GSM Radio Network Optimization

Table of Contents
Chapter 8 GSM Radio Network Optimization............................................................................. 2

8.1 Network Optimization Procedure....................................................................................... 2
8.2 Network Optimization Tools............................................................................................... 3
8.2.1 Test MS................................................................................................................... 3
8.2.2 Drive Test Sotware................................................................................................. !
8.2.3 Si"nalin" #nal$zer.................................................................................................. %
8.2.! Network Optimization Sotware............................................................................... %
8.3 Network Perormance &valuation...................................................................................... '
8.3.1 DT........................................................................................................................... '
8.3.2 ()T........................................................................................................................ 8
8.3.3 Network Operation *nde+es.................................................................................... ,
8.! Traic Statistics *nde+ #nal$sis....................................................................................... 1-
8.!.1 .eneral #nal$sis Met/od...................................................................................... 1-
8.!.2 0i"/ (all Drop 1ate #nal$sis................................................................................ 11
8.!.3 0i"/ T(0 (on"estion 1ate #nal$sis....................................................................13
8.!.! 0i"/ SD((0 (on"estion 1ate #nal$sis...............................................................12
8.!.2 3ow 0andover Success 1ate #nal$sis.................................................................1'
8.2 Network Pro4lem Solutions............................................................................................. 1,
8.2.1 (overa"e Pro4lems.............................................................................................. 1,
8.2.2 *ntererence Pro4lems.......................................................................................... 33
8.2.3 (all Drop Pro4lems............................................................................................... !!
8.2.! 0andover Pro4lems.............................................................................................. 2'
8.2.2 (on"estion Pro4lems........................................................................................... %2
8.2.% Ot/er Pro4lems..................................................................................................... '-
(/apter 8 .SM 1adio Network Optimization 5or internal use onl$
Chapter 8 GSM Radio Network Optimization
1adio network optimization aims to improve network perormance and
ma+imize t/e 4eneit o t/e e+istin" network resources t/rou"/ parameter
collection6 data anal$sis6 parameter ad7ustment6 and necessar$ tec/nical
means.
5rom t/e perspective o carriers6 t/e$ /ope to coni"ure t/e s$stem rationall$6
utilize network resources to t/e ma+imum6 en/ance network economic
4eneit6 and reduce operation costs t/rou"/ network optimization. 5rom t/e
perspective o users6 t/e$ /ope to "et satisactor$ telecommunication
services in terms network sta4ilit$6 speec/ 8ualit$6 and so on. T/ereore6 t/e
core task o radio network plannin" and optimization is to seek a 4alance
amon" covera"e6 capacit$6 and 8ualit$ 4ased on rational investment and t/e
limited re8uenc$ resources6 t/us ac/ievin" t/e 4est rate o investment return.
8.1 Network Optimization ro!ed"re
5i"ure 1.1 s/ows t/e network optimization procedure.
#i$"re 1.1 Network optimization procedure
0ereunder details t/e procedure9
2-1!:-2:1! 0;#<&* (onidential Pa"e26 Total'3
Network inormation ac8uisition

=ou are re8uired to conirm t/e actual en"ineerin" parameters and
network parameters6 surve$ t/e local radio environment and /ot:traic
spots6 and understand customer re8uirement.
Data collection
=ou are re8uired to collect OM(1 traic statistics data and alarm data>
drive test data6 and t/e o47ective relection o MS.
Data anal$sis
=ou are re8uired to anal$ze network perormance6 network parameters6
and OM(1 traic statistics usin" network optimization tools.
Network tunin"
=ou are re8uired to tune en"ineerin" parameters and network unctional
parameters.
Network optimization report

# network optimization report must include optimization measures6
ulilled network perormance inde+es6 and su""estions or network
development.
8.2 Network Optimization Tools
8.2.1 Test MS
Test MS is a dail$ must or en"ineers to perorm network test. T/e test MS
can displa$ t/e service cell o a mo4ile telecommunication network and t/e
si+ nei"/4or cells. *t can also 4e used to test network parameters. T/e test
MS can 4e connected to a computer6 so it can collect and anal$ze data wit/
t/e /elp o drive test sotware.
T/e unctions o a S#.&M test MS are listed 4elow9
?iew t/e *MS* o t/e S*M card
Scan @((0
T/e S#.&M test MS can scan t/e @((06 and it will provides t/e 1+lev
and @S*( o t/e scanned @((0 in eac/ cell.
?iew network parameters

T/e S#.&M test MS can displa$ network parameters o t/e service cell
o and t/e si+ nei"/4or cells w/en it is idle or in conversation state.
5orced cell selection

T/e test MS can 4e orced to reselect t/e desi"nated cell or dialin" test
and /andover test.
5orced /andover
T/e test MS can 4e orced to /and over to t/e desi"nated cell to anal$ze
w/et/er t/e /andover is normal durin" conversation.
5re8uenc$ selection
.P1S unction test AT/e MSs o S#.&M OT,% support t/is unctionB
8.2.2 %ri&e Test Software
#NT6 T&MS6 and S#5(O are t/e .SM drive test sotware in common use.
.enerall$6 t/e drive test sotware consists o two parts9 ore"round data
collection sotware and 4ack"round data anal$sis sotware.
'. #ore$ro"nd %ata Colle!tion Software
T/e ore"round data collection sotware is mainl$ responsi4le or collectin"
t/e uplink and downlink data at t/e ;m interace o t/e .SM mo4ile network.
* t/e @TSs and t/e landorm map o t/e test areas are imported6 t/e track o
t/e drive test6 t/e radio parameters o eac/ test point6 and t/e main
inormation o t/e service cell6 nei"/4or cell6 and t/e ;m interace can 4e
o4served.
T/e unctions o ore"round data collection sotware are listed 4elow9
Test unctions
Test unctions include call test6 scan test6 call intererence test6 dou4le:
network s$nc/ronization test6 dialin" record test6 dual:4and comparison
test6 and MS selection test.
Topical test
Topical test is responsi4le or orced /andover and re8uenc$ lockin"
AcallB test6 @((0 re8uenc$ lockin" Astand4$B test6 orced location update
test6 and 4and lockin" test.
*ntererence test
*ntererence aims to locate t/e @((0 same:re8uenc$ and nei"/4or
re8uenc$ intererence and T(0 nei"/4or re8uenc$ intererence wit/in
t/e same network in time.
Parameter collection
T/e ield stren"t/ o t/e service cell and t/e nei"/4or cells6 4it error ratio6
rame error rate6 and various radio parameters o t/e cell need to 4e
2-1!:-2:1! 0;#<&* (onidential Pa"e!6 Total'3
collected.
.eo"rap/ic navi"ation
T/e ore"round data collection sotware can 4e used to displa$ t/e
"eo"rap/ic navi"ation t/rou"/ com4in" t/e di"ital map and @TS
resources.
S)* ASpeec/ )ualit$ *nde+B test

S)* test aims to evaluate t/e speec/ 8ualit$ e+perienced 4$ mo4ile
users.
Traic statistics
T/e ore"round data collection sotware can 4e used or ()T traic
statistics. *t ena4les t/e call setup6 call duration6 and call release to 4e
recorded respectivel$. *n addition6 it is also responsi4le or recordin" call
drop rate and con"estion rate.
Data record
T/e ore"round data collection sotware can record and store t/e test
data o t/e test MS s$nc/ronousl$6 and can record and store t/e scanned
data o t/e ,--M0z and 18--M0z s$nc/ronousl$.
Scannin" test
Scannin" test aims to test and record t/e ield stren"t/ o t/e c/annels o
t/e .SM ,--M0z network and .SM18--M0z network.
(ompetitive test
T/e comparison 4etween real:time ield stren"t/ and speec/ 8ualit$ is
availa4le. *n addition6 real:time c/eck o cell parameters is allowed.
''. (a!h$ro"nd %ata )nal*sis Software
T/e 4ack"round data anal$sis sotware can "eo"rap/icall$ present t/e radio
network test data and relect t/e distri4ution o network parameters on t/e
electronic map visuall$. *t can locate t/e pro4lem cell 4$ ull$ considerin" t/e
drive test data6 network resource data6 di"ital re8uenc$ sweep receiver data6
and .SM si"nalin" c/aracteristics6 t/us "uidin" en"ineers to evaluate and
optimize t/e network rationall$ and eectivel$.
T/e unctions o 4ack"round data anal$sis sotware are listed 4elow9
1adio covera"e evaluation and anal$sis
*ntererence anal$sis
Nei"/4or cell anal$sis
0andover anal$sis
Si"nalin" anal$sis
Speec/ record and anal$sis

8.2.+ Si$nalin$ )nal*zer
M#:1- and C12-2 are t/e .SM si"nalin" anal$zer in common use. T/is
section introduces t/e unctions o t/e si"nalin" anal$zer.
M#:1- si"nalin" anal$zer can test t/e #4is interace si"nalin" messa"es6 t/e
#:. interace si"nalin" messa"es6 and t/e SSD' interace si"nalin"
messa"es o *S;P6 T;P6 and *N#P w/en it is on line. *n addition6 it can
perorm P(M @&1T A4it error rate testB and .SM @&1T. 5urt/ermore6 it can
ena4le t/e si"nalin" messa"e iles saved durin" on:line monitorin" w/en it is
o:line.
T/e M#:1- si"nalin" anal$zer /as ive su4:applications. T/e$ are listed
4elow9
M#:1- control A*t is used to test #4is interace si"nalin" messa"es6 #:.
interace si"nalin" messa"es6 and 4it errors w/en it is on line.B
MON*TO1 #@*S oline A*t is used to anal$ze t/e #4is interace si"nalin"
messa"es w/en it is o line.B
MON*TO1 MS( oline A*t is used to anal$ze t/e #:. interace si"nalin"
messa"es w/en it is o line.B
.SM:@&1T oline A*t is used to anal$ze .SM @&1T w/en it is o line.B
P(M:@&1T oline A*t is used to anal$ze P(0 @&1T w/en it is o line.B

<it/ t/e /elp o M#:1- si"nalin" anal$zer6 network optimization en"ineers
can collect and anal$ze #4is interace data and #:interace data6 view t/e
w/ole si"nalin" procedure6 and o4tain t/e measurement report6 and t/en
compare t/e inormation wit/ t/e downlink si"nals o4tained rom drive test.
T/ese means can /elp network optimization en"ineers /ave an overall
understandin" o t/e operation o t/e network. *n t/is case6 t/e causes and
places or t/e pro4lems6 suc/ as call drop6 /andover ailure6 and con"estion
can 4e located.
8.2., Network Optimization Software
.ood network optimization sotware can work as a platorm or radio pro7ects
and maintenance personnel. N#ST#16 0uawei network plannin" and
optimization tool6 can deepl$ anal$ze .SM network 4$ inte"ratin" OM(1
traic statistics6 coni"uration data6 alarm data6 en"ineerin" data6 and so on.
*n addition6 it also provides t/e interaces or network plannin"6 perormance
2-1!:-2:1! 0;#<&* (onidential Pa"e%6 Total'3
anal$sis6 alarm anal$sis6 and "eo"rap/$ conditions.
T/e unctions o N#ST#1 are listed 4elow9
*mport static traic statistics data Aimport t/e traic statistics iles o t/e
maintenance console into data4aseB
*mport static traic statistics data accordin" to time
*mport d$namic 0uawei traic statistics
*mport @S( data coni"uration
Displa$ t/e "eo"rap/ic view o @TSs
(ancel6 add6 and move t/e cells 4ased on t/e "eo"rap/ic view o @TSs
1ecord spectrum utilization and anal$ze idle c/annel num4er
(/eck same:re8uenc$ @S*(
#nal$ze nei"/4or cells
Measure distance and azimut/ an"le
Displa$ navi"ation window and le"end
)uer$ perormance anal$sis tasks in common use
Make perormance anal$sis task
)uer$ network optimization tasks in common use
Make network optimization tasks
Perorm tasks and alarms automaticall$
*mport and e+port tasks
Displa$ task result and site view
)uer$ traic statistics inversel$ rom t/e cell set selected 4$ site view
Displa$ t/e traic tasks in direct views6 includin" linear i"ure6 column6 pie
Asupport t/e displa$ o dou4le $:a+is and t/e simultaneous displa$ o
multiple inde+es> support 2D and 3D.B
&+port electronic ta4le A&+celB or 8uer$ results.

8.+ Network erforman!e -&al"ation
@eore puttin" network optimization into practice6 $ou s/ould /ave an overall
understandin" o t/e network perormance. T/e traic statistics data6 DT
Adrive testB data6 and ()T Acall 8ualit$ testB data are necessar$ or network
perormance ac8uisition.
8.+.1 %T
DT is used to evaluate t/e connectivit$6 covera"e6 call drop6 and voice 8ualit$
or t/e main roads and transportation 4ack4ones in ur4an areas. T/e inde+es
or t/e roads include connected ratio6 call drop rate6 covera"e rate6 voice
8ualit$6 and so on. T/e inde+es or transportation 4ack4ones include call drop
2-1!:-2:1! 0;#<&* (onidential Pa"e'6 Total'3
rate per kilometer6 covera"e rate6 voice 8ualit$6 connected rate6 and so on.
(onnected ratio
(onnected ratio E total connected timesFattempted calls G1--H
(all drop rate

(all drop rate E call drop timesFtotal connected times G1--H
(overa"e rate
(overa"e rate E AI :,!d@m test road kilometersBFtotal test road
kilometersG1--H
?oice 8ualit$
#ccordin" to 4it error rate6 voice 8ualit$ can 4e divided into 8 classes6
rom - to '. &ac/ class matc/es its 4it error rate ran"e.
T/e calculation o voice 8ualit$ depends on actual conditions. .enerall$6
t/e ollowin" met/od is in common use9
?oice 8ualit$ E J1+8ual Aclass -BH K 1+8ual Aclass 1BH K 1+8ual Aclass
2BHG1 K 1+8ual Aclass 3BHG K 1+8ual Aclass !BHG-.8 K 1+8ual Aclass
2BHG K 1+8ual Aclass %BHG-.2 K 1+8ual Aclass 'BHG-.2
(all drop ratio per kilometer

(all drop ratio per kilometer E AI :,!d@m test road kilometersBFtotal call
drop times
8.+.2 C.T
()T is applied to t/e important spots in ur4an areas. *t ena4les $ou to
e+perience t/e network 8ualit$ rom t/e perspective o users. T/is section
introduces t/e inde+es used to evaluatin" t/e ()T.
(overa"e rate
(overa"e rate E AI :,!d@m test pointsBFtotal callin" test pointsBG1--H
(onnected ratio
(onnected ratio E total connected timesFattempted calls G1--H
(all drop rate

(all drop rate E call drop timesFtotal connected times G1--H
?oice discontinuit$F4ack"round noise rate

?oice discontinuit$F4ack"round noise rate E Atotal voice discontinuit$
occurrence times K total 4ack"round occurrence timesBFtotal connected
timesG1--H
One:wa$ audioFec/oFcross:talkin" rate E Atotal one:wa$ audio times K

total ec/o occurrence times K total cross:talkin" occurrence timesBFtotal
connected timesG1--H
()T ena4les $ou to use t/e MOS Amean opinion scoreB to evaluate t/e voice
8ualit$ rom t/e perspective o peopleLs o47ective eelin". T/e MOS can 4e
divided into ive classes6 rom 1 to 2. 5or t/e evaluation standard6 see Table
5-2 of Chapter 5 GSM Radio Network Planning o GSM Radio Network
Planning and Optimization
8.+.+ Network Operation 'nde/es
T/ou"/ DT and ()T can detail network pro4lems6 t/e$ are restricted rom
test routes and time. T/ereore6 DT and ()T cannot test t/e overall network.
To "ive an overall evaluation towards t/e network6 $ou s/ould collect as more
network operation inde+es as possi4le.
T/e inde+es evaluatin" network operation 8ualit$ are listed 4elow9
Service access capacit$ inde+es

Service access capacit$ inde+es include toll network connected ratio6
s/ort messa"e connected ratio6 A.P1SB PDP activation ratio6 and *P
telep/one connected ratio.
Service /old capacit$ inde+es

Service /old capacit$ inde+es include call drop rate6 worst cell ratio6 traic
call drop ratio6 /andover success rate6 and s/ort messa"e "atewa$ transit
success rate.
<it/ t/e e+pansion o network scale6 t/e network structure 4ecomes ever
more complicated. *n t/is case6 networks wit/ /i"/ perormance 4ut low cost
are encoura"ed.
T/e inde+es on network utilization can 4e used to evaluate w/et/er t/e cost
to run a network is low. T/ese inde+es include toll circuit utilization rate6 traic
c/annel availa4ilit$6 4usiest and idlest cell ratio6 and so on.
0ere under introduces t/e met/ods to calculate t/e inde+es used to evaluate
network operation at t/e radio side.
1adio connected ratio

1adio connected ratio E A1 M SD((0 con"estion rateBGA1 M T(0
con"estion rate Aall 4us$BBG1--H
(all drop rate

2-1!:-2:1! 0;#<&* (onidential Pa"e,6 Total'3
(all drop rate E T(0 call dropFsuccessul T(0 seizures Aall 4us$B
<orst cell ratio

# cell wit/ T(0 con"estion rate /i"/er t/an 2H at 4us$ /ours or a cell
wit/ T(0 call drop rate /i"/er t/an 3H is deined as a worst cell. T/e
num4er o t/e worst cells varies wit/ network scales.
Traic call drop ratio

