yt>
siv:yiNt
AazIilR'
%m
iTvilq
su;av
su;aew
su;uv
su;um
su;uvwu>
su;uv
su;uvtu>
su;uvu>
su;ivw
wm
s<Sk&t shkairn!
su;av
27
Anuyaegilq
su;v
mXym
@k
bhu
su (Svaidg[>) AaTmnepd Strong base (shaded) sunae weak base sunu

lq!
l'!
laeq
ivixil'!
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
@k
bhu
sunuve
sunuvhe
sunumhe
Asunuiv
Asunuvih
Asunumih
sunvE
sunvavhE
sunvamhE
suNvIy!
suNvIvih
suNvImih
suNvhe
%m
suNmhe
AsuNvih
AsuNmih
mXym
sunu;e
suNvawe
sunuXve
Asunuwa>
AsuNvawam!
AsunuXvm!
sunu:v
suNvawam!
sunuXvm!
suNvIwa>
suNvIyawam!!
suNvIXvm!
wm
sunute
suNvate
sunuvte
Asunut!
AsuNvatam!
AsuNvt
sunutam!
suNvatam!
suNvtam!
suNvIt
suNvIyatam!
suNvIrn!
luq
@k
l&q
sae:yavhe
sae:yamhe
siv:yavhe
siv:yamhe
sae:yse
sae:yewe
sae:yXve
siv:yse
siv:yewe
siv:yXve
sae:yte
sae:yete
sae:yNte
siv:yte
wm
bhu
siv:ye
mXym
sae:ye
%m
bhu
@k
l&'
siv:yete
siv:yNte
AazIilR'
@k
iTvilq
bhu
Anuyaegilq
%m
su;uve
su;uvhe
su;umhe
mXym
su;u;e
su;uvawe
su;uXve
wm
su;uve
su;uvate
su;uivre
6.7 Examples
Tense
Used as
Examples
lq!
bal> ptit, The boy falls
l'!
ivaim> visSy xenu< blat! Ahrt!, Vishwamitra took Vashistas cow by force.
n&p> a[an! aejnay NymNyt! (in+AmNyt!), The king invited the Brahmin for food.
laeq!
-ivix: command or advice
Tyj dujRns<sg< j saxusmagmm!, Give up association with the wrong people and to
seek the company of saintly people.
-AxI (wish) or awRna
ipt&g&he itain, I may (I wish to) stay in my fathers house.
(prayer)
Vyakr[m! AXyyt, This is my prayer, I want to study grammer with you.
-AazIvaRd (blessing)
gCD ivjyI v, Go and be victorious.
s<Sk&t shkairn!
28
-AamN[m! (permission),
A* van! A AagCDtu, You may come here today.
Anumit (consent) and also
A* van! A ]ytu, I request (invite) you to take food here today.
inmN[m! (invitation)
-s<Zn (question),
ik< ae vedaNtm! AXyyE %t s<sk&tm!, Sir what shall I learn? Vednta or Sask tam?
s<avna(possibility, doubt)
iv;< vtu, There may be poison.
-ma (prohibtion)
ma gCD ngrm!, Do not go to the city.
samWyRm! (ability)
isNxu< Aip zae;yaim, I can dry up even the sea.
ivixil'!
-ivix: command or advice
nr> sda sTy< vdet, Man should always speak the truth.
-ivixil'!
-AxI (wish) or
matr< bala> pZye;u, May the children see their mother.
awRna (prayer)
ae aejn< ley, Sir, will you kindly give me food.
-AamN[m! (permission),
#y AasIt van!, Your honour may sit here.
Anumit (consent) and also
igir< Aixvse>, You may dwell on the mountain..
inmN[m! (invitation)
-s<Zn (question), s<avna
ik< ae ved< AxIyey %t tkRm!, Sir what shall I learn? Veda or logic?
(possibility, doubt)
pairtaei;k n leXvm!, You may not get the reward.
-is used in conditional

clauses, to express what is
contrary to the fact or what
is probable, not certain.
yid mata nagCDet! tihR izzu> ivlpet,

If the mother should not come, the child would cry.
yid ram> vnat! Hiqit n nagCDet! tihR Ah< ymlaek< gCDeym!,
If Rama quickly shold not return from the forest, (then) I would go to Yamaloka.
lu'!
ilq
iTvilq
I gvanuvac, r Bhagavna said.

tdnNtrmNyn< jgam r"upit>, t c mhatpStepe s<, Then Rma went to another wood.
There he performed great austerities.
Anuyaegilq
luq!
he sIte ramlm[aE ae vn> gNtaraE, Tvmip gNtais va n va, Oh St, Rma and
Lakmaa will go to the forest tomorrow. Will you too go or not?
l&q!
ik< iv:yit ik< iv:ytIit icNtyt> sveR iz:ya> prI]azalamuijNt Aagim:yiNt, Thinking
What will be? what will be? all the students will come, trembling, to the
examination hall.
AazIilR'!
-AxI (wish) and AazIvaRd
Iman! uyat!, May he be happy.
(blessing)
icr< jIVyat!, May he live long.
l&'!
s<Sk&t shkairn!
yid ipta Agim:yt! sveR Ataeyn!, Were my father to come, all would be pleased.
29
7. Verbal Derivatives
The affixes are added to roots, or their modified forms, to form nouns, adjectives, and indeclinables.
xatv>
2200 xatu
6 Tenses (lq! , l'! , ilq! , lu'! , luq! , l&q! )
4 Moods (l&'! , laeq! , ivixil'! , AaizilR'! )
Causal (i[jNt)
Desiderative (sNnNt )
Freqnentative (y'!Nt )
Denominative (namxatu)
TyyaNt xatv>
2400 Derived Verbs
k&t! Tyya> (130 Primary Suffixes)

k&dNta>
3,120,000 Nominal bases for
Primary Nouns
tit Tyya> (130 secondary Suffixes)

titNta>
Nominal bases for Secondary
Nouns
In representing the various suffixes, Sanskrit grammarians use the following device. Before or after the
suffix proper, they add one or two letters which are meant to indicate the changes which the original root
or word must undergo before it takes the suffix. Those extra letters are called AnubNx or indicatory sign.
s<Sk&t shkairn!
30
7.1 k&t! Tyya>

k&t! tyya are used to form:
1. Participles (declinables and Indeclinables)
2. Verbal nouns.
7.1.1 General Rules

Rules
%dahr[
Before primary suffixes the final

vowel/short medial vowel of a root
take gu[
k& +
If AnubNx is k! or ', gu[ is blocked.
k&t
(suffix is t and AnubNx is k! )

U + %k|!
vowel/short medial A of a root
(suffix is %k and AnubNx is |!)
takes v&i, while final Aa
xa + [k
becomes Aay!
(suffix is k and AnubNx is [!)

