Draw the block diagram of a general purpose parallel interface and

hence describe the working principle of address comparator.

Working principle of address comparator
This allows the CPU access to the interface unit registers. The main part
of the address corresponds to an address for the interface unit, and two
bits or so of the address are used to select a particular register within. The
CPU then gain access by placing the appropriately address code on the
address bus and the address comparator connects the required register to
the data bus.
Explain the commonly used register in an interface unit.
An interface unit is needed to ensure computability between the bus and
the peripheral. The points on the interface unit cohere the peripheral
deices are connected are often called !"# parts.
The commonly used registers in an interface unit is gien below$
Transmit data and receie data registers. A register is a piece of electronic
circuitry which can store seeral hits of data. Two registers are used here
to hold and pass data to and from the peripheral deice. The register act
as buffers and are needed because data are put into the interface unit by
the CPU and taken out by the peripheral deice. !n some interfere units
these two registers are combined into a single bi%directional data register,
the direction by which is set by the control register.
A Control &egister$ 'eparate units of this register are used to flag the
presence or not, of indiidual control conditions originated by the CPU.
These can be intended for the peripheral deice, for e(ample to set the bi%
directional data register in the data read or data write mode.
A 'tatus register$ This indicate to the CPU, indiidual status conditions.
These conditions may be originated by the interface unit or from the
peripheral deice.
!n 'ynchronous communication efficiency is improed by transmitting
data in long blocks.
% The start of the data block is indicated by a special synchroni)ation
bit sequence. !n those formats in which the data block comprises a
string of data characters one or more synchroni)ation characters are
used.
% *ence up to four or fie, '+, characters are often used at the start
of the data block.
% After the start has been defected, the receiing end groups the int.
stream into characters.
Discuss the techniques used in Bar Code
!n the bar code data digits made up of two black bars and two white bars
in alternating sequence. The widths of these black and white bars add up
to a fi(ed width for all characters. The timed widths of each bar can be
e(pressed as a iolation of the time to scan a complete digit.
-ach digit character can be broken down into seen elements. A digit is
coded differently depending on whether it is in the right half or left half
of the bar%code symbol. All digits on the left half hae an odd number of
black elements and always being with a white bar and for right, een
number of black elements being with a black bar.
The two hales of the symbol are separated by two black guard bar and
indicate the beginning and end of the symbol.
What do you mean by N!ey "ollo#er and N!ey lockout$
,%.ey lockout$ !n this mode, if two or more keys are pressed during one
scanning cycle, the first scanned will be detected and all the others
ignored until the first is released. -ach key ignored need to be pressed
again to produce its character code.
,%.ey &olloer$ in this mode, if two or more keys are pressed during one
scanning cycle, the first scanned will be detected, then the second
scanned will be detected and so on.
Describe the working principle of a scanning keyboard encoder
connected to a keyboard.
A keyboard encoder is attached to the keyboard switches to produce the
key codes. The encoder has the task of detecting when a key has been
depressed, identifying it and generating the corresponding key code as an
output.
A row is actiated by placing a oltage on it and a column sensed for a
oltage. !f the switch at the intersection of the row and column has been
depressed, this will be sensed as the row oltage is transmitted to the
column input. The row ad column select signals are used to address a
&#/ which holds the code for each key. The process is repeated.
There are two basic methods of operation where more than one key is
depressed.
01 ,%.ey 2ockout$ !n this mode, the first depressed key is detected
and others are ignored.
31 ,%.ey &olloer$ !n this mode key pressed one after another will be
detected in the correct sequence.
The keyboard encoder usually has the ability to eliminate key bounce.
The output of the keyboard encoder proides standard key codes.
Describe the recognition steps of an %&"'%C" machine.
The recognition process of an #/&"#C& machine can be thought of as
comprising three stages$ Pre%processing, feature e(traction and
classification. 'o, the details of the steps are 4
Pre 4 processing$ This stage normali)es the character before feature
e(traction operation that may be performed are ad5usting the width and
height to standard si)e and also centering of character. This can be done
after scanning.
6eature e(traction$ This stage identifies a set of characteristics or feature
in the character which allow it to be distinguished from other characters
in the set. The features that are e(tracted depend on the recognition
method adopted.
Classification$ This stage identifies the scanned character. A set of
reference features, e(tracted for each number of the reference character
set, is stored in the optical reader machine. The set of features e(tracted
from the scanned character is then compared with those of each of the
reference characters until a match is obtained, thus identifying the
character.