Traic call drop ratio E total T(0 traic volume G%-HFtotal T(0 call drop
times Aall 4us$B
0andover success rate

0andover success rate E successul /andoversFattempted
/andoversG1--H
Traic c/annel availa4ilit$

Traic c/annel availa4ilit$ E t/e availa4le traic c/annels at 4us$
/ourFconi"ured traic c/annelsG1--H
8., Traffi! Statisti!s 'nde/ )nal*sis
#t t/e network optimization sta"e6 t/e traic statistics inde+es are t/e 4asis
or network perormance optimization. 5or network optimization6 t/e CP*s6
suc/ as con"estion rate6 call drop rate6 and /andover success rate6 are in
common use. T/ese inde+es are t/e e+ternal representation o network
8ualit$. T/e radio covera"e 8ualit$6 c/annel capacit$6 and cell parameters are
t/e internal actor to aect t/e network 8ualit$. T/e traic statistics anal$sis
aims to look into t/ese internal actors t/rou"/ e+ternal actors. Since t/e
mo4ile network is a comple+ s$stem6 $ou s/ould consider related DT
inormation6 si"nalin" messa"es6 and alarm inormation or t/e overall
anal$sis.
8.,.1 General )nal*sis Method
Traic statistics anal$sis is perormed rom @S( overall perormance to cell
perormance6 rom primar$ inde+es to secondar$ inde+es.
5irst $ou s/ould /ave a rou"/ understandin" o t/e network perormance
t/rou"/ @S( perormance anal$sis. 0ere t/e inde+es suc/ as T0( traic
intensit$6 T(0 call drop rate6 T(0 con"estion rate6 and inter:cell /andover
success rate s/ould 4e considered. #ttention t/at in addition to c/eck t/e
percenta"es o t/e inde+es6 $ou s/ould also c/eck t/e a4solute num4ers o
t/e inde+es6 4ecause t/e percenta"es ma$ sometimes /ide some cell
2-1!:-2:1! 0;#<&* (onidential Pa"e1-6 Total'3
pro4lems.
#ter /avin" understood t/e inde+es a4out t/e overall network perormance6
$ou s/ould anal$ze t/e inde+es or eac/ cell i indin" a4normal inde+es. 5irst
$ou s/ould 7ud"e i t/e a4normal inde+ is a common p/enomenon or it is
reall$ an a4normal one. * it is a common p/enomenon6 $ou s/ould 4e"in t/e
anal$sis rom t/e perspective o covera"e6 capacit$6 re8uenc$ plannin"6 and
cell parameters. * it is reall$ an a4normal case6 $ou s/ould re"ister t/e
correspondin" traic su4:items and anal$ze t/em in detail. *n addition6 $ou
s/ould also make an overall 7ud"ment t/rou"/ collectin" t/e inormation
a4out alarm6 en"ineersL operation6 and ot/er e+ternal causes. * t/e traic
statistics anal$sis cannot contri4ute a correct 7ud"ment6 $ou s/ould emplo$
DT e8uipment and si"nalin" anal$zer or /elp.
8.,.2 0i$h Call %rop Rate )nal*sis
* t/e uplink and downlink 8ualit$ deteriorates to a level t/at cannot /old
normal conversation6 t/e conversation will 4e disconnected. T/is is deined as
call drop. Since t/e user mo4ilit$ and radio propa"ation is uncertain6 call drop
alwa$s e+ists in a mo4ile network. 0owever6 optimization measures can 4e
adopted to reduce t/e call drop rate.
5i"ure 1.1 s/ows t/e low c/art or /i"/ call drop rate anal$sis.
#i$"re 1.1 0i"/ call drop anal$sis
</en t/e call drop rate o t/e @S( overall perormance is ound a4normal6
$ou can c/eck T(0 perormance to 7ud"e w/et/er t/e call drop is 7ust a
common p/enomenon or it is an individual p/enomenon. #ter t/at6 $ou can
7ud"e w/et/er t/e /i"/ call drop rate occurs in several cells or in all t/e @TSs.
* t/e call drop is a common p/enomenon6 $ou s/ould make an overall c/eck
towards t/e covera"e plannin"6 cell parameter plannin"6 and re8uenc$
plannin" to anal$ze w/et/er t/e link 4ud"et meet t/e re8uirements6 w/et/er
t/e coni"uration o t/e pat/ ailure counter is rational6 and w/et/er t/e
network intererence is too "reat. *n addition6 $ou s/ould also c/eck t/e @S(
/ardware6 and t/en perorm drive test to c/eck t/e network covera"e.
* it t/e a4normalit$ is caused 4$ t/e severe call drop in individual cells6 $ou
s/ould conirm w/et/er it is e8uipment ailure t/at caused t/e call drop.
.enerall$6 alarm messa"es are alwa$s come to"et/er wit/ e8uipment ailure6
so $ou can take e8uipment ailure as a reerence.
#ter t/e e8uipment ailure is e+cluded6 $ou can anal$ze t/e call drop rate
rom t/e perspective o intererence6 covera"e6 and /andover.
1B *ntererence is divided into uplink intererence and downlink intererence.
=ou can anal$ze t/e uplink intererence accordin" to t/e num4er o
intererence 4ands into w/ic/ t/e idle T(0s drop. *t is normal t/at t/e idle
T(0s drop into intererence 4and 1 and intererence 4and 2. 5or t/e
network wit/ a""ressive re8uenc$ reuse6 it is accepta4le t/at t/e idle
T(0s drop into intererence 4and 3. 0ere t/e re8uenc$ /oppin"6 P@.T
/andover and covera"e control must 4e considered. * t/e idle T(0s drop
into intererence 4and ! or a4ove6 $ou s/ould careull$ c/eck t/e
intererence. .enerall$6 t/e intererence wit/in t/e network increases wit/
t/e traic volume. T/e increase o t/e 1+8ual class can 4e seen t/rou"/
t/e 1+8ual measurement task and 1+lev measurement task. T/e poor
/andover ratio can 4e seen arisin" t/rou"/ inter:cell /andover
perormance measurement. *n addition6 t/e /andover re:esta4lis/ment
ailures will result in more /andover ailures.
2B * t/e covera"e is inade8uate or it is un4alance on t/e uplink and
downlink6 t/e call drop will also 4e resulted. =ou can 7ud"e i t/e 1+lev is
ade8uate t/rou"/ t/e mean 1+lev o t/e power control measurement
task and t/e power class. * t/e 1+lev is still low w/en t/e transmitter
power reac/es t/e ma+imum6 t/ere are areas wit/ poor covera"e.
Meanw/ile6 $ou can take t/e mean 1+8ual and 1+lev durin" call drop as
a reerence. T/e distri4ution o T# Atimin" advanceB values can /elp $ou
estimate t/e radius o su4scri4er distri4ution. T/rou"/ c/eckin" t/e
received c/annel stren"t/ o t/e nei"/4or cells6 $ou can anal$ze t/e cell
covera"e. .enerall$6 drive test is needed or a detailed anal$sis.
* t/e uplink covera"e and downlink covera"e are un4alance6 15
component ailure or ca4le connection pro4lem will occur. T/e pat/
un4alance can 4e seen rom t/e pat/ 4alance measurement task6 power
measurement task6 and call drop measurement task. #t t/is time6 t/e
alarm inormation and user complaint also deserve $our attention.
3B 0andover ailure will prevent t/e MS rom movin" to t/e 4est cell. *n t/is
case6 call drop ma$ 4e resulted. *n addition6 cross:cell /andover and
tar"et cell con"estion ma$ cause call drop. To solve t/is pro4lem6 $ou
can add nei"/4or cell relations/ip and 4alance t/e traic wit/in t/e cells.
T/e /i"/ SD((0 call drop rate anal$sis is similar to /i"/ T(0 call drop
rate anal$sis. #ctin" as t/e point:to:point si"nalin" c/annel6 t/e SD((0
is more sensitive to t/e intererence t/an T(0. *n t/is case6 t/e common
met/od to reduce t/e call drop rate is to ad7ust t/e access t/res/old and
reduce intererence.
8.,.+ 0i$h TC0 Con$estion Rate )nal*sis
T/is section discusses T(0 con"estion6 includin" t/e con"estion caused 4$
T(0 seizure all 4us$ and t/e con"estion caused 4$ T(0 seizure ailure.
5i"ure 1.1 s/ows t/e low c/art or /i"/ T(0 con"estion anal$sis.
#i$"re 1.1 0i"/ T(0 con"estion rate anal$sis
</en t/e con"estion rate o t/e @S( overall perormance is ound a4normal6
$ou can ind out t/e cells wit/ /i"/ con"estion rate t/rou"/ c/eckin" t/e T(0
perormance statistics. *n t/is case6 $ou can discover t/e pro4lems t/rou"/
anal$zin" eac/ unctional su4:item o t/e T(0 perormance statistics o t/is
cell. *n addition6 $ou s/ould c/eck w/et/er t/ere is transmission pro4lem6
clock pro4lem6 or /ardware pro4lem t/rou"/ considerin" t/e alarm
inormation.
*t is a must to anal$ze t/e load accordin" to t/e T(0 traic intensit$ and t/e
coni"ured T(0 capacit$.
1B (/eck i t/e T0( con"estion rate is caused 4$ T(0 seizure all 4us$
t/rou"/ anal$zin" t/e T(0 perormance measurement o t/e cell. * t/e
con"estion is caused 4$ /eav$ traic6 $ou s/ould predict t/e real traic o
t/e cell and c/eck i ot/er cells can s/are t/e traic. * it is 4e$ond t/e
optimization capa4ilit$ to ena4le ot/er cells to s/are t/e traic6 $ou
s/ould consider e+pandin" t/e capacit$ o t/e network. T/e ad7ustment
measures or traic 4alance ma$ not 4e consistent wit/ t/e principle o
minimum radio pat/ loss6 so t/e$ are applied to emer"ent causes onl$. *n
2-1!:-2:1! 0;#<&* (onidential Pa"e1!6 Total'3
most cases6 $ou can 4alance t/e traic t/rou"/ ad7ustin" covera"e
scope6 ad7ustin" access t/res/old6 ad7ustin" (1O and /andover
t/res/old6 or ena4lin" load /andover. * t/e con"estion is not caused 4$
T(0 seizure all 4us$6 "o on wit/ t/e c/eck.
2B (/eck i t/e T1Ns o t/e con"estion cell work normall$. T/e dama"e or
perormance decline o t/e uplink c/annels ma$ prevent t/e MS rom
accessin" ot/er cells. *n t/is case6 man$ cells will 4e seized6 w/ic/ will
cause con"estion. T/e incomin" cell /andover perormance
measurement will s/ow t/at man$ /andovers towards t/is cell are
ailures. *n t/is case6 $ou s/ould 8uer$ t/e statue o eac/ T1N wit/in
eac/ cell t/rou"/ 8uer$in" t/e 1+lev perormance measurement task or
1+8ual perormance measurement task. *n addition6 $ou s/ould ind out
w/ic/ T1N is related to t/e a4normalit$ t/rou"/ 8uer$in" t/e uplink and
downlink measurement reports o t/e same T1N.
3B (/eck i t/e con"estion rate is related to intererence6 namel$6 c/eck i
an$ a4normalit$ is present rom t/e intererence 4and 1 to intererence
4and 2 in t/e traic statistics. * t/e intererence is present in a cell6 t/e
call drop rate o t/e cell will 4e /i"/6 and t/e SD((0 con"estion rate will
increase accordin"l$. Moreover6 t/e 1#(0 in t/e random access
perormance measurement ma$ 4e con"ested6 and t/e immediate
assi"nment success rate will decrease.
!B ;nder some conditions6 t/e con"estion o some cells is a result o lar"e
covera"e. *n t/is case6 $ou s/ould anal$ze t/e relations/ip 4etween T#
value and 1+lev t/rou"/ 8uer$in" t/e power control mean level6 t/e
mean level durin" call drop6 and T#. *n addition6 $ou s/ould also use
drive test to deine t/e covera"e area o t/e cell. T/rou"/ 8uer$in" t/e
T(0 availa4ilit$ o t/e nei"/4or cell6 $ou can conirm i t/e con"estion is
caused 4$ nei"/4or cell ailures. T/rou"/ 8uer$in" pat/ 4alance
perormance measurement6 $ou can 7ud"e i t/e reason or t/e T(0
seizure ailure is t/at t/e downlink power is "reater t/an t/e uplink power.
2B 5re8uent /andovers can also cause T(0 con"estion. T/rou"/ 8uer$in"
t/e ratio o t/e /andovers to t/e call seizure successes6 $ou can c/eck i
t/e ratio is rational. T/rou"/ 8uer$in" t/e incomin" and out"oin" ratio6
$ou can c/eck i t/e con"estion is caused 4$ irrational /andover.
8.,., 0i$h S%CC0 Con$estion Rate )nal*sis
5i"ure 1.1 s/ows low c/art or /i"/ SD((0 con"estion rate anal$sis.
#i$"re 1.1 0i"/ SD((0 con"estion rate anal$sis
T/e SD((0 con"estion rate is mainl$ caused 4$ /eav$ traic. 5irst $ou
s/ould deine i t/e con"estion is a common p/enomenon or i it is 7ust an
individual p/enomenon. * it is a common p/enomenon6 $ou s/ould anal$ze i
t/e location update timer is irrationall$ set6 and t/en calculate t/e SD((0
capacit$ to see i it meets s$stem re8uirement. * it is 7ust an individual
p/enomenon6 $ou s/ould anal$ze it rom t/e perspective o e8uipment6
location area6 and intererence.
1B 5rom t/e perspective o e8uipment6 $ou s/ould irst c/eck t/e T1N sound
ratio in t/e @S( overall perormance measurement and t/e SD((0
availa4ilit$ in t/e SD((0 perormance measurement6 and t/en c/eck t/e
T(0 activation N#(CFT*M&O;T in t/e T(0 perormance measurement.
#ter t/at6 $ou can deine i t/e con"estion is caused 4$ 4oard pro4lem.
2B (/eck t/e messa"es or SD((0 4earer location update. *rrational
location area plannin" will cause re8uent location update6 w/ic/ will
result in SD((0 con"estion. =ou are re8uired to anal$ze o t/e ed"e o
t/e location is set at t/e areas wit/ a "reat num4er o su4scri4ers 4$
c/eckin" t/e location area plannin" and actual drive test. *n addition6 $ou
are also re8uired to c/eck i t/e location update messa"es accounts a
too lar"er percenta"e o t/e SD((0 seizure re8uests at t/e ed"e. T/e
met/od is to 8uer$ t/e ratio o t/e successul SD((0 seizures Alocation
2-1!:-2:1! 0;#<&* (onidential Pa"e1%6 Total'3
updateB to t/e total SD((0 seizure successes in t/e SD((0
perormance measurement.
3B *ntererence also causes SD((0 con"estion. &speciall$ or t/e networks
in w/ic/ t/e distance 4etween @TSs is small and t/e @((0 re8uenc$ is
a""ressive6 t/e s$stem ma$ receive more intererence random access
si"nals. T/e network will allocate a SD((0 or eac/ random access6
w/ic/ causes SD((0 con"estion. *n t/is case6 t/e immediate
assi"nment success rate will decrease6 t/e pa"in" success rate will
decrease6 and t/e 1#(0 in t/e random access perormance
measurement ma$ 4e overloaded.
8.,.1 2ow 0ando&er S"!!ess Rate )nal*sis
5i"ure 1.1 s/ows t/e low c/art or low /andover success rate anal$sis.
#i$"re 1.1 3ow /andover success rate anal$sis
2-1!:-2:1! 0;#<&* (onidential Pa"e1'6 Total'3
T/e anal$sis or /andover success rate is 8uite complicated6 4ecause it
involves capacit$6 covera"e6 clock6 si"nalin"6 e8uipment6 and even MS.
1B * t/e /andover success rate o all cells is low6 $ou s/ould c/eck t/e
pro4lem rom t/e perspective o /andover parameters6 #:interace circuit6
and @S( clock.
2B 5ilter t/e cells wit/ poor /andover. * a network is run 4$ t/e e8uipments
o dierent carriers6 $ou s/ould c/eck i it interopera4ilit$ pro4lem 4$
comparin" t/e inter:@S( /andover success rata wit/ t/e intra:@S(
/andover success rate in t/e /andover perormance measurement.
.enerall$6 t/e inter:@S( /andover success rate is a little lower t/an t/e
intra:@S( /andover success rate. *n addition6 $ou need to monitor t/e
si"nalin" messa"es and data coni"uration 4etween @S(s and anal$ze
t/e radio link 4ud"et and clock o eac/ carrier.
3B (/eck i an$ pro4lem is present at t/e ;m interace t/rou"/ comparin"
t/e /andover success rate and radio /andover success rate. T/e radio
/andover success rate is e8ual to or "reater t/an t/e /andover success
rate. * t/e /andover success rate is ar smaller t/an t/e radio /andover
success rate6 $ou s/ould anal$ze t/e "round link and capacit$. * t/e
dierence 4etween t/e radio /andover success rate and t/e /andover
success rate6 $ou need to consider t/e intererence.
!B #nal$ze i it is incomin" /andover ailure or it is out"oin" /andover ailure
t/rou"/ 8uer$in" t/e incomin" cell /andover success rate and out"oin"
/andover success rate in t/e /andover perormance measurement. #ter
t/at6 anal$ze t/e out"oin" cell /andover perormance measurement and
incomin" cell /andover perormance measurement o t/e pro4lem cell so
as to ind out t/e incomin" /andover ailure cells rom t/e out"oin" cell
perormance measurement. (onirm i t/e poor /andover is caused 4$
tar"et cell con"estion t/rou"/ anal$zin" t/e Oincomin" cell /andover
ailuresP6 OT(0 traic intensit$P6 and OT(0 con"estion rate Aall 4us$BP o all
t/e incomin" /andover ailure cells.
2B (/eck i an$ e8uipment ails t/rou"/ 8uer$in" t/e T1N sound ratio6 T(0
availa4ilit$6 and T(0 activation N#(CFT*M&O;T o t/e tar"et cell.
#nal$ze i t/e T1N perormance decreases t/rou"/ 8uer$in" t/e 1+lev
perormance measurement o t/e tar"et cell.
%B (/eck i an$ "round link e8uipment ails t/rou"/ 8uer$in" t/e #:interace
ailures and t/e "round link 4reaks durin" T(0 seizure.
</en t/e microwave is used or t/e transmission or durin" inter:@S(
/andover6 t/e clock deviation is anot/er cause or poor /andover. #nd
t/is can 4e proved 4$ t/e intra:@S( /andover ailures. 5or t/e cells
w/ere t/e clock s$nc/ronization is unavaila4le6 t/e @S*( cannot 4e
decoded6 so t/e /andover can never occur. *n t/is case6 $ou need to
c/eck i t/e clock is normal and anal$ze t/e call drop rate.
* t/ese two causes are e+cluded6 $ou need to make ad7ustment rom t/e
perspective o covera"e and intererence.
To reduce call drop rate and en/ance /andover success rate6 $ou can
leave a mar"in or t/e 1+lev and 1+8ual durin" /andover. * t/e 1+lev o
a cell is lower t/an :,-d@m durin" /andover6 $ou s/ould c/eck t/e mean
1+lev and T# value o T(0 call drop in t/e call drop perormance
measurement and anal$ze drive test to see i t/e covera"e distance o
t/e cell is too lon" and i t/e si"nal is not stron" enou"/.
5or t/e networks in w/ic/ 4etter cell al"orit/ms are ena4led6 $ou s/ould
c/eck t/e Oattempted /andovers A4etter cellBP. *t is 4etter t/at t/e
percenta"e it accounts %-H o t/e /andover causes.
T/e intererence will also aect t/e /andover success rate. </en t/e
intererence is present6 t/e voice 8ualit$ will decrease and t/e call drop
rate will increase.
0andover pro4lems are rat/er complicated. To solve t/e pro4lems arisin"
in actual work6 $ou are supposed to inte"rate t/e met/ods introduce
a4ove6 t/e si"nalin" anal$zer6 e8uipment condition6 and drive test into
consideration.
8.1 Network roblem Sol"tions
8.1.1 Co&era$e roblems
'. Sol"t"on ro!ed"res
3roblem4 the !o&era$e is be!omin$ smaller after the (TS is enabled5
#ter a @TS /as run or a period o time Aor e+ample6 /al $earsB6 t/e
covera"e o t/e @TS ma$ 4ecome smaller or even dead zone ma$ appear
due to various causes. *n t/is case6 t/e s$stem perormance will 4e aected.
T/e s/rink o t/e covera"e is not onl$ related to t/e tec/nical inde+es Asuc/
as t/e @TS sensitivit$ and powerB6 4ut also related to t/e en"ineerin" 8ualit$6
"eo"rap/ic actors6 and t/e electroma"netic environment.
T/e actor concernin" t/e @TS pro4lems are as ollows9
Transmitter output power decrease