!
If AnubNx is "! the final
zuc! + "|!
yuj! + "|!
Anu-k& + Lyp!
av! + %k
xayk
zaek (AnubNx is "! )
g!
k! and j
aE + %k
yaeg (AnubNx is "! )

Anuk&Ty
(suffix is y and AnubNx is p!)

If AnubNx is p! , t! is added to a
Anu-k& + Lyp!
root ending in short vowel
(suffix is y and AnubNx is p!)
31
s<Sk&t shkairn!
Anuk&Ty
If AnubNx is |! or [! , final
avuk
7.1.2 Participles
7.1.2.1 Declinable Participles

1. vtRman k&dNt Participles of the perfect tense
Participle
Rules
Tyy
%dahr[
Present active
At!
AiNt ( pu bhu v ) of the
ivz!
(zt&)
prSmEpd
present active is replaced
ram> vn< ivzn! muin< Apzyt!,
da
replaced by man
cur!
gMyman (being gone to)
dIyt e
caeyRte
present passive is
gMyte
dIyman (being given)
gm!
mNyman (thinking)
@k v ) of
mNyte
lman (obtaining)
te ( pu
lte
l!
te ( pu @k v ) of
(zanc!)
man
ivzt! ( entering)
Rama, while entering the forest saw a sage
AaTmnepd present is replaced by man mn!

Present passive
man
by At!
ivziNt
caeyRma[ (being stolen)
2. Ute k&dNt Participles of the perfect tense
(vtu)
k& + t
roots
(The work was done by Rama)
adding vt! to the past
k&
passive participle
vt!
adding t to the verbal
s> kayR< k&tvan! (He did the work)
Past active
k&t eg. rame[ kayR< k&tm!
k&t + vt!
()
Past passive
k&tvt!
3. iv:yt! k&dNt Participles of the Future Tense
Syman
SyNte ( pu bhu v ) is
}a
AaTmnepd replaced by Syman
pt!
pit:yiNt
}aSyNte
pt!
pit:yNte
}aSyt!
pit:yt!
}aSyman
replaced by Syt!
prSmEpd
}aSyiNt
}a
SyiNt ( pu bhu v ) is
Syt&
pit:yma[
4. Potential Passive Participles

final vowel (except Aa)
and short medial vowel
gm!
s<Sk&t shkairn!
32
Vy (which should be seen)
h!
gNtVy (which should be gone to)
z!
aetVy (which should be heard)
take gu[
tVy
hItVy (which should be seized)
final vowel and short
{yt!
Sm&
Smr[Iy (to be remembered)
pUj!
pUjnIy (to be of worship)
z!
medial vowel take gu[
dzRnIy (to be seen; worth seen)
for roots ending in \ or a k&
AnIy
kayR (to be done)
onsonant. The AnubNx [!
pQ!
paQ( (to be read)
orders the v&i of final
vc!
vaC( (to be said)
vowel and of penultimate
hs!
haSy (to be laughed at)
iDd!
De* (to be cut)
isc!
seCy (to be sprinkled)
Aa, t! is also AnubNx
yt!
for roots ending with a

vowel or labial & to zk!
and sh!. Before yt! a final
vowel takes gu[, and the
ij
jy (conquerable)
pa
pey (drinkable)
Vy (audible)
Kyp!
reserved for few roots

The AnubNx k! debars all
gu[; the AnubNx p! ordains
addition of t! to roote
ending with a short
vowel.
zKy (possible )
l!
l_y (obtainable)
sh!
final Aa is changed to @
zk!
s (to be bearable)
zas!
StuTy (to be praised)
Ty (to be respected )
&
-Impersonal/Neuter Sing.
iz:y (to be taught)
Stu
k &
Uses
#Ty (to be gone to)
&Ty (to be supported;servant)

k&Ty (to be done)
mya gNtVym! (It has to be gone by me; I

have to go)
-As an adj, or pronoun
raja miNi> StuTy> (The king to be praised

by the ministers.)
-Conveys the meaning of

obligation,of fitness or of
the future
s<Sk&t shkairn!
33
@td! dzRnIy (This is worth seeing)

Tvya Vym! (you will see)
7.1.2.2 Indeclinable Participles

Participle
Past Active
(Gerund)
Tva
%dahr[
AyaeXya< TyKTva ram> vnm! AgCDt!,
Having abandoned Ayodhya,
Rama went to the forest
-If the verbs are
-fomed by adding Tva

to the roots.
kTva
Lyp!
Rules
Tyy
AagMy nTva c Avdt!
preceded by an %psgR,
the suffix y is added
The infinite
-formed by adding tum!
ram> Nw< piQtum! #CDit, (active)
to the roots.
tumun!
tum!
Having come, having saluted,

he spoke.
Rama wishes to read the book.

rame[> Nw> piQtum! #:yte, (passive)
It is wished by Rama to read the book.
7.1.3 Verbal Nouns

The k&t! affixes forming verbal nouns are of two types :
(1) ktRir k&t! (Agent noun) eg. gNta
(2) ave k&t! (Action/Abstract Noun) eg. git> , gmnm!
7.1.3.1 List of ktRir k&t! affixes covered

k&t!
Rules
A>
%dahr[
kuM< kraeit #it kuMkar> (kuM +k& )
%Tpa*m! created as in kuMkar>
by A[!
-Appended to nouns
-3-fold kmR is governed
A[!
vkayRm! changes as in ka{flav>