#riginally, optical reader machines used logic circuitry to perform the
recognition function.
Describe how a laser printer works.
Answer$ !n a laser printer, a photoconductie drum is employed e(posed
to a coherent monochromatic light beam from a helium%neon laser. The
light beam scans parallel to the a(is on the photosensitie drum using a
rotating polygonal mirror.
As the beam hits one face of the mirror, the moement of the mirror
causes one scan across the drum. The drum and mirror system are
continuously reoling in across the drum in synchoronism so that the
beam scans the whole surface for the drum.
The light beam selectiely discharges areas on the drum and then toner
material is spread oer the surface to form on into image. This is then
transferred to a roll of paper, and finally made permanent by heat.
7y splitting the beam into a number of beams, seeral dots can be formed
simultaneously in a ertical line, thus increasing the speed of operation.
Explain the operation of a C"( scanner.
!n C&T scanner, a thin hori)ontal segment of the document is focused
onto a light%sensitie charge coupled deice linear array. The charge is
output serially as a oltage wae form representing the light and data
points along the segment. A full roaster scan of the document is obtained
by mechanically moing the document repeatedly is small ertical
increments.
Draw and explain the function of a typical keyboard scanner.
/ost keyboards hae around 088 key switches. The switches are
arranged in a matri( and connected to a keyboard scanner as shown in
figure.
The matri( usually contains fie or si( rows and around twenty columns.
At the intersection of each of row with each column is a key switch
which, when depressed, makes electrical contract between the row and
column. The columns are continuously scanned and the rows are then
sampled, because only one columns is actie at a time, so the key are
uniquely detected. The whole keyboard is scanned in far less than a
millisecond.
When a key depression is detected the key in question is reported by the
keyboard scanner as either a row and column pair of number or single
number. The state of such key is noted by the scanner after the key has
been released.
The keyboard scanner may choose to ignore the state of a key for a short
time. When three keys are depressed on three corners, then there is one
problem arise, and soled by intersecting a diode along the columns
between each switch.
What is the function of a keyboard controller$ Describe briefly with
definition.
Answer$ The .eyboard scanner produces a series of key depression and
release messages identifying the key by its position in the matri(. The
ob5ect performing this processing will be called a keyboard controller. A
keyboard controller may be a circuit or small processor physical located
in the keyboard housing.
The role of the keyboard controller is shown in figure.
There are three peripheral functions to be performed.
% 6irstly, the key, identified by its position in the matri( and translate
to a code.
% 'econdly keys such as the shift, shift lock and control keys must be
interpreted.
% The productions of multiple character for a single key depression is
the third function.
What are the functions of an %&"'%C" machine$
#/& or #C& technology can be used to read original forms directly and
produce suitable forms of computer data. The data can be read from three
types of source.
% /arks that are put in predefined areas of the document.
% Printed or typewriter characters.
% *and%printed characters.
An #/& is used for first type, whereas an #C& is used for the second or
third types.
Describe the operation of a cathode ray tube )C"(*
Differentiate between a serial and a line printer.
A serial printer is a printer that use one cable that send 90: or 98: after
one another to be understood as a character by the recipient deice. The
most common serial interface is 9&'3;3:. -ight hits are required to
represent each character printed.
A parallel printer uses eight wires to receie information, so
communications are done an entire byte at a time. 7ecause, there are
more communications functions to perform than 5ust sending the
information, 3< wires used in parallel interface.
What is interrupt$ Explain how multiple interrupt requests are being
resol#ed employing priority interrupt scheme.
Answer$
!nterrupt$ An interrupt is a signal from a deice attached to a computer or
from a program within the computer that causes the main program that
operates the computer to stop and figure out what to do ne(t.
/ultiple interrupt requests are being resoled employing priority
interrupt scheme.
/ultiple interrupt request can be resoled by using a priority interrupt
scheme, in which a hardware priority encoder arbitrates between requests
and sends a single alue that represents the highest priority deice to the
CPU. The interrupt request is formed by performing a logical #& of the
peripheral=s !&-> lines.
Using an interrupt acknowledge enables the construction of a simpler
priority interrupt scheme. All the interrupt request lines are #&=ed
together, typically with circuitry that allows them simply to be connected
together known as wired #&. The CPU !AC. is connected directly to the
highest priority deice so that if more than one request has been made
highest priority deice see it first. !f that deice has not made a request it
passes the !AC. along to the ne(t deice. This continues down to the
lowest priority deice which will receie acknowledge only if no other
deice has made a request.