2-1!:-2:1! 0;#<&* (onidential Pa"e1,6 Total'3
1eceive sensitivit$ decrease
#ntenna azimut/ an"le c/an"e
#ntenna tilt c/an"e
#ntenna "ain c/an"e
5eeder loss
(oupler loss
<orkin" 4and c/an"e
Propa"ation environment c/an"e
Diversit$ eect c/an"e.

=ou can c/eck t/e pro4lem accordin" to t/e ollowin" procedure9
1B (/eck t/e conditions around t/e @TS antenna
=ou are re8uired to c/eck i t/ere are ot/er antennas Asuc/ as micro
antennaB6 decorations6 4ill4oard6 trees6 or "lass walls standin" around t/e
@TS antenna. T/ese 4arriers ma$ e+ert a ne"ative eect a"ainst t/e
antenna reception and transmission6 t/us aectin" t/e covera"e o t/e
@TS. *n t/is case6 $ou can tune t/e azimut/ an"el o t/e correspondin"
antenna or c/an"e t/e antenna /ei"/t.
2B (/eck t/e c/an"e o t/e propa"ation environment
T/e c/an"e o t/e propa"ation environment o t/e electroma"netic wave
will weaken t/e si"nals received 4$ radio terminals. &speciall$ or
mountains6 t/e propa"ation o t/e electroma"netic waves depends on t/e
relection o mountains. 5or e+ample6 t/e c/an"e in t/e ve"etation o t/e
mountain will reduce t/e covera"e o t/e @TS. *n addition6 t/e climate and
ot/er natural actors also /ave some eect a"ainst t/e electroma"netic
waves. T/e propa"ation loss varies wit/ wood intensit$6 season6 and so
on. T/e ma+imum loss can reac/ 3- d@. * new 4uildin"s prevent t/e
propa"ation o t/e electroma"netic waves and weakens t/e si"nals6 t/e
areas in t/e remote cannot 4e covered6 so t/e su4scri4ers cannot en7o$
t/e service. &speciall$ t/e /i"/ 4uildin"s near t/e @TS /ave a "reat eect
a"ainst t/e propa"ation o electroma"netic waves.
3B (/eck i t/ere is standin" wave alarm and main diversit$ reception alarm
at t/e operation and maintenance console
T/is pro4lem can 4e c/ecked accordin" to t/e standin" wave alarm
messa"es and t/e diversit$ reception alarm messa"es. * t/e alarms o
t/is kind occur6 $ou s/ould c/eck t/e correspondin" antennas and
eeders.
!B (/eck i t/e standin" wave ratio is smaller t/an 1.2H
T/e tolerance o t/e standin" wave alarm t/res/old o t/e (D; or &D; is
"reat. T/ereore6 ater c/eckin" t/at t/e set:top power is normal6 $ou can
urt/er c/eck i t/e standin" wave is smaller t/an 1.2H. * t/e standin"
wave ratio is a4normal6 $ou need to c/eck i t/e water /as penetrated into
t/e antenna or eeder connector6 or i it is li"/tenin" protector pro4lem.
2B (/eck i t/e tower ampliier work normall$
(/eck i tower ampliier alarm is present at t/e operation and
maintenance console. .enerall$6 t/e pro4lems are t/e low noise ampliier
was dama"ed or t/e water /as penetrated into t/e ampliier. T/e ampliier
alarm alwa$s comes to"et/er wit/ t/e dama"e o t/e low noise ampliier.
* t/e water /as penetrated into t/e tower ampliier6 no alarm will 4e
"enerated6 4ut t/e 15 loss is "reat. *n t/is case6 t/e receiver sensitivit$
will decrease dramaticall$.
%B (/eck t/e en"ineerin" parameters Aincludin" antenna tilt and azimut/
an"leB
T/e increase o t/e antenna tilt or t/e deviation o t/e azimut/ an"le will
reduce t/e covera"e o t/e @TS. T/ereore6 antennas must 4e irml$ i+ed
so t/at t/e$ can stand stron" wind and storms.
'B (/eck t/e set:top output power o t/e transceiver
5irst $ou s/ould c/eck i t/e lines are well connected6 and t/en c/eck i
t/e set:top power is normal. * it not normal6 $ou s/ould replace t/e
pro4lem /ardware.
8B (/eck i t/e receiver sensitivit$ is normal
(/eck i t/e covera"e distance is s/ortened 4$ t/e low receiver
sensitivit$. *n addition6 $ou can monitor t/e messa"es at t/e #4is interace
and ind out t/e relations/ip 4etween level and 4it error rate. #ter t/at6
$ou can "et t/e value o t/e level w/en t/e 4it error rate is 2H. T/is
means6 /owever6 onl$ applies to t/e situation t/at w/en t/e receiver
sensitivit$ drops dramaticall$.
,B (/eck i t/e parameters aectin" t/e covera"e are rationall$ set
1-B (/eck i t/e /i"/ 4ack noise in t/e covera"e area is caused 4$
intererence and poor electroma"netic environment.
3Co&era$e problem !a"sed b* (TS e/pansion5
* t/e covera"e o t/e @TS s/rinks ater e+pansion6 in addition to makin" t/e
previous c/ecks6 $ou are supposed to c/eck t/e ollowin" items.
1B (/eck i t/e com4iner keeps t/e same 4eore and ater e+pansion
T/e loss o dierent com4iners varies "reatl$ T/ereore6 t/e com4iner
coni"uration deserves special attention durin" @TS e+pansion. * dierent
com4iners are a must6 $ou s/ould ull$ communicate wit/ customers.
2B (/eck i t/e antennas are rationall$ selected
Suita4le antennas must 4e selected or pro7ect installation and network
plannin" so t/at t/e 4est covera"e can 4e ac/ieved. *t must 4e pointed
out t/at $ou s/ould use zero:point illin" antenna or t/e electrical title
antenna w/en t/e antenna /ei"/t is "reat. *n addition6 omni antennas
cannot 4e widel$ used or t/e lar"e area covera"e. *n t/is case6 t/e
covera"e pro4lem can 4e solved 4$ directional antennas.
3B (/eck i t/e installation o t/e newl$:added antennas are 8ualiied
=ou s/ould irst c/eck i t/e desi"n o t/e antenna /ei"/t6 azimut/ an"le6
and antenna tilt is 8ualiied. .enerall$6 t/e important covera"e areas
cannot 4e 4ared 4$ tower. Meanw/ile6 t/e important covera"e areas
cannot 4e perpendicular to t/e diversit$ direction o t/e antenna. *n t/is
case6 t/e antenna diversit$ eect can 4e e+cavated to t/e ma+imum. To
reduce t/e covera"e s/adow caused 4$ t/e tower6 $ou s/ould pa$
attention to t/e distance 4etween t/e antenna and t/e tower. Moreover6
t/e pole o t/e omni antenna and t/e 15 part o t/e antenna cannot 4e
overlapped.
!B (/eck t/e position o t/e @((0 transmitter antenna
Since t/e tower eect is present6 t/e @((0 transmitter antenna must 4e
installed at a side o t/e important covera"e area. *n t/is case6 t/e
covera"e s/adow can 4e avoided. To prevent t/e assi"nment ailure
caused 4$ t/e inconsistence o t/e @((0 covera"e and T(0 covera"e6
$ou can use t/e concentric c/annel allocation al"orit/m. *n addition6 t/e
important covera"e area cannot 4e perpendicular to t/e diversit$ direction
o t/e antenna.
2B (/eck i t/e tilts and t/e azimut/ an"les o t/e directional dual transmitter
antennas are consistent wit/ eac/ ot/er
* t/e tilts and azimut/ an"les o t/e directional dual transmitter antennas
are inconsistent6 call drop6 assi"nment ailure6 and /andover ailure will
easil$ occur. *n t/is case6 t/e covera"e area o t/e @TS will 4ecome
small. *n addition6 since t/e tower eect is present6 t/e @((0 transmitter
antenna must 4e installed at a side o t/e important covera"e area. *n t/is
case6 t/e covera"e s/adow can 4e avoided. Moreover6 t/e important
covera"e area cannot 4e perpendicular to t/e diversit$ direction o t/e
antenna.
%B (/eck t/e set:top output power o various T1Ns i t/e sc/eme or t/e
ma+imum covera"e is used.
</en t/e ma+imum covera"e is pursued6 t/e T1Ns are re8uired to 4e
com4ined in various wa$s. *n t/is case6 t/e covera"e distance o t/e
@((0 will 4e lon"er t/an t/at o t/e T(0. #s a result6 t/e T(0
assi"nment ailure will 4e caused6 so t/e concentric tec/nolo"$ is
needed. T/e c/annel assi"nment ailure caused 4$ low transmit level in
t/e inner circle and t/e c/annel con"estion in t/e e+ternal circle can 4e
avoided i t/e T# values o t/e inner circle and t/e e+ternal circle are
correctl$ set and allocated to t/e inner circle and e+ternal circle accordin"
to t/e ri"/t priorit$.
3Co&era$e problems !a"sed b* (TS swap or !onstr"!tion5
1B (/eck i t/e azimut/ an"le and t/e antenna /ei"/t are t/e same 4eore
and ater t/e @TS swap
* all t/e antenna and eeder components are newl$ constructed6 t/e old
@TS can onl$ 4e swapped ater t/e new antenna is installed. T/ereore6
t/e azimut/ an"le and t/e antenna /ei"/t ma$ 4e dierent rom t/at o
t/e old antenna. *n t/is case6 t/e covera"e area ma$ decrease. #s a
result6 $ou s/ould c/eck i t/e azimut/ an"le and t/e antenna /ei"/t are
t/e same 4eore and ater t/e 4as station swap.
2B (/eck antenna tilt pro4lems caused 4$ network swap
.enerall$6 t/e tilt must keep t/e same. * $ou need to control t/e covera"e
area due to new @TSs are added to ur4an areas6 $ou can consider
increasin" t/e tilt.
3B (/eck i t/e set:top power o t/e swap @TS is t/e same as t/at o t/e old
@TS.
!B (/eck i t/e receiver sensitivit$ o t/e @TS is normal.
2B (/eck i it is t/e intererence or t/e poor electroma"netic environment
t/at makes t/e 4ack noise o t/e w/ole area too /i"/.
%B (/eck i an$ standin" wave alarm messa"e or diversit$ reception alarm
messa"e is "enerated or antenna and eeder at t/e operation and
maintenance console.
'B (/eck t/e parameters t/at will aect covera"e are rationall$ set.
8B (/eck i t/e installation o t/e antennas is 8ualiied ater t/e @TS /as
4een ena4led or swapped.
,B (/eck i t/e ri"/t t$pe o antenna is selected.
1-B (/eck t/e position o t/e @((0 T1N transmitter o t/e omni dual
transmitter antenna.
11B (/eck i t/e tilts and t/e azimut/ an"les o t/e two directional antennas
keep t/e same ater t/e directional dual transmitter antenna is used.
12B (/eck i t/e antennas and eeders o t/e cell are inversel$ connected.
13B (/eck i t/e tower ampliier works normall$.
1!B (/eck t/e set:top power or various T1Ns w/en t/e coni"uration
sc/eme or t/e ma+imum covera"e is pursued.
''. roblems )ffe!tin$ Co&era$e and Sol"tions
3)ntenna water penetration5
*t is 8uite accidental t/at t/e water penetrates into t/e antenna. <ater
penetration means t/at t/e water enters t/e 15 internal c/annel. *n t/is case6
t/e volta"e standin" wave ratio o t/e antenna will increase> t/e antenna loss
will increase6 t/e covera"e area will decrease> or event t/e power ampliier
will 4e disa4led.
3)ntenna passi&e intermod"lation5
T/e passive intermodulation o t/e antenna and various connectors will cause
intererence. T/e e+clusive met/od can 4e used or t/e c/eck. T/at is6 $ou
can connect t/e antenna eeders o t/e nei"/4or cells w/ere t/ere is no
intererence to t/e test cell. * an$ pro4lem is ound6 $ou s/ould c/an"e t/e
antenna.
3'mproper antenna sele!tion5
.enerall$6 i t/e antenna /ei"/t e+ceeds 2-m and i t/e irst zero point under
t/e main antenna 4eam is not illed6 t/e Os/adow under towerP ma$ occur.
T/at is6 t/e area under t/e tower cannot 4e covered 4$ si"nals. *n t/is case6
$ou s/ould select t/e antenna wit/ zero point illin" unction.
* t/ree:sector directional antennas are used or vast covera"e6 t/e antennas
must /ave a /i"/ "ain and t/eir /al power an"le must 4e "reater t/an ,-
de"rees. * t/e /al power an"le is small6 t/e "ain o t/e two nei"/4or sectors
will 4e low. *n t/is case6 t/e covera"e radius is small.
* t/e antenna tilt is "reat6 t/e all mec/anical tilt antenna is not a suita4le
c/oice. *n t/is case6 $ou s/ould select t/e i+ed Oelectrical tilt K mec/anical tiltP
antenna or t/e Ocontinuous ad7usta4le electrical tilt A- to 1- de"reesB K
mec/anical tiltP antenna.
#s t/e re8uenc$ reuse 4ecomes more a""ressive6 t/e ront:to:4ack ratio o
t/e antenna ma$ not meet t/e re8uirement o a sin"le @TS or several @TSs.
T/ereore6 $ou s/ould select t/e antennas wit/ "reater ront:to:4ack ratio.
3Tower effe!t a$ainst Omni antenna radiation5
T/e tower eect a"ainst omni antenna radiation deserves enou"/ attention. *t
is /ard to estimate t/e dama"e o t/e omni antenna directional dia"ram
caused 4$ t/e tower. T/e dama"e varies "reatl$ wit/ t/e distance 4etween
t/e tower and t/e antenna6 as s/own in 5i"ure 1.1 and 5i"ure 1.2.
#i$"re 1.1 Omni antenna directional dia"ram wit/out 4arrier
#i$"re 1.2 Tower eect a"ainst antenna ar:ield
* t/e antenna is installed on t/e tower and metal tu4e6 $ou s/ould pa$ special
attentions to t/e ollowin" items9
T/e metal tu4e and t/e eect radiation part o t/e antenna cannot 4e
overlapped.
Take measures to avoid installin" t/e w/ole antenna on t/e metal tu4e.
* t/e antenna is installed on t/e tower6 make sure t/at t/e distance
4etween t/e antenna and t/e nearest end o t/e tower is "reater t/an %
wavelen"t/s.
T/e omni dual transmitter tec/nolo"$ is not recommended.
T/e antenna must 4e perpendicular to 1F8 o t/e /al power 4eam widt/
at least.
3%ire!tional antenna installation problem5
Two pro4lems ma$ occur or directional antenna installation9
T/e antenna is inversel$ or wron"l$ connected.
T/e azimut/ an"les and t/e tilts o t/e transmitter antenna and t/e
receiver antenna are inconsistent and or t/e error is "reat.
&n"ineerin" causes are t/e e+planations o t/e two pro4lems. .enerall$6
t/e error scope o t/e azimut/ an"le cannot e+ceed 2 de"rees6 and t/at
o t/e tilt cannot e+ceed -.2 de"rees. * t/e error is too "reat6 t/e
covera"e o t/e transit antenna and t/at o t/e receiver antenna will 4e
dierent. *n t/is case6 it is /ard to make calls t/e covera"e ed"es.
Pro4lems concernin" t/e diversit$ distance 4etween t/e transit antenna

and t/e receiver antenna or t/e isolation 4etween t/e antennas and
tower.
T/e covera"e o t/e antenna will 4e aected i t/e diversit$ distance
4etween t/e transmitter antenna and t/e receiver antenna or t/e isolation
4etween t/e antennas and t/e tower is not "reat enou"/. 5or .SM
,--M0z s$stem6 t/e diversit$ distance 4etween t/e transmitter antenna
and t/e receiver antenna is re8uired to 4e "reater t/an !m. 5or .SM
18--M0z s$stem6 it is re8uired to 4e "reater t/an 2m. T/e antenna
mount must 4e at least 1.2m awa$ rom t/e tower. Meanw/ile6 t/e
antenna mount must 4e installed wit/in t/e !2:dre"ree protection areas o
t/e li"/tenin" protector.
T/ere are s/adows in covera"e areas.