(ka{f< lunit cuts branches of tree)
aPym! Reaches (no change in object)
(as in vedaXyay> vedan! AxIte)
(s<SkayRm! is not governed by A[!)
s<Sk&t shkairn!
34
jl< ddait (jlda + k )
and without a prefix
}a
(final Aa of the root is
mxu ipbit (mxupa + k )
-Roots with #, %, \ or
bux! + k
pcit #it pc> (one who cooks)
cur!
-Lying in Location
bux> (one who knows)
caer> ; U
igraE zete #it igirz>
-Agent to pc! , etc
l& as penultimate
A
mxup> (bee)
}> / }> (one who knows)
dropped)
Ac!
jld> (cloud)
-Roots ending with Aa
v>
paZvRa_ya< zete #it paZvRzy>

(one who lies on the sides)
ANt< gCDit
du>oen gCDit
svR etc.
p< gCDit
-Before this the final

consonant with the
preceding vowel, or the
final vowel of a root is
dropped
snake);
-the AnubNx v! disappears
sd! to sit
after performing a
function (like er after
cook in English
ANtir]st! (heavenly beings);
svRg> (one who goes everywhere)

parg> (?);
kQaepin;d! ,
suicst!(dwelling in purity), n&;t! (humans

beings); %pin;d! /t!
sU> (to bring forth
forth; a mother )
ivd!
id!
s<Sk&t shkairn!
35
uk! (to hate
a powerful enemy)
a powerful enemy)
kamxuk! ,xuk! (to milk/extract

vedivt (to know
kait! (to cut
uh!
uh!
i;! (to hate
i;!
one who brings
sU
z! after nouns
par< gCDit
dugR> (fortress)
-Applies to Sp&z and
svR< gCDit
ANtg> (one who goes to the end)
pg> (on the ground creeping;
-Affixed to gm!
preceded by ANt, par,
iKvp
milker)
knower of ved)
woodcutter)
iCDt! (to cut
ij
#Nijt! (to conquer
a good cutter)
iDd!
conqueror of
Indra), zuijt! (conqueror of enemy)

senanI (to lead
nI
one who leads an
army); A[I(one who leads in the front;leader)
qIkak&t! ; a;ak&t! (to do
-like iKvp the AnubNx v!
%dkSp&z>
disappears after
performing a function.
taz !(tak! )
-Applies to Sp&z and
sz! (sk! )
z! after nouns
kIz! (kIk! )
(one who touches water)
of that type
like this
of what nature
Tvaz! (Tvak! )
-Is added to the roots of
the h group in the
sense of the agent
g&ait #it aihn! (onewho takes)

Swa
Swaiyn! (one who stays)
rax! with Ap
pirU
#n!
i[in
like you
Apraixn! (one who is guilty)
piraivn! (one who defeats)
%:[< aeu< zIlmSy

hot things)
ivraq! )
iKvn!
ivra;!
(ivraj!
k&
ivraq! (to shine ivze;e[ rajte #it ivraq!
raj!
%:[aeijn! (one who eats
saxukairn! (one who acts well)

vaidn! (one who expounds the nature of );
saemyaijn! (one who has performed the saem
sacrifice)
AvZy<aivn!! (one that certainly happens)
nI
v&i; Ak! imparts agency
k&
XyE
s<Sk&t shkairn!
36
nayk (to lead

kark (to do
one who leads)
the doer)
Xyayk (to think
-AnubNx [! mantains
Ak!
{vul!
thinker)
s&j!
baexk (to know
-[! mantains v&i; t&
nI
net& (neta) (to lead
imparts agency
k&
kt& (ktaR) (to do
creator)
knower)
one who leads)
the doer)
XyE
Xyat& (Xyata) (to think
da
dat& (data) (to give
fIp!
: (v&i is blocked) (to create
yj!
- Creates Feminine
Nouns
bad!x& (baea) (to know
knower)
seva (service); a;!
a;a (language);
Ifa (sport); icNt!
If!
-For sNt stems
giver)
mn!
muc!
Aa
thinker)
creator)
bux!
qap! &
s&j!
net&
sjRk (to create
bux!
t&c!
giver)
dayk (to give
da
icNta (worry)
imma<sa(enquiry, analysis)
mumu]a (the desire to be free)
qap! with
naiyka not nayka
{pul
kairka not karka (a concise statement)

paicka (a female cook)
pam! (to drink

nem! (to lead
dat&
drinking vessel)
eye-means of leading)
aem! (to hear
ear-means of hearing)
vs!
vSm! (to clothe
pt!
pm! (to fall, to fly
means of flying)
zas!
clothing)
leaves; wings-
zaSm! (to rule, to instruct
rules - due to truth or instructs)
s<Sk&t shkairn!
37
daI
nI
kIR;
pa
generally npu<skil
:q+n!
ktR&
-indicates instrument, or
means of action;
t&c!
neI
net&
fIp! with
one that
7.1.3.2 List of ave k&t! affixes covered

av> itself formed by "|! from the root U
k&t!
-|! makes any final vowel or short
yuj!
medial A to take v&i
zuc!
zaek> (to grieve
-"! mandates c
ux!
aex> (to be angry
km!
kam> (to desire
desire )
SpzR!
SpzR> (to touch
touch)
Tyj!
Tyag> (to abandon
lu
lae> (to be greedy
ivd!
ved> (to know
k! and
g! respectively
yaeg> (to join
%dahr[
iv+iz;!
A
-for # ending nouns
joining)
grief)
jy> (to conquer
cy> (to collect
i]
]y> (to waste away
Ay> (to go
%d! + #
-forms abstract nouns; also
instrument or place denoted by the
root.
Note:
1. Many roots preceded by prefix,
kr> (to do
Sometimes, some prefixes