!n order to use or ensure a fast response to a high priority interrupt it is
possible to allow interrupts to interrupt interrupts which is known as
nested interrupt.
Discuss the %peration of a cathode ray tube )C"(*.
The cathode ray tube ?C&T1, consists of a glass funnel shaped tube
eacuated. !n C&T, an electron gun produces a fine beam of high speed
electrons which is deflected electrostatically or magnetically to strike a
spot on the phosphor coated screen to produce light at the point.
A cathode is heated indirectly by a filament heater that causes filament
electrons to be emitted from its surface. The grid electronic control the
intensity of the beam and hence the brightness of the spot. A negatie
potential reduce the intensity which is known as cut off potential.
@eflection of the electron beam to the required of the electron beam to
the required part of the screen may be by either electronic or magnetic
means.
When the beam electrons hits the phosphor coating on the inside of the
screen it gies up its energy which is conerted into light.
A thin layer of aluminum is usually added to the inside of the phosphor
layer in high leel oltage tubes. This has the effect of reducing buildup
on patches of phosphor and of reflecting the light forward to gie a bright
image. 2ow oltage tube cannot use metalli)ation.
>uestions$
01 @efine Tran missie 2C@, &eflectie 2C@ A Transflectie 2C@
with figure.
31
;1 @escribe commonly used registers in an interface unit.
B1 What is interruptsC *ow to sole multiple interruptsC
<1 @escribe synchronous bit streamC
Transmissie 2C@$ An 2C@ screen that uses a backlight. Transmissie
2C@=s are widely used in portable computers and proide e(cellent
iewing indoors. They must be used outdoors in the shade because direct
sunlight oerwhelms the backlight, making iewing difficult, if not
possible.
@iscuss the operation of a 2C@ using twister nematic field effect.
Answers$ Present liquid%crystal displays are generally based upon the
twisted nematic field effect. *ere, the liquid%crystal molecules are aligned
parallel at the surface on one electrode and parallel at the surface of the
other electrode, but rotated through D8=s that the molecules twist between
the upper and lower electrodes.
This has the effect of twisting polari)ed light through D8 as it passes
through the liquid.
The twisting of the molecules and hence of the light polari)ation can be
remoed by the application of an electronic field.
The light passes through a sheet of polari)er, then through the liquid
crystal and family through another sheet of polari)er, with the plane of
polari)ation D8 to the first.
When energi)ed, the light will not pass through the second polari)er. This
is the transmissie type of field%effect display.
@iscuss the operation of a 2C@ using twister nematic field effect.
Answer$ Present liquid%crystal displays are generally based upon the
twisted nematic field effect. *ere, the liquid%crystal molecules are aligned
parallel at the surface on one electrode and parallel at the surface of the
other electrode, but rotated through D8
8
so that the molecules twist
between the upper and lower electrodes.
This has the effect of twisting polari)ed light through D8
8
as it passes
through the liquid.
The twisting of the molecules and hence of the light polari)ation can be
remoed by the application of an electronic field.
The light passes through a sheet of polari)er, then through the liquid
crystal and family through another sheet of polari)er, with the plane of
polari)ation D8
8
to the first.
When energi)ed, the light will not pass through the second polari)er. This
is the tranmissie type of field%effect display.
Additionally, a mirror can be added behind the second polari)er to send
the light back to the front. This is known as the reflectie type of field
effect display.
6or twisted nematic field effect currents are required, 8.;%8.< llA and
temperature 4 08
8
to EF8
8
C and the optical switching times are in the
region 088%0<8 ms.
And ma(imum contrast ratio B$0 to B.<$0 and iewing angle G<
8
wide and
B<
8
aboe hori)ontal.
Tutorial 4 83
@iscuss the working principle of a laser printer with diagram.
Answer$
/ain principle of laser printer$ the main principle in the working of laser
printer is static electricity, they use the electrograhpy"electro%photograhpy
or an electro%photostatic process. The oppositely%charged atoms are
attracted to each other, so opposite static electricity fields cling together.
Parts of laser printer are$ the basic parts that a laser printer consists of are
toner cartridge, photosensitie drum, erase lamp, primary corona, and
fuser assembly.
*ow it works$ the drum is the main component in a laser and is located
near the center, which made of highly photoconductie material. The
drum interf