</en installin" a directional antenna6 $ou s/ould make sure t/at t/ere is
no s/adow wit/in t/e covera"e area. .enerall$6 i t/ere are /u"e 4arrier6
suc/ as /i"/ 4uildin"s and mountains6 around t/e @TS6 s/adows ma$
appear. * $ou intend install t/e @TS on t/e roo o a /i"/ 4uildin"6 $ou
s/ould install it at t/e ed"es o t/e 4uildin" so as to avoid t/e s/adow.
Since t/e environment around t/e roo is 8uite comple+6 t/e antenna
/ei"/t must 4e "reat enou"/. *n t/is case6 /owever6 $ou s/ould consider
t/e a4ilit$ o t/e antenna to stand t/e wind and storm.
3Omni antenna installation problem5
T/e radiator o t/e omni antenna is 4arred 4$ antenna pole.

T/e covera"e will 4e aected i t/e radiator o t/e omni antenna is 4arred
4$ antenna pole. .enerall$6 t/ere is a 7acket installed at t/e 4ottom o t/e
omni antenna and t/e 7acket is used to connect t/e omni antenna and t/e
antenna pole. 5rom t/e perspective o installation6 t/e top o t/e 7acket
must 4e at t/e same level wit/ or /i"/er t/an t/e top o t/e pole>
ot/erwise t/e radiation will 4e aected.
T/e pro4lems concernin" antenna diversit$ distance and isolation

4etween antenna and tower.
* t/e antenna diversit$ distance or t/e isolation 4etween antenna and
tower is not "reat enou"/6 t/e covera"e will 4e poor. * t/e antenna
diversit$ distance is too small6 it will reduce diversit$ "ain. *n t/is case6 t/e
receiver sensitivit$ will reduce. T/ou"/ t/e tower eect a"ainst t/e omni
antenna radiation is unavoida4le6 $ou can increase t/e isolation 4etween
t/e antenna and t/e tower to reduce t/e eect.
*t is su""ested t/at t/e isolation 4etween t/e omni antenna and t/e tower
is "reater t/an 2m6 t/e /orizontal diversit$ distance o t/e ,--M0z omni
antenna is "reater t/an !m6 and t/e /orizontal diversit$ distance o t/e
18--M0z antenna is "reater t/an 2m.
T/e omni antenna is not perpendicular to t/e /orizontal plane.

* t/e omni antenna is not perpendicular to t/e /orizontal plane6 t/e
antenna directional dia"ram will 4e distorted in t/e covera"e area. *n t/is
case6 t/e covera"e o t/e antenna will 4e aected.
*t is su""ested t/at installation plane o t/e antenna mount 4e
perpendicular to t/e /orizontal plane. * t/e mount e+tends 4e$ond t/e
tower6 make sure t/at t/e mount is still in t/e protection areas o t/e
li"/tenin" protector. .enerall$6 t/e areas !2:dre"ee under t/e li"/tenin"
protector top are t/e protection areas.
3Conne!tion problems of antenna and feeder6 !ombiner and splitter6 and
C%75
* various connectors o t/e antenna and eeder s$stem are not connected
accordin" to re8uirement6 t/e perormance o t/e antenna and eeder
s$stem will 4e aected. *n t/is case6 t/e covera"e area o t/e @TS will
also 4e aected.
<ater penetration occurs at t/e various connectors o t/e antenna and

eeder s$stem.
* water /as penetrated into t/e connector and eeder6 t/e standin" wave
ratio will increase. *n t/is case6 t/e covera"e area will 4e aected.
?arious connectors are not ti"/tened.

* t/e connectors or set:top 7umpers6 or t/e ca4les rom T1N 4oards to
com4iner and splitter6 and or various 15 ca4les are not ti"/tened6 4ot/
t/e reception perormance and t/e transmit perormance o t/e s$stem
will decrease. *n t/is case6 t/e covera"e area and t/e conversation
8ualit$ will 4e aected.
T/e transmitter antenna and t/e receiver antenna are inversel$

connected due to inconsistent coni"uration o t/e set:top 7umper and
data.
T/e connection 4etween t/e 7umper and eeder is not ti"/t6 w/ic/ results
in /i"/ loss and standin" wave ratio. *n t/is case6 t/e covera"e will 4e
aected and intererence will 4e caused.
3Tower amplifier problem5
<ater penetration will increase t/e loss6 deteriorate t/e standin" wave
ratio6 and decrease t/e receiver sensitivit$.
T/e dama"e o t/e 3N# Ait is in t/e tower ampliierB will decrease t/e "ain
or even decrease t/e "ain to a ne"ative value.
T/e input end and t/e output end o t/e tower ampliier are inversel$
connected. *n t/is case6 t/e tower ampliier will 4e s/ort:circuited. * t/e
s/ort circuit lasts or a lon" time6 t/e ront module will 4e dama"ed.
3(TS front mod"le problem5
*solator pro4lem
Duple+er and ot/er ilter dama"e
Standin" wave ratio error alarm
3N# Alow noise ampliierB dama"e
3ow T1N or ampliier output power

3arameter !onfi$"ration problem5
T/e parameters aectin" covera"e are listed 4elow9
T1N power class
Tower ampliier attenuation coeicient
MS ma+imum transmit power control power

MS minimum 1+lev
1#(0 minimum access t/res/old

'''. Co&era$e Cases
Case 14 7se down tilt omni antenna to impro&e !o&era$e
3roblem des!ription5
*n a su4ur4an area6 t/e omni antenna wit/ a "ain o 11d@i is used or t/e
@TS. T/is covera"e distance can reac/ ,km in plain environment. 0owever6
t/e covera"e in t/e area near t/e @TS is poor. T/e 1+lev in t/e small town
8--:1!--m awa$ rom t/e @TS is a4out :,-d@m.
3roblem anal*sis and sol"tion5
On:site surve$ s/ows t/at t/e antenna /ei"/t is too "reat. T/e /ei"/t o t/e
tower on w/ic/ t/e antenna is installed 2-m. Moreover6 t/e tower is
esta4lis/ed on a small mountain6 so t/e town is 12-m 4elow t/e antenna. T/e
irst 7ud"ment is t/at t/e p/enomenon o Os/adow under towerP /as 4een
caused.
5urt/er anal$sis o t/e collected data inds t/at omni antenna is used or t/e
@TS. T/e antenna "ain is 11d@i6 and t/e vertical /al power an"el is '
de"rees. * t/e valid antenna /ei"/t is 12-m6 t/e /al power points o t/e
antenna ma7or lo4e are scattered in t/e area a4out 2---m awa$ rom t/e
@TS. T/ereore6 t/is town is not in t/e covera"e area o t/e @TS.
T/rou"/ c/eckin" t/e luctuation o t/e 1+lev accordin" to t/e drive test map6
en"ineers ound t/at t/is town locates wit/in t/e radiation area o a zero
power point o t/e @TS. 0owever6 t/e town is too ar awa$ rom t/e mountains
around6 so it cannot "et t/e si"nals relected 4$ t/e mountains. T/ereore6 t/e
1+lev in t/is town is 8uite slow.
#ter /avin" replaced t/e antenna wit/ an omni antenna wit/ 2 de"rees o t/e
down tilt an"le6 en"ineers retested t/e 1+lev and ound t/at it increased 4$
12:2- d@ in t/e areas 3km wit/in t/e @TS. *n some areas6 t/e 1+lev is
increased 4$ 3- d@. T/ereore6 t/e covera"e /as 4een improved remarka4l$6
as s/own in 5i"ure 1.1.
#i$"re 1.1 (omparison o t/e 1+lev 4eore and ater antenna replacement
Case 24 'mproper installation of omni antenna has effe!t a$ainst the
!o&era$e
# new @TS /as 4een ena4led or a local network. ;sers complain t/at t/e
covera"e area 4ecome smaller ater t/at. 5or t/e low narrow areas 2km awa$
rom t/e @TS6 t/e 1+lev is alread$ lower t/an :,-d@m.
T/rou"/ surve$in" t/e environment around t/e @TS6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e
ma7or transmitter antenna and t/e diversit$ receiver antenna are installed in a
plane parallel to t/e road. #pparentl$6 t/is kind o installation does not meet
t/e criteria.
T/e correct wa$ is to install t/e ma7or transmitter antenna and t/e diversit$
receiver antenna in a plane perpendicular to t/e road. *n addition6 t/e ma7or
transmitter antenna must 4e located at one side o t/e road6 as s/own in
5i"ure 1.2.
#i$"re 1.2 *nstallation position o omni antenna
Case +4 'mproper !onfi$"ration of data !a"ses poor !o&era$e
Durin" t/e optimization or a place6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e si"nals at a
section o t/e road in t/e su4ur4an area are 8uite poor. T/e measured 1+lev
is :,2d@m.
3Ca"se anal*sis5
T/is section locates in t/e su4ur4an area and is a4out 3km awa$ rom t/e
ur4an area. T/ere is no a4rupt c/an"e in terms o landorm wit/in t/is
section. T/eoreticall$6 t/e 1+lev /ere s/ould 4e a4out :8-d@m6 so t/e
dierence 4etween t/e t/eoretical 1+lev and t/e measured 1+lev is "reat.
#ccordin" to t/e re8uenc$ sweep test6 t/e stren"t/ o t/e 5a si"nal is a4out
:,2d@m6 and t/e stren"t/ o t/e 54 si"nal is a4out :8-d@m. 5or t/is section6 it
is covered 4$ t/ree cells o t/e @TS # and @TS @ t/at are installed in t/e
ur4an area At/e @((0 re8uencies are 5a and 54B. *n addition6 a cell o t/e
@TS ( installed at t/e remote su4ur4an area also covers t/e section At/e
@((0 re8uenc$ is 5cB.
T/rou"/ c/eckin" data6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e 54 is not included in t/e
nei"/4or c/annel num4ers o t/e #:3 cell in t/e @#1. </en t/e MS moves
rom t/e ur4an area to t/e su4ur4an area6 it will c/oose #:3 cell to camp on6
4ecause t/e 54 is not coni"ured in t/e nei"/4or c/annel num4ers. *n t/is
case6 t/e MS cannot reselect t/e @:3 cell to camp on. *n t/e cell nei"/4or
relations/ip list6 t/e #:3 cell and @:3 cell cannot work as t/e nei"/4or cell or
eac/ ot/er6 and t/e 54 is not coni"ured in t/e nei"/4or c/annel num4ers o
t/e #:3 cell listed in @#2. T/ereore6 in conversation mode6 t/e MS cannot
keep t/e conversation in #:3 cell. </en it arrives at t/is section6 it cannot
/and over to t/e @:3 cell. T/ereore6 t/e si"nals are poor6 so is t/e voice
8ualit$.
3Sol"tion5
&na4le t/e #:3 cell and @:3 cell to work as nei"/4or cell or eac/ ot/er.
Case ,4 'rrational (TS swap affe!ts !o&era$e
*n an ur4an area6 a @TS must 4e swapped or t/e 4uildin" on w/ic/ t/e @TS
was installed were to 4e moved. (onsiderin" t/at covera"e or t/e scenic
spot 2km awa$ At/e scenic spot locates 4e/ind a /illB is poor6 so en"ineers
intended to install t/e @TS on t/e top o t/e /ill. On t/e top o t/e cell6 t/e
w/ole cit$ and t/e scenic spot can 4e seen. 0owever6 ater t/e @TS swap6
users complaint t/at t/ere were no si"nals in t/e indoor environment o t/e
cells near t/e site w/ere t/e old @TS was installed.
3Ca"se anal*sis5
T/e 4uildin"s o t/e resident area are densel$ distri4uted and t/e avera"e
/ei"/t is 8m. @eore t/e @TS swap6 t/e cell used or t/is area is onl$ 1--m
awa$6 and t/e antenna /ei"/t is 12m. T/ereore6 t/e indoor conversation
8ualit$ can 4e "uaranteed. #ter t/e @TS swap6 /owever6 t/e cell used t/is
area is 1.8km awa$6 and t/e antenna /ei"/t is 3-m. *n t/is case6 t/e si"nals
are 8uite weak w/en arrivin" at t/e 4ottom o resident area6 t/ou"/ t/e
si"nals allin" at t/e top o t/e 4uildin" is "ood. To solve t/is pro4lem6 $ou can
onl$ increase t/e output power o t/e transmitter antenna or increase t/e
antenna "ain. 0owever6 t/e covera"e is still not to usersL satisactor$ even
increase t/e antenna /ei"/t to 3-m. T/ereore6 w/en swappin" or
constructin" a @TS at t/e densel$ populated area6 $ou s/ould pa$ attention to
t/e ollowin" items9
*t is su""ested t/at t/e distance 4etween t/e @TS and t/e resident area
is e8ual to or smaller t/an 12-m6 ot/erwise t/e covera"e or t/is area will
4ecome weak dramaticall$.
T/e antenna o t/e swapped @TS cannot 4e too "reat. * t/e @TS is
installed amon" resident 4uildin"s6 t/e antenna /ei"/t is su""ested to 4e
':1-m. * t/e @TS is installed 4e$ond t/e resident 4uildin"s and t/e
4uildin"s are /i"/6 $ou can increase t/e antenna /ei"/t accordin"l$.
=ou can solve t/e pro4lems concernin" cross area covera"e can t/rou"/
controllin" t/e power class o t/e @TS6 tunin" t/e azimut/ an"le o t/e
antenna6 or tunin" t/e tilt an"le o t/e antenna.
3Sol"tion5
#ccordin" to on:site surve$6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e indoor si"nals o t/is
area are too poor to /old t/e conversation. T/is area can 4e seen clearl$ rom
t/e tower on w/ic/ t/e @TS is installed. T/e distance 4etween t/e @TS and
t/e area is onl$ 1.8km6 and 4etween t/em are vast armlands. To solve t/is
pro4lem6 $ou can attempt to tune t/e azimut/ an"le and t/e tilt an"le o t/e
antenna. * t/e covera"e is not $et improved6 $ou can use t/e ollowin"
met/ods9
1eplace t/e common antenna used or t/is cell Aits "ain is 12d@iB wit/ t/e
/i"/:"ain antenna used or t/e scenic spot Aits "ain is 18d@iB
T/ere are ! T1Ns in t/is cell6 all in S(; mode6 replace t/e S(; mode
wit/ t/e dual:(D; mode.
#ter t/e a4ove met/ods are done6 t/e antenna "ain or t/is area can 4e
increased 4$ %d@. #ter t/e antenna replacement6 $ou need to tune t/e
antenna tilt or t/e 4est covera"e.
T/rou"/ retestin" t/e indoor si"nal level6 en"ineers ound t/at it increased 4$
%:12d@. #nd even t/e common MS can keep normal conversation.
8.1.2 'nterferen!e roblems
*ntererence is a ke$ actor aectin" network perormance6 includin"
conversation 8ualit$6 call drop6 /andover6 con"estion6 and so on.
'. 'nterferen!e So"r!es
*n t/e mo4ile telecommunication s$stem6 w/en t/e @TS is receivin" t/e
si"nals rom a remote MS6 it will not onl$ 4e interered 4$ ot/er
telecommunication e8uipments6 4ut also it will 4e interered 4$ t/e ot/er @TSs
and MSs wit/in t/e s$stem6 as s/own in 5i"ure 1.1.
#i$"re 1.1 Sc/ematic drawin" o mo4ile telecommunication intererence
0ereunder introduces t/e intererence sources aectin" t/e .SM s$stem.
*ntra:network intererence
* t/e re8uencies are improperl$ planned6 or t/e re8uenc$ reuse is too
a""ressive6 intra:re8uenc$ intererence or nei"/4or cell intererence will
4e caused.
1epeater intererence
#t t/e earl$ sta"e o network construction6 repeaters are widel$ used or
e+tendin" t/e covera"e distance o t/e network. 0owever6 i t/e repeaters
are improperl$ planned6 t/e network will 4e interered.
* t/e repeaters are not installed accordin" to re8uirement6 t/at is6 t/ere is
not enou"/ isolation let 4etween t/e donor antenna and t/e su4scri4er
antenna6 t/e @TS to w/ic/ t/e repeaters attac/ will interered.
5or t/e repeaters ena4lin" 4road4and non:linear ampliier6 t/e
intermodulation inde+es are ar "reater t/an t/at re8uired in t/e protocols.
*n t/is case6 t/e "reater t/e power is6 t/e "reater t/e intermodulation will
4e. T/ereore6 t/e @TS near t/e repeaters will 4e interered.
*ntererence rom ot/er 4i":power telecommunication e8uipments