mandate Ap! or "|! with different
meaning.
2. Sometime, roots with or without
prefixes can take eitther Ap! or "|!
s<Sk&t shkairn!
hand; inst. for doing)
v> (to be
poison)
being, state)
jp> (to say in soft voice
jp!
%p + jp!
with or sm!
(to intoxicate with
38
prayer)
%pjap> (whisper in (someones)
ear; secretly telling)

md!
rising up)
praise)
gr> (to poison
take "|! instead of Ap!.
decay)
%dy> (to go up; to rise
Stv> (to praise
g&
victory)
going)
-Added to roots ending in %,^,\, St

k&
distinction)
collection)
greed)
ivze;> (to distinguish
ic
Ap!
renunciation)
boon; choice) Svy<vr>
ij
anger )
complete knowledge)
vr> (to choose
v&
Ac!
"|!
Rules
A>
md>; s<md>
joy)
with the same meaning
but
mad> ; s<mad> (carelessness, blunder)
ym!
with or w/o %p, in, iv and sm! take
either ym> or yam>
(to restraint; to control
restraint, control)
inym> or inyam>; %pym> or %pyam>

-AnubNx k! blocks gu[
Stuit> (to praise
Stu
praise)
mn!
Stuit> (to praise
gm!
git> (to go
praise)
gait)
Aap!
AaiPt> (to acquire
muc!
mui> (to release
what is heard)
vision)
Stp!
suiPt> (to sleep
s&j!
s&i> (to create
vc!
%i> (to say
k&it> (to do
k&
gait)
i> (to see
z!
uit> (to hear
accquistion)
sleep)
creation)
what is said)
a piece of work)
yj!
#i> (to worship
Swa
iSwit> (to stand/say
act of worship)
-Forms feminine abstract nouns
it
in!
position)
-n! is substituted for t! after some
ha
hain (to give up
loss)
-Especially after -ending roots
kIi[R (to scatter
scatterng)
-For iv or sm! with pd! either in!
ivpd!
ivpi or ivpd (to reach
or iKvp is added
ivpd!
s<pi or s<pt!! (to reach
-Forms neuter nouns
hs!
jiLptm! (to quarrel
sihtm! (to bear
adversty)
prosperity)
laughter)
39
histm! (to laugh
sh!
s<Sk&t shkairn!
jLp
fall)
-adds tm!
tm!
Glain (to fall
roots
GlE
quarrel)
tolerence)
gm!
gmnm! (to go
hn!
hnnm! (to kill
da
zI
vcnm! (to speak
danm! (to give

zynm! (to lie
going)
killing)
speech)
gift)
lying down; sleeping)
vc!
-adds An!
-Forms neuter nouns
nm!
Lyuq!
Swa
Swanm! (to stand
Aas!
Aasnm! (to sit
seat; posture)
z!!
dzRnm! (to see
act of seeing)
sax!
saxnm! (to make it
uj!
aejnm! (to eat
place)
act of mking good)
eating)
7.2 tit Tyya>

The underlying nominal forms in tit Tyya> are called k&it, Just as gu[ of a root vowel is a frequent
characteristic of k&t! derivation, a characteristic mark of tit derivation is v&i.
7.2.1 General Rules

Rules
Examples
The first vowel of the word takes it v&i before

the terminations A, y, #k, $n!, @y, Ty
Before termination beginning with a vowel or y!
-the final A, Aa, #, $ are rejected
Aapit + A = Aapt (belonging to Asvapati)
-% and ^ take their gu[ substitute
mnu + A = manv> (descendant of Manu)
-Aae and AaE obey the ordinary rules of sandhi
gae + y = gVym! (belonging to a cow)
-If the initial vowel of a word be preceded by the
Vyakr[m! (iv - Aa - kr[m! ) + A
y! and v! of a preposition the y! or v! is first

changed to #y! or %v! before substitute can take
place.
s<Sk&t shkairn!
= ivyakr[m! + A = vEyakr[> (grammarian)

Sv (su - A) + A = saEv (son of Svasva)
40
Svy<U> (Svy<- U)
vowel is not the result of siNx, regular rule apply
Svay<v> (Brahma son of )
-When the semi vowel preceeding an initial
7.2.2 List of tit affixes covered

A>
Rules
A & $ (F)
-They require v&i of the first
%dahr[
syllable of the k&it. They

are added to the nominal
stems as follows:
grandoson)
ymuna
yamun> (River
pvRt>
pavRtI (mountain
3. are added to gu[ of %
r"u>
4. are added to \ which is
Tv:q&>
not strengthened
5. are added directly to
consonant stem finals.
mn>
mans (mind
son of)
mental)
hEmvt (himalaya
a[> (Brahman
pertaing to)
knower of)
-ApTyavack (genealogical decent)

jankI (Janaka
-avvack (abstraction)
weight)
la"v> (light
lightness)
l"uu>
izzu>
zEzvm! (child
yuvn!
yaEvnm! (young
-tSyedm! (possesion)
tSye
izv>
daughter of)
gaErvm! (heavy
gu>
jnk>
s<Sk&t shkairn!
son of)
descendent of )
Tva:q&> (Tvastr
ihmvNt!
daughter of)
sarSvt> (Sarasvati
ra"v> (Raghu
n!
-Additional Examples
srSvit
2. replace final $
son of river)
paE> (son
pu>
1. replace final A or Aa
41
childhood)
youth)
zEv (belonging to Siva)
iv:[u>
vE:[v (belonging to Vishnu)
bu >
baE (belonging to Buddha)
- ted (knowledge)
-The sufix replaces any stem-ApTyavack

final vowel and is added to
any-stem-final consonant
Aidit>
AaidTy (Aditi
vEyakr[> (grammer
-avvack
zaEyRm! ( hero
son of)
%ict
zUr>
heroism)
AaEicTym! (proper
propriety)
pai{fTym! (wise man
pi{ft>
%Tsuk
AaETsuKym! (eager
Als
AalSym! (lazy
maEOyRm! (fool
muom!
vIr>
state of being)
eagerness)
laziness)
AaEdasINym! (indifferent
%dasIn
mUoR>
grammarian)
Sun)
kaVy> (sage Kavi
kiv>
Vyakr[m!
muOy (face
indifference)
foolishness)
forefont) (No v&i)
vIyRm! (heroism)
dNt>
dNTy (tooth
talu
talVy (palate
palatal) (t av)
pertaing to a field)
dental) (t av)
#y
-occurs where the suffix y
]em!
]iey (field
]em!
]iey> (kingly power
$y
would otherwise have to