T/ese e8uipments include radar6 analo" @TS6 and ot/er
telecommunication e8uipments usin" t/e same 4and.
0ardware pro4lems
T1N pro4lem9 * t/e perormance o t/e T1N decreases6 t/e s$stem ma$
4e interered.
(D; pro4lem or splitter pro4lem9 #ctive ampliier is used in t/e (D;
splitter and splitter module. </en an$ pro4lem occurs6 t/e s$stem ma$
also 4e interered.
Stra$ and intermodulation9 * t/e out:4and stra$ o t/e power ampliier or
t/e T1N o t/e @TS "o 4e$ond re8uirement6 or t/e isolation o t/e
transmission and t/e reception o t/e (D; duple+er is too small6 t/e
connection c/annel will 4e interered. Meanw/ile6 t/e passive
e8uipments6 suc/ as t/e eeder and t/e antenna6 will "enerate
intermodulation.
''. 'nterferen!e ositionin$ and -limination
3ositionin$ and elimination pro!ed"re5
1B 5ind out t/e intererence cell accordin" to CP*
* t/e call drop rate6 /andover success rate6 traic volume6 con"estion
rate6 and intererence 4and o a cell deteriorate to a 4ad level a4ruptl$6 it
means t/at intererence ma$ e+ist in t/e cell.
*n t/is case6 $ou can also c/eck t/e /istorical record o operations made
in t/is cell. 5or e+ample6 c/eck i t/e /ardware and sotware o t/e @TS
/as 4een added or increased and i t/e data o t/e @TS /as 4een
modiied. .enerall$6 t/e appearance o intererence is related to t/ese
operations.
* t/ese parameters are not ad7usted6 t/e intererence ma$ 4e rom t/e
/ardware itsel out outside actors. *n t/is case6 $ou are su""ested to
c/eck i it is /ardware pro4lem. * it is not6 $ou s/ould c/eck outside
actors.
2B (/eck OM( alarm
Sometimes /i"/ call drop rate6 low /andover success rate6 and /i"/
con"estion rate ma$ 4e related to e8uipment pro4lems. *n t/is case6 $ou
can c/eck OM( alarm records. T/ese records are related to t/e
deterioration o t/ese inde+es.
3B (/eck re8uenc$ plannin"
* t/e intererence is dou4t in a cell6 $ou can c/eck t/e re8uenc$ plannin"
or t/e cell and t/e nei"/4or cells o t/e cell. 5or t/is c/eck6 $ou are
re8uired to make clear t/e distri4ution o t/e antennas6 ind out t/e
azimut/ an"le o eac/ cell6 draw t/e topolo"$6 and mark t/e @((0FT(0
c/annel num4ers. Meanw/ile6 $ou are also re8uired to compare t/e
planned c/annel num4ers wit/ t/e coni"ured c/annel num4ers in t/e
@S(.
#ccordin" to t/e accurate re8uenc$ plannin" topolo"$6 $ou can make
sure i t/e intra:re8uenc$ intererence or nei"/4or re8uenc$ intererence
is present in t/e network.
!B (/eck cell parameter coni"uration
T/e cell parameters6 suc/ as (1O6 t/res/old6 /andover duration6
nei"/4or cell relations/ip6 and so on6 ma$ /ave intererence a"ainst t/e
s$stem.
* t/e (1O is set to a "reat value6 t/e MS ma$ 4e "uided to an idle cell
w/ose level is lower t/an its surroundin" cells. Once t/e conversation is
started 4ut t/e (F* cannot meet t/e t/res/old re8uirement A12d@B6
intererence will 4e caused.
* nei"/4or cells are missin"6 t/e MS cannot /and over to a cell wit/
4etter si"nal level and 8ualit$. *n t/is case6 t/e intererence will also 4e
"enerated. * t/e /andover t/res/old and t/e PFN are too "reat6 t/e
/andovers 4etween cells are unavaila4le. * t/e PFN is too small6 /owever6
it will result in re8uent /andover. *n t/is case6 4ot/ t/e call drop rate and
t/e s$stem load will 4e increased.
2B Drive test
Drive test is an eective met/od to position t/e intererence. T/ere are
two drive test met/ods9 idle mode test and dedicated mode test.
5or idle mode test6 t/e test e8uipment can test t/e si"nal level o 4ot/ t/e
si"nal level and t/e nei"/4or cells. *n addition6 t/e test e8uipment can
also perorm t/e re8uenc$ sweep test or t/e desi"nate c/annel num4ers
or 4ands. *n t/is case6 t/e intererence caused 4$ cross:cell covera"e
si"nals can 4e discovered.
5or dedicated mode test6 t/e test e8uipments can test t/e si"nal level o
t/e service cell and nei"/4or cells6 t/e 1+8ual6 t/e T#6 and so on. * t/e
1+lev is e8ual to or "reater t/en :8-d@m and t/e 1+8ual is e8ual to or
"reater t/an % in an area6 it can 4e conirmed t/at t/e intererence e+ists
in t/e area. Some test e8uipment can displa$ t/e 5&1 Arame error rateB.
.enerall$6 i t/e 5&1 is "reater or e8ual to 22H6 t/e conversation will not
4e continuous. T/at is6 t/e intererence e+ists.
%B *ntererence elimination
=ou can eliminate t/e intererence accordin" to t/e a4ove c/ecked
results6 and t/en evaluate t/e elimination t/rou"/ CP* and drive test.
30ardware problem positionin$ and elimination5
</en t/e intererence is dou4ted in a cell6 $ou s/ould irst c/eck i t/e @TS
w/ere t/e cell locates works normall$. *n t/e remote end6 $ou s/ould c/eck i
t/ere is antenna alarm6 T1N alarm6 or @TS clock alarm "enerated. *n t/e near
end6 $ou s/ould c/eck i t/ere is antenna pro4lem6 water penetration6 eeder
A7umperB dama"e6 (P; pro4lem6 T1N pro4lem6 wron" 7umper connection or
clock pro4lem occurred.
#ntenna perormance decline

#ntenna a passive component and its dama"e pro4a4ilit$ is small.
0owever6 i t/e antenna is dama"ed or its perormance declines6 t/e
voice 8ualit$ will 4ecome poor.
#ntenna connector pro4lem

.SM 15 si"nals are micro wave si"nals. * t/e connections 4etween
T1N6 (D;6 eeder6 and antenna /ave an$ pro4lem6 4ot/ t/e standin"
wave ratio and t/e intermodulation will increase. *n t/is case6 t/e
intererence will 4e resulted.
*nverse antenna connection

T/e inverse antenna connection is a commonl$ seen pro4lem. * t/e
antenna is inversel$ connected6 t/e c/annel num4ers used 4$ t/e cell
and t/e planned c/annel num4ers are completel$ inconsistent. *n t/is
case6 intra:re8uenc$ intererence6 inter:re8uenc$ intererence6 and
/andover diicult$ will 4e resulted. &speciall$ or t/e networks t/at /ave
inade8uate re8uenc$ resource6 t/e inverse antenna connection /as "reat
eect a"ainst network 8ualit$.
Qumper pro4lem
Man$ 7umpers locate 4etween antennas6 so t/e$ are oten wron"l$
connected. *n t/is case6 /i"/ call drop rate will 4e resulted.
T1N pro4lem
* T1N pro4lems occur6 t/e intererence will increase6 t/e covera"e
distance area will decrease6 and t/e access is diicult.
(lock ailure
* t/e clock deviation is too "reat6 it is /ard or t/e MS to lock t/e
re8uencies o t/e @TS6 so t/e /andover ailure alwa$s occurs6 or t/e MS
cannot camp on an$ cell o t/e @TS. *n addition6 i t/e clock deviation is
too "reat6 t/e @TS cannot understand t/e si"nals o t/e @TS6 w/ic/ will
result in 4it errors. 0owever6 t/e clock ailure will not reall$ introduce
intererence6 4ut it is t/e transmission errors t/at make t/e voice 8ualit$
decrease.
(onclusion
#n$ pro4lem concernin" t/e T1N6 (D;6 eeder6 antenna6 7umper6 and
connector ma$ cause intererence or call drop. T/ereore6 i intererence
appears6 $ou s/ould c/eck t/e /ardware o t/e @TS. *n addition6 @TS
clock ailure will also cause intererence and call drop.
*t is eas$ to solve t/e /ardware pro4lems t/rou"/ c/an"in" t/e 4oards or
ad7ustin" traic data. * t/ere is spectrum anal$zer availa4le6 $ou can
position t/e pro4lem more eicientl$. &speciall$ w/en t/e intererence
appears wit/out an$ modiication o network data6 $ou s/ould ocus on
c/eckin" t/e /ardware.
3'ntra8Network 'nterferen!e5
T/e intra:network intererence is mainl$ rom intra:re8uenc$ intererence and
nei"/4or cell intererence. </en (F* is smaller t/an 12d@ or t/e (F# is smaller
t/an :%d@6 t/e intererence is unavoida4le. 0owever6 t/e a""ressive
re8uenc$ reuse tec/nolo"$ will increase o t/e occurrence pro4a4ilit$ o
intererence.
Same:re8uenc$ and nei"/4or re8uenc$ intererence

*n .SM s$stem6 t/e re8uenc$ reuse is unavoida4le. </en t/e re8uenc$
reuse distance o two cells usin" t/e same re8uenc$ is smaller t/an cell
radius6 same:re8uenc$ intererence will 4e easil$ caused. Past
e+periences s/ow t/at t/e re8uenc$ reuse must 4e avoided in man$
cases.
5i"ure %.1 s/ows t/e cellular structure.
#i$"re 9.1 (ellular structure
#s s/own in t/is i"ure6 t/ere are ! @TSs6 #6 @6 (6 and D. * t/e c/annel
num4er N is allocated to #3 cell6 t/is c/annel num4er cannot 4e allocated to
#:16 #26 @16 @26 (16 (26 (36 D16 D26 and D3. #nd t/e c/annel num4ers NR1
cannot 4e allocated to #16 #26 #36 @16 (26 D16 and D2 Ano re8uenc$
/oppin"B.
T/e intererence a"ainst t/e uplink c/annel num4ers can 4e 7ud"ed 4$ t/e
intererence 4and data in t/e traic statistics.
5or t/e intererence a"ainst t/e downlink c/annel num4ers6 t/e e+istin" drive
test e8uipments can 4e indirectl$ used to measure i t/e same:re8uenc$
intererence is present. 5irst $ou s/ould lock t/e test MS in t/e service cell
and ena4le make t/e MS work in conversation mode durin" drive test. * $ou
ind t/at t/e 1+lev in an area is /i"/ 4ut t/e 1+8ual is low6 it is likel$ t/at t/e
same:re8uenc$ is present in t/is area.
*ntererence caused 4$ cross covera"e

*n a properl$ desi"ned network6 eac/ cell covers t/e areas around t/e
@TS onl$ and t/e MS camps on or /olds conversation in t/e nearest cell.
(ross covera"e means t/at t/e covera"e o a cell is too lar"e and t/e cell
can cover t/e areas under t/e control o ot/er @TSs. * cross covera"e
occurs6 irrational traic a4sorption6 intererence6 call drop6 con"estion6
and /andover ailure ma$ arise.
*ntererence caused 4$ a""ressive re8uenc$ reuse

(apacit$ and 8ualit$ alwa$s contradicts to eac/ ot/er. *n ur4an areas6 t/e
a""ressive re8uenc$ reuse tec/nolo"$ must 4e used or t/e num4er o
su4scri4ers in ur4an areas are "reat. *n t/is case6 t/e network 8ualit$
will surel$ decrease. *n t/e areas w/ere @TSs are irrationall$ distri4uted6
t/e a""ressive re8uenc$ reuse tec/nolo"$ ma$ cause t/e collision o
same re8uenc$ and nei"/4or re8uencies.
*ntererence caused 4$ repeater

*t is convenient to use repeater or special covera"e. 0owever6 i a
repeater is not 8ualiied or it is not properl$ installed6 it will cause
intererence.
*ntererence caused 4$ outside environment

Outside environment6 suc/ as T? station6 4i":power radio station6 micro
wave6 radar6 /i"/ volta"e wire6 analo" @TS6 and so on6 will cause
intererence.
'''. 'nterferen!e Cases
Case 14 'nterferen!e !a"se b* antenna performan!e de!line
T/ere are 2 @TSs in a count$. T/e coni"uration t$pe is S!F!F! or S%F%F%. T/e
intererence 4and 2 reac/es 12 accordin" to t/e T(0 perormance
measurement o t/e most cells. T/ere is no alarm ound at t/e OM(.
3roblem positionin$ and sol"tion5
1B T/rou"/ monitorin" and re"isterin" t/e intererence 4and traic statistics
or t/e pro4lem cells all da$6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e intererence 4and 2
mostl$ appeared at da$ time6 and it seldom appeared at earl$ mornin".
2B T/rou"/ sendin" t/e idle @;1STS o all t/e @TSs6 en"ineers ound t/at
t/e intererence 4ands o t/ese cells appeared in t/e earl$ mornin". * t/e
sendin" o t/ese idle @;1STS stopped6 t/ese intererence 4ands
disappeared. T/ereore6 it can 4e proved t/at t/e intererence came rom
t/e network. *t is not related to ot/er telecommunication e8uipments.
3B T/e re8uencies and ot/er data were not ad7usted 4eore t/e intererence
appeared6 so t/e intererence is not related to t/e re8uenc$ plannin".
!B T/rou"/ surve$in" t/e 1NM test interace o t/e (D; usin" t/e spectrum
anal$zer durin" t/e traic peak at da$ time6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e
4road4and intererence was stron" and t/e 4ack noise was risin".
2B T/ere was no intererence in one cell6 4ut t/e intererence in anot/er two
cells was stron". T/rou"/ replacin" t/e antenna eeder o t/e cell wit/ no
intererence wit/ t/e antenna eeders o t/e cells wit/ intererence and
sendin" idle @;1STS6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e intererence went wit/
t/e antenna eeder. T/ereore6 it can 4e decided t/at t/e pro4lem
occurred at t/e antenna and eeder s$stem.
%B T/rou"/ c/an"in" t/e antenna6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e intererence
went wit/ t/e antenna. T/ereore6 t/e pro4lem is likel$ present at t/e
antenna.
'B T/rou"/ replacin" t/e antenna wit/ dual polarization antenna6 en"ineers
ound t/at t/e stron" intererence disappeared immediatel$. T/rou"/
replacin" t/e old antenna o anot/er @TS wit/ a new one6 en"ineers
ound t/at t/e intererence also disappeared.
Case 24 Call drop !a"sed b* intra8network interferen!e
(ustomers in a place complaint t/at call drop /appen re8uentl$. 5i"ure '.1
s/ows t/e topolo"$ or @TS distri4ution and re8uenc$ plannin".
2-1!:-2:1! 0;#<&* (onidential Pa"e!-6 Total'3
#i$"re :.1 Topolo"$ or @TS distri4ution and re8uenc$ plannin"
*n t/is i"ure6 1126 1-'6 12-6 12!6 1186 1226 1-!6 1-%6 11%6 1-16 11-6 and 113
are @((0 c/annel num4ers> 1-,6 1-26 1126 ,%6 ,86 1--6 1116 11!6 and 1-8
are T(0 c/annel num4ers.
1B T/rou"/ a careul test6 en"ineers ound t/at t/ere were 12 c/annel
num4ers "at/erin" at t/e call drop spot and 1+lev reac/ed :'3d@m.
</en t/e MS seized c/annel num4er 116 t/e intererence rom c/annel
num4er 112 caused t/e call drop.
2B T/rou"/ testin" t/e (.* o c/annel num4er 12 usin" test MS6 en"ineers
ound t/at t/is c/annel num4er was one o t/e @((0 num4er o D3.
3B T/rou"/ surve$in" @TS D6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e antenna o D3 is
installed at t/e top o a 4uildin". *n addition6 a /ouse made o "lass was
ound 8m awa$ and !m under t/e antenna. &n"ineers tested t/at t/e
si"nal stren"t/ near t/e antenna was a4out :!2d@m6 and t/e si"nal
stren"t/ at near t/e "lass was :3-d@m6 w/ic/ was 4e$ond t/e
e+pectation o en"ineers. *n act6 t/e cause was t/at t/e si"nals relected
4$ t/e "lass were relected to t/e call drop spot.
!B *t is su""ested to c/an"e t/e antenna installation place and c/annel
num4er. =ou s/ould interc/an"e t/e c/annel num4er 111 and c/annel
num4er 11! o @TS # and increase t/e down tilt an"le o #3 cell. *n
addition6 to avoid t/e intererence caused 4$ c/annel num4er 111 ater
t/e interc/an"e6 $ou s/ould ad7ust t/e direction o c/annel num4er 113 o
(1 cell.
2B Test s/ows t/at ever$t/in" is normal ater t/e ad7ustment. T/e c/annel
num4er 113 o @TS ( /as no eect a"ainst c/annel num4er 11!. #nd t/e
call drop disappears.
Case +4 'nterferen!e !a"sed b* repeater
;sers in an area complaint t/at t/e MS cannot seize a c/annel to /old
conversation6 or t/e noise is "reat ater c/annel seizure and t/e c/annel and
t/e MS si"nal is stron". Two @TSs are installed in t/is area. T/e antenna
azimut/ an"le o cell1 ri"/tl$ directs to t/e nort/. @eore user complaint6 t/e
@TS in t/is area ran normall$ and t/e network inde+es met t/e re8uirement.
#ter t/e pro4lem arisen6 t/e traic volume o t/e two @TSs dropped s/arpl$
rom t/e perspective o traic statistics inde+es. *n addition6 t/e traic volume
o cell1 and cell3 also dropped s/arpl$. T/ou"/ t/e si"nals or t/e
conversation were stron"6 t/e voice 8ualit$ was 8uite poor. #ccordin" to traic
statistics6 t/e intererence 4ands o t/e our cells were o level 36 level !6 and
level 26 and ,2H o t/e c/annels were interered. *n addition6 ot/er c/annels
were interered to some e+tent. 0owever6 no alarm messa"es were "enerated
at t/e OM(.
1B #ccordin" to user eed4acks6 t/e possi4le reasons include transmission
pro4lem6 antenna eeder pro4lem6 /ardware pro4lem6 intra:network
intererence6 and outside intererence.
2B T/e uplink intererence si"nals in t/e nort/west direction mi"/t stron".
T/ereore6 cell16 cell26 and cell3 o t/e two @TSs were interered6 in w/ic/
cell1 and t/e cell3 were seriousl$ interered.
3B T/rou"/ on:site dialin" test6 en"ineers ound t/at it was /ard to make
calls in t/e areas covered 4$ cell1 and cell3. &ven i a call was put
t/rou"/6 t/e voice 8ualit$ was 8uite poor. *n addition6 t/e voice was
discontinuous and t/e intererence was stron". T/rou"/ usin" MS to call
a i+ed p/one6 en"ineers ound it was /ard to /ear t/e voice clearl$. On
t/e contrar$6 t/e$ could /ear t/e voice rom t/e i+ed p/one clearl$. T/is
/as proved t/e a4ove anal$sis. T/at is6 t/e intererence mi"/t 4e rom
t/e outside6 or t/e standin" wave pro4lem was occurrin" at t/e antenna
Arom t/is perspective6 it can 4e 7ud"ed t/at t/e intererence e+isted on
t/e uplink onl$B.
!B T/rou"/ usin" antenna eeder anal$zer to perorm on:site test6 en"ineers
ound no pro4lem was e+istin" at an$ @TS. # new repeater was ound in
t/is area6 and it was located two kilometers awa$ rom t/e @TS in t/e
nort/west direction. Moreover6 t/e intererence appeared 7ust w/en t/e
repeater was ena4led. On:site test ound t/at t/e @TS 4ecame normal
state once t/e repeater s/ut down6 and t/e intererence 4ands also
4ecame normal6 so did t/e call. * t/e repeater was ena4led6 /owever6 it
was /ard to make calls and t/e intererence was stron". #t last6 t/e
a"reement to s/ut down t/e repeater was reac/ed. #ter t/at6 t/e
conversation 4ecame normal.
Case ,4 Mi!rowa&e interferen!e
Durin" network maintenance6 t/rou"/ anal$zin" @S( traic statistics6
en"ineers ound t/at t/e call drop rate o t/e cell2 and cell3 o a S2F2F2 @TS
arisen a4ruptl$6 and t/e value even reac/ed 2-H at some time.
1B T/rou"/ c/eckin" @S( traic statistics6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e num4er
o idle T(0s was increasin" at t/e intererence 4ands 3:2 around 893-.
#round 1-9--6 t/e idle T(0s were ound at t/e intererence 4and ! and
intererence 4and 2. #round 229--6 t/e idle T(0s were ound at t/e
intererence 4and 1. T/ereore6 it could 4e 7ud"ed t/at t/e intererence
e+isted.
2B @ecause t/e @TS ran normall$6 t/e pro4lems cannot 4e related to
re8uenc$ plannin".
3B #ccordin" to t/e T1N mana"ement messa"es6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e
intererence e+isted at t/e our 4oards o t/e cell2 and cell3 o t/e @TS.
@ecause t/e pro4a4ilit$ or t/e our 4oards to 4e dama"ed
simultaneousl$ is 8uite small6 t/e T1N pro4lem can 4e e+cluded.
0owever6 one 4oard was c/an"ed in case o a4normal conditions6 4ut t/e
intererence was not eliminated.
!B T/rou"/ c/eckin" all t/e @S( traic statistics data6 en"ineers ound t/at
cells o t/e @TSs near t/e @TS and t/e cells o t/e cell2 and cell3 o t/e
@TS were interered to some e+tent. *n addition6 en"ineers also ound
t/at t/e SD((0s A1% SD((0s in totalB o t/e seriousl$:aected cells
were seized at sometimes. 0owever6 t/e num4er o su4scri4ers
determined t/at t/e pro4a4ilit$ or all t/e SD((0s to 4e seized
simultaneousl$ is 8uite small. T/ereore6 it could 4e 7ud"ed t/at t/e uplink
was interered 4$ outside actors. 0owever6 t/e intererence mi"/t 4e
related to direction onl$.
2B To urt/er position t/e pro4lem6 en"ineers interc/an"ed t/e 7umpers o
cell1 and cell3 at t/e set top. *n t/is case6 t/e intererence was ound at
cell16 4ut t/e intererence was disappearin" rom cell3. T/ereore6 t/e
intererence was not related to c/annel num4er.
%B @ecause t/e intererence was not related to c/annel num4er6 it mi"/t 4e
t/e 4i":power si"nals t/at caused t/e intererence.
'B T/rou"/ usin" t/e spectrum anal$zer to perorm t/e measurement at t/e
output interace o t/e @TS splitter6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e 4i":power
si"nals e+isted at t/e ,-!M0z c/annel num4er Ait /as an interval o 2M
4etween t/e used c/annel num4er. 5or t/e @TS w/ere t/e intererence
was stron"6 t/e si"nal level can reac/ as /i"/ as a4out :22d@m. 5or
ot/er @TSs6 t/e si"nal level was a4out :2-d@m. T/ereore6 it could 4e
7ud"ed t/at it was t/is si"nal t/at aected t/e @TS.
8B T/rou"/ usin" t/e spectrum anal$zer to scan t/e areas near t/e @TS6
en"ineers ound t/at t/ere was a microwave antenna outputtin" 4i":
power at t/e c/annel num4er ,-!.
,B T/e intererence disappeared ater t/e microwave e8uipment was s/ut
down.
8.1.+ Call %rop roblems
5or t/e .SM network6 call drop is usersL ma7or worr$ and t/e call drop rate is
an important inde+ evaluatin" network 8ualit$.
'. Call %rop Resasons and Sol"tions
i; Call drop d"e to !o&era$e reasons
3Reason anal*sis5
Discontinuous covera"e Adead zoneB

5or a sin"le @TS6 t/e 8ualit$ o t/e si"nals at t/e ed"e o t/e station is
8uite poor6 so t/e MS cannot /and over to anot/er cell. *n t/is case6 t/e
call drop occurs.
* t/e landorm o t/e covera"e areas is comple+ or luctuates "reatl$6 or
t/e radio transmission environment is comple+6 t/e si"nals will 4e 4arred.
*n t/is case6 t/e covera"e is discontinuous and call drop will occur.
Poor indoor covera"e

* t/e 4uildin"s in an area are densel$ populated6 t/e si"nal attenuation is
"reat. #nd i t/e walls o t/e 4uildin"s are t/ick6 t/e penetration loss is
"reat and t/e indoor si"nal level is low. *n t/is case6 t/e call drop ma$
easil$ occur.
*solated island eect

2-1!:-2:1! 0;#<&* (onidential Pa"e!!6 Total'3
#s s/own in 5i"ure 1.16 t/e service cell orms an isolated island due to
various reasons Aor e+ample6 t/e power is too "reatB. *n t/is case6 t/e
MS still seizes t/e si"nals o t/e service cell # ater movin" to cell (6 4ut
t/e cell # does not deine t/e nei"/4or cell (. #t t/is time6 i t/e MS still
perorms t/e /andover accordin" to t/e nei"/4or cell @ provided 4$
nei"/4or cell #6 it cannot ind a suita4le cell. *n t/is case6 t/e call drop will
occur.
#i$"re 1.1 (all drop caused 4$ lar"e covera"e
Small covera"e
* t/e covera"e is too small6 t/e /ardware e8uipment o a cell ma$ ail.
5or e+ample6 t/e antenna is 4arred or t/e T1N ailure occurs At/e power
ampliier partB.
3<"d$ment methods5
5irst $ou s/ould ind out t/e areas w/ere t/e covera"e is inade8uate
accordin" to user complaints6 and t/en $ou s/ould perorm t/e drive test in a
lar"er scope to c/eck i t/e si"nal level and t/e /andover are normal and i
t/e call drop e+ists. *n addition6 $ou can emplo$ t/e traic statistics recorded
at t/e OM( to c/eck t/e @S( overall call drop rate and ind out t/e cell wit/
"reat call drop rate. 5urt/ermore6 $ou can still make t/e anal$sis and
7ud"ment 4$ reerrin" to ot/er traic statistics items. 0ereunder lists some
ones9
Power control perormance measurement Ato c/eck i t/e mean uplink

and downlink si"nal stren"t/ is too lowB
1+lev perormance measurement Ato c/eck i t/e ratio o t/e low 1+lev is
too "reatB
(ell perormance measurementFinter:cell /andover perormance

measurement Ato c/eck i t/e level class and t/e mean 1+lev are too lowB
(all drop perormance measurement Ato c/eck i t/e si"nal level is too
low durin" call drop and i t/e T# value is normal 4eore call dropB
Deined nei"/4or cell perormance measurement Ato position t/e cell wit/
low mean si"nal levelB
;ndeined nei"/4or cell perormance measurement Ato c/eck i t/e

undeined nei"/4or cells wit/ /i"/ si"nal level e+istB
Power control perormance measurement Ato measure t/e "reatest T#

value 4etween t/e MS and @TSB
3Sol"tions5
1B (/eck t/e areas w/ere t/e covera"e is inade8uate
=ou can ind out t/e area w/ere t/e covera"e is inade8uate t/rou"/ drive
test. 5or an isolated @TS or t/e @TSs installed in mountain areas t/at
cannot orm seamless covera"e6 $ou can add @TSs to t/ese areas or
seamless covera"e. Or $ou can improve t/e covera"e t/rou"/ ot/er
means. 5or e+ample6 $ou can en/ance t/e ma+imum transmit power o
t/e @TS6 c/an"e t/e antenna azimut/ an"le6 c/an"e t/e antenna tilt6
c/an"e t/e antenna /ei"/t6 and so on. *n addition6 $ou s/ould also
anal$ze i t/e call drop is caused 4$ landorms. .enerall$6 call drop can
easil$ occur at tunnels6 4i" s/oppin" market6 under"round railwa$
entrance6 under"round parkin" lot6 and low:l$in" places. *n t/is case6 $ou
can use t/e micro cell to solve t/e covera"e pro4lem.
2B &nsure indoor call 8ualit$
To ensure indoor call 8ualit$6 $ou s/ould make sure t/at t/e outdoor
si"nals are stron" enou"/. To stren"t/ t/e outdoor si"nals6 $ou can
increase t/e ma+imum @TS transmit power6 c/an"e t/e antenna azimut/
an"le6 c/an"e t/e antenna tilt an"le6 and c/an"e t/e antenna /ei"/t6 and
so on. * t/e indoor call 8ualit$ is still not improved remarka4l$6 $ou can
consider addin" @TSs. 5or improvin" t/e indoor covera"e o oice
4uildin"s and /otels6 $ou can consider usin" t/e indoor antenna
distri4ution s$stem.
3B 5or t/e cells /avin" no nei"/4or cells6 $ou can coni"ure t/e nei"/4or
cells or t/e cell so as to reduce t/e call drop rate. To eliminate t/e
isolation island eect6 $ou can reduce t/e tilt an"le o t/e @TS.
!B &liminate /ardware pro4lems
=ou can c/eck i t/ere are /ardware pro4lems and i t/e covera"e area is too
small t/rou"/ drive test. * t/e call drop rate o a cell arises dramaticall$ 4ut all
ot/er inde+es are normal6 $ou s/ould c/eck i t/e nei"/4or cells o t/is cell
work normall$. A.enerall$6 t/e downlink pro4lems ma$ occur. 5or e+ample6
T1N pro4lem6 diversit$ unit pro4lem6 and antenna pro4lem are commonl$
2-1!:-2:1! 0;#<&* (onidential Pa"e!%6 Total'3
seen. * t/e uplink ails6 t/e out"oin" /andover ailure rate o t/e old cell will
4e /i"/.B
ii; Call drop d"e to hando&er reasons
3Reason anal*sis5
*rrational parameter coni"uration

* t/e si"nal level at t/e cross:area o two cells is 8uite low6 t/e level o t/e
/andover candidate cell is too low6 and i t/e /andover t/res/old is too
low6 some MSs will /and over to t/e nei"/4or cell w/en t/e si"nal level o
t/e nei"/4or cell is /i"/er t/an t/at o t/e service cell. * t/e si"nal level o
t/e nei"/4or cell deteriorates dramaticall$ 7ust ater t/e /andover6 t/e call
drop will occur i no suita4le cell is availa4le or t/e /andover.
*ncomplete nei"/4or cell deinition

* t/e nei"/4or cell deinition is incomplete6 t/e MS will /old t/e
conversation in t/e e+istin" cells until it moves 4e$ond t/e ed"es o t/e
cell 4ut cannot /and over to a stron"er cell. *n t/is case6 t/e call drop will
occur.
Nei"/4or cells wit/ same @((0 and same @S*( e+ist.
Traic con"estion
* t/e traic is un4alance6 no T(0 will 4e availa4le in t/e tar"et cell. *n t/is
case6 t/e /andover ailure will occur.
@TS clock lost s$nc/ronization