follow a conjunct consonant
-is basically restricted to
forming possessive
adjectives from the pronouns
Ahm!
mdIy (I
vym!
ASmdIy (we
our)
yu:mdIy (you
your)
vdIy (you
your)
yUym!
vNt!
s> sa tt!
s<Sk&t shkairn!
42
princely class)
my);
tdIy (he she it
his hers its)
-ApTyavack
kuNtI
ga
kaENtey> (Kunti
gaey> (Ganga
-non- ApTyavack
son of )
pertaining to)
human as apposed to divine)
Aaitwey (guest
pleasant to guests)
-requires v&i and replaces
-ApTyavack
final vowel
dzrw>
dazriw (Dashratha
suima
saEimi> (Sumitra
mxur
mxurta (sweet
are neuter and those with ta
ender, i.e. death)
pm!
pkm! (form
giving form )
#;uk> (arrow
-tSyedm!

the final consonant
laek>
Svaav>
-ted
ved>
worldly)
Svaaivk (inherent nature
vEidk (veda
43
naked)
laEikk (world
youth)
arrow)
nGnk (naked
nGn
ma[vk> (man
#;u>
little boy)
puk> (son
ma[v>
s<Sk&t shkairn!
sweetness)
ANt> (end
pu>
#k
monkeyness )
ANt>
k&it
son of)
son of)
are feminine
-It requires no strength in the
kipTvm! (monkey
kip>
-They correspond to the

English suffixes ness and
hood. Nouns formed with Tva
Tva & ta
Aa;eRy (sage
pu;> paE;ey (man

Aitiw>
son of)
vEntey> (Gaduda
ivnta
\i;
son of)
requires v&i
-replaces final vowel and
@y
pertaining to)
vedic) or vEidk> (vedic scholar)
nEyaiyk> (logic
manisk (mind
of ); Ahm!
pzumNt! (cattle
p]>
pi]n! ((wing
tp>
made of wood )
rich in cattle)
bird)
tpiSvn! (ascetic
Sm&it
consisting of)
consisting of)
asceticism)
Sm&itmNt! (memory
pzu>
ownership)
-SvaimTvvack
SvaimTvvack (expressive of
va'!mym! (speech
of the k&it and are said to be
consisting of )
icNmy (mind, consciousness
#n! ivn!
-They indicate the possesor
ict!
ka:Qmy (wood
a follower
consisting of speech)
icNmy (consciousness
ka:Qm!
vak!
mNt! vNt!
va'my (speech
ict!
mine )
vak!
mamk (I

the final consonant
-is added directly to the
nominal stem without any
vowel strength, form
adjectives conveying the
sense of made of or
consisting of. Sandhi
before this suffix is external.
imma<sk> (a philsopical school
imma<sa
my
versed in puranas)
mental)
mn>
Ak
paErai[k> (puranas
pura[m!
logician )
Nyay>
righteous)
xaimRk (dharma
xmR>
having a good memory)
k&it
comparative
tr
tm
%Tk;Rvack (expressive of
iy dear
iytr dearer
iytm dearest
mhNt great
mhr greater
mhm greatest
$y
$y #:Q
-They form comparative and

superlative grades of
adjectives and are called
superiority)
tr tm
#:Q
superlative
zSy good ey> better

gu heavy
knIy> younger
kin:Q youngest
kip>
s<Sk&t shkairn!
gir:Q heavier
kipvt! (monkey
iCv
-They convey the sense of

like
-is attached to the nominal
stem in connection with
grIy> heavier
yuvn! young
vt!
e:Q best
like a monkey)
AzuKl< zuKl< kraeit = zuKlIkraeit
44
verbs k& , U , As! to
Al"u> l"u> vit = l"Uvit
convey the idea that the

Azuic< zuic kraeit = zucIkraeit
subject or the object of the
verb becomes what is
Aneta neta vit = neIvit
denoted by the nominal stem.
n&pae balk< sEinkIkraeit
Before this suffix
-final A & Aa changed to #
The king makes the boy into a soldier
-final # & % are lengthened

-final \ becomes rI
k&it
Derivative
k&:[ black k&:[IU to become black

k&:[Ik& to make black, to blacken
k&:[Iiv:yit It will become black
k&:[Ikr[m! blackened
k&:[Ik&Ty having blackened
s<Sk&t shkairn!
45
8. Derivative Conjugations
The following four secondary conjugations, like the kmRi[ yaeg, indicate something about the action of
a verbal root other than its tense. The first three are derived from verbal roots, and fourth is derived from
nominal stems.
8.1 Causative
The Causative (i[jNt; ending in i[c!) indicates that the subject causes another to perform the action
signified by the verbal root. It is formed like the verbs of the 10th conjugation. The causative marker #/
Ay! is suffixed directly to the root which is usually strengthened.
xatu
gm! (to go)
i[jNt form
%dahr[
gmy
dzrw> ram< vn< gmyit

Dasharata makes Rama go to the forest
Swa (to stand)
Swapy!
sevk> )l< Svaimn> hSte Swapyit

The servant places the fruit in his masters hand
hn! (to kill)
"aty!
suIv> rame[ vailn< "atyit

Sugrive had Rama kill Valin
k& (to do)
kary!
ram< rten raJy< karayamas

Rama had Bharata rule the kingdom
u (to hear) wm pu; @kvcn; avay! (cause to hear)

prSmEpd
Present
AaTmnepd
Passive
avyit
Aavyte
aVyte
Aavyt!
Aavyt
AaVyt
Imperative
avyetu
avytam!
aVytam!
Potential
avyet!
avyet
aVyet
Perfect
avyamas
avyamase
avyamase
Perifh. future
aviyta
aviyta
aviyta
Simple future
aviy:yit
aviy:yte
aviy:yte
Conditional
Aavyiy:yt!
Aaviy:yt
Aaviy:yt
Benedictive
aVyat!
aviy;I
aviy;I
Imperfect
s<Sk&t shkairn!
46
8.2 Desiderative
The Desiderative (st! ; ending in sn! ) expresses the notion that a person or thing wishes (or is about)
to perform the action, or to be in the condition, denoted by the root of the desiderative base. The subject
of the wish and of action conveyed by the verbal root must be the same. It may be paraphased by the
infintive of the simple root with an appropiate form of #;, etc.
eg. ram> vn< ijgim;it = ram> vn< gNtuimCDit (Rama wishes to go to the forest).
vta< seva< ickI;aRim = vta< seva< ktuRmCDaim (I want to serve you).
ippiQpit - He wishes to study; mumU;Rit - He is about to die.
Adjectives in % and Feminine nouns in Aa from th Desiderative base
xatu
Adjective
st! form
ickI;Ru (wishing to do)
Noun
k& (to do)
ickI;R
ickI;Ra (the desire to do)
uj! (to eat)
buu]!
buu]u (hungry)
buu]a (hunger)
}a (to know)
ij}as!
ij}asu (inquisitive)
ij}asa (desire to know)
ij (to conquer)
ijgI;!
ijgI;u (contending with)
ijgI;a (rivalry)
pa (to drink)
ippas!
ippasu (thirsty)
ippasa (thirst)
l! (to obtain)
ilPs!
ilPsu (desirous of getting)
ilPsa (desire to get)
muc! (to release)
mumu]!
mumu]u (desirous of release)
mumu]a (desire of release)
m& (to die)
mumU]!
mumU;Ru (about to die)
mumU;Ra (desire of death)
bux! (to know) pu @k v ; bubaex ( desire to know) lq!
Tense
prSmEpd
AaTmnepd
Passive
Present
bubaeix;te
bubaeix:yte
Imperfect
Abubaeix;t!
Abubaeix;t
Abubaeix:yt
Imperative
bubaeix;tu
bubaeix;tam!
bubaeix:ytam!
Potential
bubaeix;et!
bubaeix;et
bubaeix:yet
Perfect
bubaeix;amas
bubaeix;amas
bubaeix;amase
Perifh. future
bubaeixi;ta
bubaeixi;ta
bubaeixi;ta
Simple future
bubaeixi;:yit
bubaeixi;:yte
bubaeixi;:yte
Conditional
bubaeix:yt!
bubaeix:yt
bubaeix:yt
Benedictive
s<Sk&t shkairn!
bubaeixpit
bubaeix:yat!
bubaeixi;;I:q
bubaeixi;;I:q
47
8.3 Frequentative
The Frequentative (Intensive) (y'Nt; ending in y'!!) conveys the idea of repetition or of intensity.
eg. ceiyte (he does repeatedly); dedIyte (he gives generously)
tp! pu @k v
Present
tatPyte
perfect
tatPSyte
Imperfect
AtatPyt
future
tatpae
Imperative
tatPytam!
benedictive
tat:sI
Potential
tatPyet
8.4 Denominative
The Denominative (namxatu) is a technique of deriving verbal forms from nouns by addition of specific
suffixes.
suffix
meaning
Examples
-usually conveys the idea of a personal

desire of the subject;
puIyit = pu< #CDit (He wishes for a son)
-conjugated in prSmEEpd
neIyit = netar< #CDit
-also conveys the idea of treating like
iz:yan! puIyit (He treats his pupil like sons)
kaMyc!
-conveys the idea of a personal desire
xnkaMyit = xn< #CDit
iKvp!
-conveys the idea of a acting like
Kyc!
of the subject; conjugated in prSmEEpd
k&:[it = k&:[ #v Aacrit
-conjugated in prSmEEpd
-usually conveys the idea of a acting
like
t[ayte = t[ #v Aacrit
-conjugated in AaTmnepd
Ky'!
asadizore=ip s kakae gfayte

Even though perched on the pinnacle of a
palace, a crow does not become an eagle (i.e.
No matter how high a fool may rise, he
remains a fool.)
s<Sk&t shkairn!
48
9. smasa>
Description
smas>
N - %ypdawRxan>
Both members have equal importance.
kmRxary
Both members in the same class.
tTpu;> - %rpdawRxan>
The second member is more important than the first.
bhuIih - ANypdawRxan>
Another word is more important than the members of the

compound itself
AVyyIav> - pUvRpdawRxan>
First member is more importsnt than the mXym.
%ppd; git; aid
Additional types
9.1 N
smas>
smStpdm!
ivh
#tretr N> In which various members are
suodu>oe
suo< c du>o< c
considered separately. The last members

gender is retained
devpu;a>
gods & men
smahar N> Various members are taken
pai[padm!
pa[y pada
vIyRbuis<p
vIyRbui_ya< s<p endowed
collectively. Singular ending neuter

N-s may be included in extended smas-s
with valor and intelligence.