* t/e @TS lost s$nc/ronization6 t/e re8uenc$ oset will "o 4e$ond t/e
re8uirement. *n t/is case6 t/e call drop will occur i /andover ails.
T31-3 e+pir$
T/e T31-3 will 4e started w/en t/e network sends a /andover command.
;pon t/e reception o t/e messa"e to complete t/e /andover or t/e messa"e
to remove t/e command6 t/e T31-3 will stop. T31-3 is used to /old t/e
c/annel lon" enou"/ or t/e MS to return to t/e old c/annel. * t/e T31-3 is
set to a too small value6 t/e MS cannot necessaril$ return to t/e old c/annel.
*n t/is case6 call drop ma$ occur durin" /andover.
3<"d$ment methods5
=ou can 7ud"e i t/e cells wit/ low /andover success rate6 re8uent re:
esta4lis/ment ailures6 and /i"/ call drop rate t/rou"/ anal$zin" traic
statistics inde+es. #ter t/e 7ud"ment6 $ou can ind out w/at causes t/e
/andover. 5or e+ample6 t/e uplink and downlink 1+lev can cause t/e
/andover> t/e uplink and downlink 1+8ual can cause t/e /andover> power
2-1!:-2:1! 0;#<&* (onidential Pa"e!'6 Total'3
4ud"et can cause /andover> call direct retr$ can cause /andover> and also
/andover can 4e initiated 4$ traic reasons.
To c/eck i t/e @TS clock runs normall$6 $ou can c/eck i t/e an$ alarm is
"enerated or t/e @TS clock. * necessar$6 $ou must correct t/e @TS clock to
eliminate clock pro4lem. =ou can c/eck i t/ere is /andover pro4lem t/rou"/
drive test. * t/ere is a pro4lem cell6 $ou s/ould perorm drive near t/e cell or
several times. 0ereunder lists t/e inde+es concernin" call drop9
*nter:cell /andover perormance measurement Are8uent /andover

ailures6 re8uent re:esta4lis/ment ailuresB
*nter:cell /andover perormance measurement Are8uent /andovers6 /i"/

re:esta4lis/ment rateB
;ndeined nei"/4or cell perormance measurement At/e undeined

nei"/4or cell level and t/e num4er o measurement report "o 4e$ond t/e
standardB
Out"oin" cell /andover perormance measurement Aind out t/e reasons

or low out"oin" cell /andover rom t/e /andover tar"et cellB
3ow incomin" cell /andover success rate> t/e cell /andover parameters
are improperl$ set> t/e tar"et cell is con"ested.
T(0 perormance measurement At/e /andover times are not proportional

to t/e T(0 call seizure successes> t/e /andover /appens too re8uentB
3Sol"tion5
1B (/eck t/e parameters aectin" t/e /andover. 5or e+ample6 $ou can
c/eck t/e /ierarc/ical and level settin"6 eac/ /andover t/res/old6 eac/
/andover /$steresis6 /andover time6 /andover duration6 t/e minimum
access level o t/e /andover candidate cell6 and so on.
2B * t/e call drop is caused 4$ un4alance traic volume or i t/e call drop
occurs due to no /andover c/annel is availa4le at t/e tar"et @TS6 $ou
can solve t/e pro4lem 4$ ad7ustin" t/e traic volume. 5or e+ample6 $ou
can ad7ust t/e pro7ect parameters6 suc/ as antenna tilt and antenna
azimut/ an"le6 to control t/e covera"e scope o a cell. To 4alance t/e
traic volume6 $ou can use (1O to "uide t/e MS to camp on ot/er idle
cells6 or $ou can set t/e /ierarc/ical and level priorit$ to "uide t/e MS to
/and over to t/e idle cell. *n addition6 $ou can solve t/e pro4lem 4$
e+pandin" t/e T1N directl$.
3B (ali4rate t/e pro4lem @TS clock to ena4le t/e s$nc/ronization o t/e
clock.
iii; Call drop d"e to interferen!e reasons
3Reason anal*sis5
* t/e MS receives stron" same:re8uenc$ intererence si"nals or stron"
nei"/4or re8uenc$ intererence si"nals in t/e service cell6 t/e 4it error rate
will deteriorate. *n t/is case6 t/e MS cannot demodulate t/e @S*( code o t/e
nei"/4or cells accuratel$6 or it cannot receive t/e measurement report rom
t/e MS correctl$. #s a result6 t/e conversation will 4e interered6 t/e call
8ualit$ will 4ecome poor6 and call drop will occur.
3<"d$ment methods5
T/e intererence ma$ 4e rom t/e network itsel or t/e outside network6 or it
ma$ e+ist in t/e uplink si"nals or downlink si"nals. T/e ollowin" met/ods can
4e used to position t/e intererence.
5ind out t/e cells mi"/t 4e interered t/rou"/ c/eckin" traic statistics.
Perorm t/e call drive test or t/e areas t/at mi"/t 4e interered and
c/eck t/e uplink and downlink intererence accordin" to user complaint.
=ou can ind out i t/ere is a place w/ere t/e si"nal is stron" 4ut t/e call
8ualit$ is poor t/rou"/ drive test tools. *n addition6 $ou can use a test MS
to perorm dialin" test to c/eck i a c/annel num4er is interered.
(/eck t/e re8uenc$ plannin" to see i same:re8uenc$ intererence and

nei"/4or re8uenc$ intererence occur in t/e area w/ere t/e re8uenc$ is
improperl$ planned.
#d7ust t/e c/annel num4ers t/at mi"/t 4e interered to see i t/e

intererence can 4e avoided or reduced.
&+clude t/e intererence caused 4$ e8uipment.
* t/e previous met/ods ail to eliminate t/e intererence6 $ou can use t/e
spectrum anal$zer to scan t/e re8uencies to ind out t/e interered
c/annel num4er and t/e intererence source.
0ereunder lists several traic statistics inde+es used or intererence anal$sis9
*ntererence 4and
=ou can c/eck t/e uplink intererence t/rou"/ anal$zin" t/e intererence
4and in t/e traic statistics. * an idle c/annel appears at t/e intererence
4ands 3:26 t/e intererence is present. * it is intra:network intererence6 it
will increase as t/e traic volume "rows. .enerall$6 i it is outside
intererence6 it is not related to traic volume. *t must 4e pointed out t/at
t/e intererence 4ands are reported to t/e @S( 4$ t/e @TS T1N c/annel
Aw/en in idle modeB t/rou"/ 15 resource indication messa"es. * t/e
current c/annel is 4us$ and cannot report 15 resource indication
messa"e6 $ou must consider t/e traic volume or t/e measurin" t/e
intererence 4ands.
1+lev perormance measurement

2-1!:-2:1! 0;#<&* (onidential Pa"e!,6 Total'3
T/e 1+lev perormance measurement provides t/e matri+ relations/ip
4etween t/e si"nal level and 8ualit$. * t/e si"nal level is /i"/ 4ut t/e
8ualit$ is poor6 it means t/at t/e intererence Asame:re8uenc$
intererence6 intra:re8uenc$ intererence6 and outside intererenceB is
present at t/e c/annel num4ers o t/e T1N 4oard.
Poor 8ualit$ /andover ratio

T/e cell perormance measurement6 inter:cell /andover perormance
measurement6 or t/e out"oin" cell /andover perormance measurement
records t/e out"oin" /andover attempt times. * t/e re8uent /andover is
caused 4$ poor si"nal 8ualit$6 it means t/at t/e intererence is present.
1+8ual perormance measurement

*t is related to t/e mean 1+lev and 1+8ual durin" call drop.
(all drop perormance measurement

*t records t/e mean 1+lev and 1+8ual durin" call drop.
5re8uent /andover ailures and re8uent re:esta4lis/ment ailures

*t means t/at t/e intererence ma$ 4e present in t/e tar"et cell.
3Sol"tions5
1B (/eck t/e interered road and t/e distri4ution o si"nal 8ualit$ t/rou"/
dive test. #s ar as t/e actual conditions are concerned6 $ou can ad7ust
t/e @TS transmit power and antenna tilt o t/e related cells or ad7ust t/e
c/annel num4er plannin" to avoid t/e intererence.
2B ;se DTN tec/nolo"$6 re8uenc$ /oppin" tec/nolo"$6 power control6 and
diversit$ tec/nolo"$
T/ese tec/nolo"ies can 4e used to reduce t/e s$stem noise and en/ance
anti:intererence capacit$ o t/e s$stem. DTN is divided into uplink DTN
and downlink DTN. *n t/is case6 t/e transmit time can 4e reduced and t/e
intererence level o t/e s$stem can also 4e reduced. 0owever6 $ou
s/ould ad7ust t/e DTN accordin" to t/e actual radio environment and t/e
nei"/4or cell relations/ip. </en si"nals received 4$ t/e MS are poor6 t/e
use o t/e DTN will result in call drop. * t/e downlink DTN is ena4led6 t/e
@TS will increase its transmit power ater t/e call is esta4lis/ed. Durin"
t/e conversation6 /owever6 t/e @TS will reduce its transmit power. *n t/is
case6 t/e intererence a"ainst ot/er @TSs will 4e reduced. * t/e
intererence is present near t/e @TS6 t/e downlink DTN will deteriorate
t/e conversation 8ualit$. </en t/e @TS reduces its transmit power6 t/e
conversation 8ualit$ will decrease or t/e call drop ma$ even occur in t/e
areas w/ere t/e 1+lev is low 4ut t/e intererence si"nal is stron".
3B Solve t/e e8uipment pro4lems6 suc/ as t/e sel:e+citation o T1N 4oards
and t/e antenna demodulation intererence.
!B &+clude t/e outside intererence.
i&; Call drop d"e to antenna feeder reasons
3Reason anal*sis5
&n"ineerin" pro4lem ma$ 4e one o t/e reasons. 5or e+ample6 i t/e

transmit antennas 4etween two cells are inversel$ connected6 t/e level o
t/e uplink si"nal will 4e ar poorer t/an t/at o t/e downlink si"nal. *n t/is
case6 t/e call drop6 one:wa$ audio6 and call diicult$ will 4e ound in t/e
areas ar awa$ rom t/e 4ase station.
* polarization antennas are used6 a cell /ad two sets o antennas. * t/e
tilt an"les o t/e two antennas are inconsistent wit/ eac/ ot/er6 t/e call
drop will occur.
* a directional cell /as a master antenna and a diversit$ antenna6 t/e
@((0 and t/e SD((0 o t/e cell ma$ 4e transmitted t/rou"/ t/e two
antennas respectivel$. * t/e tilt an"les o t/e two antennas are dierent6
t/e covera"e scope o t/e two antennas will 4e dierent. *n t/is case6 t/e
MS can receive @((0 si"nals 4ut cannot seize t/e SD((0 w/en startin"
a call. T/us t/e call drop is resulted.
* t/e azimut/ an"les o t/e two antennas are inconsistent wit/ eac/
ot/er6 call drop ma$ also occur. T/at is6 t/e MS can receive t/e SD((0
si"nals6 4ut it ma$ 4e assi"ned wit/ t/e T(0. *n t/is case6 t/e call drop
will occur.
T/e pro4lems concernin" antenna eeder will also cause call drop. 5or
e+ample6 i t/e antenna is dama"ed6 or water penetrates into t/e
antenna6 or connector pro4lem is present6 t/e transmitter power and t/e
receiver sensitivit$ will decrease. *n t/is case6 t/e call drop will occur. To
conirm t/e pro4lem6 $ou can c/eck t/e standin" wave ratio.
1B (/eck i an$ alarm concernin" t/e com4iner6 (D;6 tower ampliier6 and
standin" wave is "enerated and c/eck i t/e @TS 4oards are normal in
t/e OM(.
2B #nal$ze i t/e pat/ 4alance is realized accordin" to traic statistics.
3B 5urt/er anal$ze i t/e pat/ 4alance is realized t/rou"/ monitorin" t/e
messa"es sent across t/e #4is interace.
!B Perorm drive test and dialin" test. Durin" drive test6 $ou can c/eck i t/e
@((0 num4ers o t/e service cell are consistent wit/ t/e planned ones6
namel$6 i t/e transmit antenna o t/e antenna is correctl$ installed.
2B (/eck and test t/e on:site @TSs. 0ere t/e installation o t/e azimut/
an"le and t/e tilt an"le o t/e antenna must 4e c/ecked. *n addition6 $ou
s/ould also c/eck i t/e eeder and 7umper are correctl$ connected6 i
t/ere is connector pro4lem6 and i t/e eeder is dama"ed. 5urt/ermore6
$ou must still c/eck i t/e standin" wave is normal.
%B Qud"e i it is @TS /ardware t/at causes pat/ un4alance and call drop. To
solve /ardware pro4lem6 $ou can eit/er c/an"e t/e components t/at ma$
/ave pro4lems or disa4le ot/er T1Ns in t/e cell. To ind out t/e pro4lem
T1N6 $ou can position t/e pro4lem t/rou"/ dialin" test. Once a pro4lem
/ardware component is ound6 $ou must replace it wit/ a sound one. * no
sound one is availa4le6 $ou must s/ut down t/e pro4lem /ardware
component to prevent it rom aectin" network 8ualit$.
0ereunder lists several traic statistics items or pat/ 4alance anal$sis9
Pat/ 4alance measurement Ato anal$ze i t/e pat/ 4alance is realizedB
(all drop perormance measurement Ato anal$ze t/e uplink and downlink
level and 8ualit$ durin" call dropB
Power control perormance measurement Ato anal$ze mean 1+lev on t/e

uplink and downlinkB
&; Call drop d"e to transmission reasons
* t/e transmission 8ualit$ across t/e #4is interace and #:interace ma$ 4e
not "ood and sta4le6 call drop ma$ occur. T/e ollowin" met/ods can 4e used
to solve t/e pro4lem9
1B (/eck t/e transmission alarm and 4oard alarm and anal$ze i t/ere is
transmission intermittent and 4oard ailure.
2B (/eck t/e transmission c/annel6 test t/e 4it error rate6 c/eck 2M
connectors6 and c/eck i t/e e8uipment "roundin" is rational to ensure
sta4le transmission 8ualit$ and reduce call drop rate.
3B (/eck t/e traic statistics to see i t/e re8uent call drop is caused 4$
transmission pro4lems. &speciall$ $ou s/ould c/eck T(0 perormance
measurement6 4ecause it can indicate i t/e #:interace ailures durin"
T(0 seizure is normal6 i t/e T(0 utilization is normal6 and i t/e "round
link call drop times are "reat.
&i; Call drop d"e to parameter reasons
0ere $ou s/ould ocus on c/eckin" i t/e parameters related to call drop are
irrationall$ set. * t/e ollowin" parameters are not irrationall$ set6 t/e call drop
ma$ 4e resulted.
1adio link ailure counter

T/is parameter acts on t/e downlink. </en t/e MS ails to decode t/e
S#((06 it will use t/is parameter to decide w/en to disconnect t/e call. *
t/is parameter is set to a too small value6 t/e radio link ailures will easil$
occur and cause call drop. 5or dead zones or t/e areas w/ere t/e call
drop re8uentl$ /appens6 $ou are recommended to set t/is parameter to a
"reater value.
</en c/an"in" t/e radio link ailure counter6 $ou s/ould c/an"e t/e
correspondin" T31-,. T/e T31-, must 4e set to a value "reat enou"/ or
t/e MS to detect a radio link ailure. 5or e+ample6 i t/e value o t/e radio
link ailure counter is 1% Aa4out 8 secondsB6 t/e value o T31-, must 4e
"reater t/an 8 seconds A$ou can set T31-, to , seconds or 1- secondsB.
S#((0 multirame num4er

T/is parameter acts on t/e uplink. T/e @TS uses t/is parameter to noti$
t/e radio link connection ailure messa"e to @SS. T/e @SS side 7ud"es
t/e radio link ailure accordin" to t/e 4it error rate on t/e uplink S#((0. *
t/is parameter is set to a too small value6 t/e radio link ailure will /appen
re8uentl$ and t/e call drop rate will 4e resulted.
#ccess control parameters