@kze; N> in closely connected (obvious
iptraE
mataiptraE
cases), only one remains.
9.2 kmRxary
smas>
Comparison (prior is subordinated to latter)

s<Sk&t shkairn!
ivh>
iyimm!
iy< imm!
suNdrm&g>
Adjective qualifies a noun
smStpdm!
suNdr> m&g>
raji;R
raja \i;> (king-sage)
49
nris<h>
nris<h> (man-lion)
Note: smanaixkr[> (case agreement)
dzrwmharajae mhahiStn< mhavne hiNt,
Two adjectives
:qa&:qm!
With indeclinables ku (kuiTst; meaning bad)
kupu>
kuiTst> pu>
and A (negative)
Ak&tm!
n k&tm!
igu smas> Is a special form of kmRxary,
iuvnm!
y[a< uvnana<
wherein the first member is a numeral.
pvqI
pana< laekana<
9.3 tTpu;>
smas>
smStpdm!
ivh>
itIya tTpu;> attached to it, pitt,
k&:[it>
k&:[< it> (one who has refuge in
AtIt, gt, ATySt, aPt, Aap, etc.
zaekpitt>
Krshna )
Duration
s<vTsrvas>
t&tIya tTpu;> Instr.
n&pht>
n&pe[ ht> (slain by the king)
inabaixt>
inya baixt> (oppressed by sleep)
mat&sz>
maa sz> (like his mother)
ctuwIR tTpu;>
padaedkm!
pada_yam! %dkm! (water for the feet)
Aluk smas> members do not loose
prSmEpdm!
case- endings
AaTmnepdm!
pmI tTpu;>
mr[aym!
mr[at! ym! (Fear from death)
;I tTpu;>
sItapuStkm!
sItaya> puStkm! (Sitas book)
nraem>
nra[am! %m> (Best of mens)
Aatm}anm!
AaTmn> }anm! (Knowledge of Self)
vnvas>
vne vas> (Dwelling in the forest)
jlIfa
jle Ifa (sport in the water)
Causal.
Comparison
smI tTpu;>
s<Sk&t shkairn!
50
s<vTsr< vas> (residence for a year)
9.4 bhuIih
The bhuIih word itself means "a person who has plenty of rice". In other words, a wealthy man. bhuIih
smas> built on top of tTpu;> (incl kmRxary) but tTpu;> smas> may be noun or adjective, but bhuIih
smas> is always an adjective. Therefore the gender changes to match the noun.
smas>
smStpdm!
ivh>
kmRxary
dyaludy>
dyalum! dym!
dym! is
dyaludy> nr>
dyalum! dym! (AiSt /vit) ySy s> (nr>)
neuter gender;
dyaludya narI
dyalum! dym! (AiSt /vit) ySy sa (narI)
dyaludy< imm!
dyalum! dym! (AiSt /vit) ySy s> (imm!)
As a bhuIih
Whose heart is very loving that person

(nr>/narI/imm!) often omitted
kmRxary
pItaMbrm!
pItm! AMbrm!
bhuIih
pItaMbr>
pItm! AMbrm! ySy s> pItaMbr> (iv:[u>)
pItaMbray nm>
pItaMbr< ySy tSmE nm> (salutations to iv:[u>)
ajlae am>
y< jl< am! s am>
itIya bhuIih
A village in which the water has reached.

t&tIya bhuIih
uharae bal>
yen Aahar> u> s bal>

The boy by whom food was eaten.
ctuwIR bhuIih
%ptaj> dev>
ySmE Aj> %pt> s dev>

The god to whom a goat was offered
pmI bhuIih
A&tizzu> tfag>
ySmat! izzu> A&t> s tfag>

The lake from which the child was rescued.
;I bhuIih
zaNtmna> muin>
ySy mn> zaNt< s muin>

The sage whose mind is at rest
smI bhuIih
bhuvIr> dez>
yiSmn! bhv> vIra> siNt s dez>

The country in which there are many heros
Comparision
cNSy #v zaea ySy s>
Vya>
s<Sk&t shkairn!
cNzae>
One whose splendour is like the moons
51
VySy #v Aaa ySy s>

One who has the appearance of a tiger
second
member in
locative
Aispai[>
Ais> pa[aE ySy s>

One having a sword in his hand
cNzeor>
cN> zeoere ySy s>

One having the moon on his crest
9.5 AVyyIav>
The Adverbial Compound is formed by an indeclinable (AVyy) joined to a noun. Some rules are as
follows:
1. Final long vowels are shortened and final A becomes Am!
2. Some words (zrd! , mns! , cets!, etc) add A at the end
3. After it, pr, sm, and Anu, A] becomes A]< (prae]m! , sm]m! , Ty]m!)
4. Masc. nouns in An! take Am!; Neuter nouns in An! do so optionally.
5. ndI optionally becomes ndm! and igir optionally becomes igrm!
AVyy
Aix (sense of location)
smStpdm!
ivh>
Aixhir
hraE #it (in Hari)
AixUtm!
With respect to utain (iv;y sPtmI)
Anunid or Anundm!
near the river
Anupm!
in a suitable manner
Ap! , pir, bih> denoting direction
bihvRnm!
vnat! bih> outside the forest
with nouns in ablative
pirngrm!
pir ngrat! near the city
Ai, it denoting direction;
Aig&hm!
it has also a distributive sense.
itidnm!
idn< idnm!
Ait something which is past
Aitinm!
beyond sleep
s similarity and totality
szm!
similarly
Anu (nearness/suitability)
s<Sk&t shkairn!
52
st&[m!
down to the grass
ywaziKt
according to ones power
yavJjIvm!
for ones whole life
Aa limit
AajIvnm!
up to the end of life
%p proximity
%ptIrm!
near the shore
ywa & yavt!
9.6 %ppd
These Reduced Word Compond, mostly (but not always) itIya tTpu;> are reduced signifying the
agent of action.
smStpdm!
ivh>
vedivt!
vedaNt vei Knower of Vedas
du:k&itha
du:k&it hiNt Destroyer of pap kmR
SviStd>
SviSt ddait One who bestows m<glm!
Other than itIya

og>
padp>
oe gCDit (Bird)
paden ipbit (Tree)
9.7 git
Formed by git (with CvI Tyy) & verb form; eg. sa]aTk&Ty, zuKlIk&Ty, nmSk&Ty
9.8 aid
Combines a preposition with a noun. It stands for a participle + noun.
eg. Aimuo> = Aigt> muom! facing; Aitmay> = AitaNt> mayam!
s<Sk&t shkairn!
53
10. Verses from Gita

Chapter 2, Verse 47
kmR{yevaixkarSte ma )le;u kdacn,
ma kmR)lhetuURmaR te sae=StvkmRi[.2-47.
kmRi[ + @v + Aixkar> + te + ma + )le;u + kdacn + ma + kmR-)lhetu> + U> + ma te s> + AStu + AkmRi[
kmRi[ (npu< ) k& + minn! (? Tyy) = kmRn! + sPt @ v = in action
@v (AVyy) = only
Aixkar> (pu< ) Aixk& + "|! = Aixkar + @ v = choice
te (svR ) yu:md! + ;I @ v = your
ma (AVyy) ma + iKvp! (? Tyy)

)le;u (npu< ) )l + sPt b v = in the results
kdacn (AVyy) ikm! + da = kda + cn = ever

kmR-)l-hetu> (iv pu< ) kmR )lSy @v jNmn> hetu> ( @ v ) = the cause of the results
[hetu = (pu< )ih (Svaid pr sk = to send) + tun! (? Tyy) = the cause ]
ma U> U + sn! + laeq! + m pu @ v = Us! = U> = do not be
s> (pu< ) sj! (_vaid pr sk = to attach ) + "|! = s + @ v = attachment
AStu As! (Adaid pr sk = to be ) + laeq! + pu @ v = s + @ v = let it be
AkmRi[ (npu< ) n kmRi[ (n|! (? Tyy)) sPt @ v = in inaction
Your choice is in action only, never in the results thereof. Do not be the author of the results of action.
Let your attachment not be to inaction.
s<Sk&t shkairn!
54
Chapter 3 Verse 3
I gvanuvac.
lake=iSmn! iivxa ina pura aea myan" ,
}anyaegen sa(ana< kmRyaegen yaeignam!.3-3.
I gvan! %vac
laeke + AiSmn! + i-ivxa + ina + pura + aea + mya + An" + }an-yaegen + sa(anam! + kmR-yaegen + yaeignam!
laeke (pu< ) laek! (_vaid AaTm sk = to see ) + "|! = laek + sPt @ v = in the world
AiSmn! (svR iv ) #dm! + (pu< ) sPt @ v = in this
i-ivxa (iv ) SI @ v = two-fold
[ivx! (tudaid pr sk = to fold) + k + Aa = ivxa ]
ina (SI ) inSwa(_vaid pr Ak = to stand) + A'! qap! + @ v = comitted life-tyles
pura (AVyy) pur! (tudaid pr Ak = to be in front) + ka = pura = in the beginning
aea (iv ) vc! (Adaid pr Ak = to speak) + (ppp) = + % = ae + (SI ) @ v = was told
mya (svR ) ASmd! t&tI @ v = by me
An" (iv ) n AiSt A"< (pap<) du>o< Vysen kalu:y< va ySy (n|! bhuI ) sMbaexn @ v = O! sinless one
(Arjuna) [ nA"! (curaid pr Ak = to sin) + Ac! = n + A"< yiSmn! = An"]
}an-yaegen (pu< ) }anm! @v yaeg> + t&tI @ v = in the form of of the pursuit of knowledge
sa(anam! (pu< )[ sm!Oya(Adaid pr Ak = to tell + A'! qap! = biu] = s<Oya + A[!= sa<Oy + ;I b v
= for the rununciates

kmR-yaegen (pu< ) t&tI @ v = in the form of of the pursuit of action
yaeignam! (pu< ) yaeign! + ;I b v = for those who pursue activity
O! Sinless One, the two-fold committed life style in this world, was told by Me in the beginning the
pursuit of knowledge for the renunciates and thee pursuit of action for those who pursue activity.
s<Sk&t shkairn!
55
Notes
s<Sk&t shkairn!
56
Notes
s<Sk&t shkairn!
57
Notes
s<Sk&t shkairn!
58
Notes
s<Sk&t shkairn!
59

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

7.2.2 List of tit affixes covered ................................................................................................... 41

2. The Sanskrit Alphabet

hl> (Vynain ) Consonants

gu[ and v&i Table

muinna Aqaim = munnaqaim

nmis $rm! = nmsIrm!

ikNtu %vac = ikNtUvac

kt&R \ju> = kt&Rju>

ram $rm! = ramerm

gCDw %*anm! = gCDwae*anm!

muinna \i;> = muinni;R>

oadw Aaednm! = oadwaEdnm!

#N> c @eravt> c = #NEravt

pZyw AaE"m! = pZyaE"m!

# or $ + any dissimilar vowel

% or ^ + any dissimilar vowel

\ or + any dissimilar vowel

kt&R #it = kiRit

l& or l + any dissimilar vowel

@ + any vowel except A

or Ay! may optionally drop y!

or Aay! may optionally drop y!

or Av! may optionally drop v!

tSmE #;u< yCDit = tSmaiy;u< yCDit

Aae + any vowel except A

kve #Cdis = kviyCDis

gurae #it = gurivit

AaE #Nxnm! = AaivNxnm!

or Aav! mayoptionally drop v!

munyee A< yCDaim = munye=< yCDaim

unchanged while the A is elided.

-Interjections like Aa he Ahae do not

vne Aitiw> pZyit ;vne=itiwvRsit.

combine with the following word.

kvI #CDt> ;bNxU Aitiw< nyt>

$ ^ and @, when i terminations,

by any vowel remains unchanged.

lavhe Aism!; $]ewe #Nm!

3.2 Visarga Sandhi

A> changes to Aae

xavt> AaE = xavtae=aE

and the following A is elided

A + > + any vowel except A

xavt> AaklaE = xavt AaklaE

A + > + soft consonant

pu> xavit = puae xavit

bala> xaviNt = bala xaviNt

-Any vowel except A or Aa + > + any

balE> xavit = balExaRvit

vowel or soft consonant the ivsgR is

imE> Aqit = imErqit

remains unchanged before

jna> ptiNt, bal> srit,

Any vowel + > + q! or Q!

Any vowel + > + ;!

Any vowel + > + z!

Any vowel + > + c! or D!

jna> cliNt = jnaliNt

pQt> iqkam! = pQtikam!

pu> trit = puStrit

ram> zr[m! or ramZzr[m!

nm> ;{muoay or nm:;{muoay

bal> srit or baSsrit

gCDw %anm! = gCDwaeanm!