T/e access control parameters include t/e Minimum 1#(0 1+lev6 1#(0
4us$ t/res/old6 and so on. * t/e access control parameters are
irrationall$ set6 t/e call drop will 4e easil$ resulted.
T31-16 T31-'
T31-1 is started w/en t/e @S( sends a (0#NN&3 #(T*?#T& messa"e
to t/e @TS. *t stops w/en an &ST#@3*S0 *ND*(#T*ON messa"e is
received. T/is timer monitors t/e immediate assi"nment procedure. *
T31-1 e+pires6 t/e allocated c/annels will 4e removed.
T31-' is started w/en t/e @S( sends an #SS*.NM&NT (OMM#ND
messa"e to t/e @TS. Once t/e @S( receives t/e #SS*.NM&NT
(OMP3&T& messa"e rom t/e @TS6 t/is timer will reset. T31-' is used
to /old t/e c/annels lon" enou"/ so t/at t/e MS can return to t/e old
c/annel. Or it can also 4e used 4$ t/e MS to release a c/annel.
* t/e two timers are set to a too small value6 t/e s$stem will not /ave
enou"/ time to send t/e #SS*.NM&NT (OMP3&T& messa"e to t/e
@S(. *n t/is case6 t/e call drop will occur i t/e timer e+pires.
T2--> N2--
T2-- is an important timer used or t/e 3#PDm A3ink #ccess Procedure
on t/e Dm c/annelB. *t prevents t/e deadlock rom occurrin" w/en t/e
data is transerred across t/e data link la$er. *n .SM s$stem6 t/e
messa"es transerred across radio interaces can 4e divided into two
t$pes9 t/e messa"es needin" opposite acknowled"ement and t/e
messa"es not needin" opposite acknowled"ement.
5or t/e messa"es needin" opposite acknowled"ement6 a T2-- must 4e
started once t/e messa"e is sent. * t/e opposite acknowled"ement is not
received ater a period o time6 t/e messa"e s/ould 4e retransmitted. *n
t/is case6 t/e timer must 4e restarted. * t/e retransmission times e+ceed
t/e ma+imum allowed times6 t/e messa"e will no lon"er 4e retransmitted
and t/e link will 4e released. T/at is6 t/is call drops. N2-- is t/e
ma+imum retransmission times allowed. T2-- and N2-- /ave dierent
t$pes dependin" on c/annel t$pes AT(0 ull rate6 T(0 /al rate6 and
SD((0B and service t$pes Asi"nalin" and messa"esB. T/e "iven c/annel
t$pe and service t$pe matc/es a pair o T2-- and N2--.
T/e call drop rate can 4e reduced i t/e messa"e is retransmitted as earl$
as possi4le 4eore t/e opposite acknowled"ement is received. T/at is6
t/e value o T2-- must 4e set as small as possi4le and t/e value o N2--
must 4e set as "reat as possi4le. 0owever6 t/e T2-- cannot 4e set to a
too small value and t/e N2-- cannot 4e set to a too lar"e value. * t/e
opposite part$ /as acknowled"ed t/at t/e link /ad 4een removed6 t/e
retransmission will make nonsense.
T/ereore6 to reduce t/e call drop rate6 $ou can ad7ust t/e T2-- and N2--
accordin" to actual radio conditions.
''. Call %rop Cases
Case 14 Call drop !a"sed b* fre="en!* hoppin$ !ollision
3roblem anal*sis5
# @TS uses 1 + 3 15 re8uenc$ /oppin". #ter capacit$ e+pansion6 t/e T(0
allocation ailure rate is still /i"/ due to radio link pro4lems. *n addition6 t/e
T(0 call drop rate and incomin" /andover ailure rate are /i"/. T/e SD((0
call drop rate is normal.
@ecause /i"/ call drop rate and /i"/ incomin" /andover ailure rate come
to"et/er wit/ t/e T(0 allocation rate6 it can 4e 7ud"ed t/at t/e pro4lem ma$
arise durin" T(0 assi"nment or t/e c/annel num4ers or timeslots seized 4$
t/e call are interered or unsta4le. @ecause t/e SD((0 call drop rate is
normal6 it can 4e 7ud"ed t/at t/e pro4a4ilit$ or t/e @((0 carriers and @((0
num4ers to t/e interered are small6 4ut t/e non:@((0 carriers and non:
@((0 num4ers ma$ 4e "reatl$ interered.
T/rou"/ c/eckin" t/e /ardware6 antenna eeder6 and transmission6 en"ineers
ound no pro4lem. #ccordin" to drive test6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e si"nal
level was /i"/ 4ut t/e 8ualit$ was poor. T/rou"/ on:site dialin" test6
en"ineers ound t/at t/e conversation 8ualit$ was poor. T/rou"/ c/eckin"
en"ineerin" parameters6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e M#*O o t/e new carrier
was t/e same as t/at o t/e old carrier. T/ereore6 it can 4e 7ud"ed t/at t/e
call drop was caused 4$ t/e re8uenc$ /oppin" collision. #ter modi$in" t/e
M#*O6 en"ineers ound t/at call drop rate 4ecame normal.
Case 24 Call drop !a"sed b* isolated island effe!t
;sers complained t/at call drop alwa$s occurred a4ove t/e it/ loor o a
4uildin".
3roblem anal*sis5
1B T/rou"/ on:site test6 en"ineers ound t/at call drop and noise e+isted
/ere. #s ar as t/e test MS was concerned6 it was alwa$s in t/e service
area o t/e ot/er @TS A/ereunder called @TS @B ot/er t/an t/e local @TS
A/ereunder called @TS (B 4eore t/e call drop.
2B *t is estimated t/at t/e service cell 4elon"s to @TS @6 w/ic/ is 3:!
kilometers awa$ rom t/e 4uildin". T/ereore6 it can 4e 7ud"ed t/at t/e
si"nals rom t/e @TS @ are relected si"nals. #s a result6 an area similar
to an isolated island is ormed.
3B T/rou"/ c/eckin" data coni"uration6 en"ineers ound t/at onl$ t/e cell 2
o @TS # /as t/e nei"/4or cell relations/ip wit/ @TS @. T/ereore6 w/en
t/e MS is usin" t/e si"nals in cell 2 o t/e @TS @6 i t/e si"nals in cell 3 o
@TS # were stron"6 and i t/e cell 2 o @TS @ /as no nei"/4or cell
relations/ip wit/ t/e cell 3 o t/e @TS #6 t/e /andover cannot 4e
perormed.
T/e si"nals rom t/e cell 2 o @TS @ are relected man$ times. T/ereore6
w/en si"nals Arom @TS @B received 4$ t/e MS 4ecame poor dramaticall$6
emer"ent /andover ma$ 4e initiated. *n t/is case6 /owever6 eit/er t/e cell
2 or cell 3 o t/e @TS # is not an ideal candidate cell or t/e cell 2 o @TS
@. #s a result6 t/e MS ma$ /and over to ot/er @TS A/ereunder called @TS
(B6 4ut t/e MS cannot receive t/e si"nals rom @TS (. T/ereore6 call
drop occurs.
3Sol"tion5
=ou are recommended to c/an"e t/e data in t/e @#1 A@((0B list6 @#2
AS#((0B list6 and nei"/4or cell relations/ip list. 5or e+ample6 $ou can
coni"ure t/e cell 3 o @TS # as t/e nei"/4or cell o cell 2 o @TS @. To
eliminate t/e isolated island eect6 $ou s/ould also urt/er optimize t/e
en"ineerin" parameters. #ter t/at6 t/e call drop pro4lem can 4e solved.
Case +4 Red"!e !all drop rate thro"$h optimizin$ hando&er parameters
T/e drive test in an area ound t/at t/e call drop rate at a cave near t/e @TS
/i"/ 4ecause t/e /andover cannot 4e perormed in due time.
T/e cave is near t/e @TS. T/e si"nal level o t/e tar"et cell is a4out :8-d@m
in t/e cave6 4ut t/e si"nal level o t/e old cell drops 4elow :1--d@m. T/e
downlink power o t/e two cells outside t/e cave is "ood6 so t/e /andover
cannot 4e initiated. 0owever6 t/e si"nal level deteriorates dramaticall$ in t/e
cave6 so t/e call drop occurs 4eore t/e measurement time is arrivin".
To reduce t/e call drop rate6 $ou can optimize and ad7ust t/e /andover
parameters9
1B * no pin":pon" /andover is present and t/e conversation is continuous6
$ou can make t/e P@.T /andover /appen as easil$ as possi4le.
2B Set t/e t/res/old to tri""er t/e emer"ent /andover rationall$ so t/at t/e
emer"ent /andover can 4e tri""ered 4eore call drop.
5or t/e parameter modiication6 see
Table 1.1 0andover parameter optimization
Parameter Name @eore
Modiication
#ter Modiication
P@.T /andover measurement time 2 3
P@.T /andover duration ! 2
P@.T /andover t/res/old '2 %8
;plink 8ualit$ t/res/old or
emer"ent /andover
'- %-
Minimum downlink power or
/andover candidate cell
1- 12
Case ,4 Call drop !a"sed b* !lo!k problem
T/e cell # o an 18--M0z network /as 4een cutover. #ter t/e esta4lis/ment
o a cell at site @6 t/e calls made in t/e cell /andin" over to t/e .SM,-- M0z
cell t/at s/ares t/e same @TS site drops in t/e .SM,-- M0z cell. #nd t/e
call drop rate is "reat.
&n"ineers ind t/at t/e clock o t/e .SM,-- M0z @TS and t/at o t/e
.SM18-- M0z @TS are as$nc/ronous. </en t/e calls esta4lis/ed on t/e
.SM18-- M0z cell intend to /and over to t/e .SM,-- M0z cell6 t/e drive
test data s/ows t/at t/e 5&1 arises dramaticall$ irst6 and t/en "raduall$
disappears to none. * t/e /andover is rom a .SM,-- M0z cell to a
.SM18-- M0z cell6 t/is p/enomenon is also present. T/rou"/ monitorin"
si"nalin"6 en"ineers ind t/at t/e conversation /eld several seconds 4eore
t/e call drop is 7ust process or call re:esta4lis/ment. 0owever6 t/e test MS
s/ows t/at t/e call /as 4een /anded over to t/e .SM,-- M0z cell.
T/ereore6 it can 4e 7ud"ed t/at t/e clocks are seriousl$ as$nc/ronous. To
solve t/is pro4lem6 t/e carrier concerned and t/e .SM,-- e8uipment
provider cooperate wit/ eac/ ot/er on clock cali4ration. #ter t/at6 t/e
a4normal call drop disappears. T/ereore6 or dual:4and /andover6 t/e clock
o t/e .SM,-- M0z @TS and t/at o t/e .SM18-- M0z @TS must 4e
s$nc/ronous.
8.1., 0ando&er roblems
T/e MS is alwa$s movin" durin" conversation. To ensure c/annel 8ualit$6 t/e
MS must measure t/e 8ualit$ o t/e c/annels o t/e surroundin" c/annels
wit/out stop6 and t/en send t/e measurement report to t/e @S( t/rou"/ t/e
service cell. T/e @S( will perorm radio link control accordin" to t/e si"nal
level and 8ualit$ contained in t/e measurement report. * t/e MS moves to
anot/er cell6 t/e new cell will replace t/e old cell to ensure t/e continuit$ o
t/e service. T/e /andover ena4les eac/ cell to orm a seamless network.
'. 0ando&er roblem ositionin$ Steps
1B 5ind out i t/e pro4lem occurs at an individual cell or all cells and ind out
t/e c/aracteristics o t/e pro4lem cells. 5or e+ample6 i t/e cells are t/e
nei"/4ors cell o a cell6 or i t/e$ are co:@S( cells6 or i t/e$ are co:MS(
cells.
* t/e /andover 4etween two cells ails6 $ou s/ould ocus on c/eckin" i
t/e data o t/e two cells is correctl$ coni"ured. *n addition6 $ou s/ould
also c/eck t/e /ardware o t/e two cells.
* t/e pro4lem is ound in all t/e nei"/4or cells o a cell6 $ou s/ould ocus
on c/eckin" o t/e data o t/is cell is correctl$ coni"ured. *n addition6 $ou
s/ould also c/eck t/e /ardware o t/e cell.
* t/e pro4lem is ound in all t/e cells under t/e same @S(6 $ou s/ould
ocus on c/eckin" t/e data coni"uration 4etween t/e @S( and MS(.
* t/e pro4lem is ound in all t/e cells under t/e same MS(6 t/e
cooperation 4etween t/e local e+c/an"e and t/e opposite e+c/an"e ma$
ail. 5or e+ample6 t/e si"nalin" is incompati4le and t/e timer settin" is
irrational.
2B (/eck i t/e data /as 4een modiied 4eore /andover pro4lems occur.
* t/e pro4lem is ound in an individual cell6 $ou s/ould ocus on c/eckin"
i t/e data coni"uration or t/is cell /as 4een modiied.
* t/e pro4lem is ound in all t/e cells under t/e same @S(6 $ou s/ould
ocus on c/eckin" t/e data coni"uration or t/e local @S( and t/e
opposite MS( /as 4een modiied.
* t/e pro4lem is ound in t/e cells under t/e same MS(6 $ou s/ould
c/eck i t/e data coni"uration or t/e opposite MS( /as 4een modiied.
3B (/eck i it is t/e /ardware ailure t/at causes t/e /andover pro4lem.
!B 1e"ister t/e related traic statistics items6 suc/ as t/e /andover
perormance measurement and T(0 perormance measurement.
(/eck i t/e T(0 seizure o t/e pro4lem cell is normal. 5or

e+ample6 i t/e call drop rate is /i"/.
(/eck i t/e out"oin" /andover success rate is normal.
5ind out t/e causes or t/e /andover ailure.
(/eck i t/e radio /andover success rate is normal.

2B Perorm drive test or t/e pro4lem cell and anal$ze t/e drive test
si"nalin".
(/eck i t/e uplink and downlink o t/e pro4lem cells are 4alanced6
4ecause un4alanced pat/ ma$ cause /andover pro4lem A@TS
pro4lem ma$ cause t/e un4alanceB.
(/eck i t/e measurement report or t/e pro4lem cell contains

correct nei"/4or cell list.
(/eck i a call can /and over rom a pro4lem cell to a nei"/4or cell
correctl$ and c/eck i it can /and over rom a nei"/4or cell to t/e
pro4lem cell.
#nal$ze i t/e si"nalin" procedure or t/e /andover is normal.

''. 0ando&er roblem )nal*sis Methods
i; 0ando&er !annot be initiated
* t/e MS is in a cell w/ere t/e si"nal is poor6 it cannot /and over to anot/er
cell. *n t/is case6 $ou s/ould consider o t/e /andover conditions are met and
i t/ere is an out"oin" cell availa4le.
0ereunder details t/e possi4le reasons9
T/e /andover t/res/old is set to a low value

5or ed"e /andover6 t/e /andover tri""erin" condition is t/at t/e 1+lev
must 4e smaller t/an t/e /andover t/res/old. * t/e ed"e /andover
t/res/old is set to a too small value6 t/e si"nal level o t/e nei"/4or cells
will 4e ar /i"/er t/an t/at o t/e service cell. *n t/is case6 t/e /andover
cannot 4e initiated. #s a result6 t/e conversation 8ualit$ will 4e aected6
or even t/e call drop will 4e resulted. T/e settin" o t/e /andover
t/res/old depends on t/e covera"e scope o t/e cell. =ou can c/an"e t/e
size o t/e service area o t/e cell t/rou"/ c/an"in" t/e /andover
t/res/old.
Nei"/4or cell relations/ip is not set

T/ou"/ t/e si"nal level in t/e nei"/4or cells o t/e service cell is /i"/6 t/e
MS will not report t/e nei"/4or cells i t/e nei"/4or cell relations/ip is not
set. *n t/is case6 t/e MS cannot /and over to a nei"/4or cell. T/rou"/
perormin" cell reselection or dialin" test6 $ou can c/eck t/e nei"/4or cell
list reported 4$ t/e MS. * t/e MS /as moved to t/e ma7or lo4e o a cell
4ut t/is cell is not ound in t/e nei"/4or cell list6 $ou s/ould c/eck i t/e
correct nei"/4or cell relations/ip /as 4een correctl$ set. Durin" t/e drive
test6 $ou can use anot/er MS to scan t/e @((0 num4ers to c/eck i t/e
stron" @((0 num4ers are in t/e service cell or in t/e nei"/4or cell list.
0andover /$steresis is irrationall$ set

* t/e dierence 4etween t/e si"nal level o t/e /andover candidate cell
and t/at o t/e service cell is "reater t/an /andover /$steresis6 t/e cell
can work as a tar"et cell. * t/e /$steresis is set to a too "reat value6 t/e
/andover is /ard to 4e initiated.
T/e 4est measurement time ONP and OPP are irrationall$ set
Durin" normal /andover6 t/e MS uses N:P rules to list t/e /andover
candidate cells in a certain order. * a candidate cell is t/e 4est cell wit/in
P seconds out o N seconds6 it will 4e treated as t/e 4est cell.
</en t/ere are two cells 4ecome t/e 4est cell alternatel$6 t/e MS ma$
ind it /ard to select a 4est cell t/rou"/ N:P rule6 w/ic/ makes t/e
/andover diicult. *n t/is case6 $ou can ad7ust t/e values o N and P and
reduce t/e measurement time to make t/e /andover decision more
sensitive to level c/an"e.
* t/e landorm and t/e "round o47ects o t/e service cell are 8uite
complicated6 t/e si"nals received 4$ t/e movin" MS will luctuate "reatl$.
*n t/is case6 t/e /andover candidate cell cannot meet N:P rule6 w/ic/ will
make t/e /andover diicult.
ii; 0ando&er problem !a"sed b* hardware fail"re
* t/e data coni"uration or t/e pro4lem cell and t/e nei"/4or cells /as
not 4een modiied recentl$ 4ut t/e /andover pro4lems occur a4ruptl$6 $ou
s/ould irst consider i t/e pro4lems are caused 4$ @TS /ardware
e8uipment.
* t/e cells s/arin" t/e same 4ase station wit/ t/e cell /ave similar
pro4lem6 $ou s/ould consider i t/e pro4lem is caused 4$ t/e common
/ardware o t/e cells.
* t/e pro4lem is ound in onl$ one cell under t/e 4ase station6 $ou s/ould
consider i it is t/e /ardware o t/is cell t/at causes t/e pro4lem. 5or
e+ample6 i some o t/e carriers are dama"ed. To test t/e pro4lems o t/is
kind6 $ou can disa4le some o t/e carriers. * t/e /andover success rate
returns to normal state ater a carrier is disa4led6 $ou can c/eck i t/e
pro4lem is present at t/is carrier or i t/e (D; and antenna eeder part
related to t/is carrier ails. * si"nals o a cell on t/e uplink and downlink
are seriousl$ un4alanced6 re8uent /andover will 4e caused and t/e
/andover success rate will decrease.
To c/eck i t/e si"nalin" low o t/e cell is normal and i t/e uplink 1+8ual
and downlink 1+8ual are "ood6 $ou can monitor t/e messa"es sent
across t/e #4is interace. * t/e 1+8ual is poor6 it means t/at t/e /ardware
e8uipment o t/e ails or serious intererence is present in t/e cell. *n t/is
case6 t/e si"nalin" e+c/an"e is unavaila4le and t/e /andover pro4lem
will occur.
iii; 0ando&er problem !a"sed b* irrational data !onfi$"ration
5or stand:alone networkin" mode6 i t/e out"oin" MS( or incomin" MS(

2-1!:-2:1! 0;#<&* (onidential Pa"e%-6 Total'3
/andover is a4normal6 $ou s/ould c/eck i t/e si"nalin" cooperation o
t/e two MS(s is correct. *n addition6 $ou s/ould also c/eck i t/e data
coni"uration or t/e opposite MS( and t/e local MS( /as 4een modiied
recentl$.
5or co:MS( networkin" mode6 i t/e /andover is perormed wit/in t/e

@S(s o dierent providers and t/e inter:@S( /andover is a4normal6 $ou
s/ould irst c/eck i t/e si"nalin" cooperation 4etween t/e @S(s is
normal6 and t/en c/eck i t/e data coni"uration or t/e @S(s /as 4een
modiied.
* t/e a4normal /andover is ound at a cell onl$6 $ou need to anal$ze t/e
a4normal /andover accordin" to actual conditions.
* t/e incomin" /andover o a cell is a4normal6 $ou need irst c/eck i t/e
incomin" /andovers to t/is cell is a4normal. .enerall$6 w/en t/e
/andover is a4normal6 t/e /andover success rate is low6 or even t/e
/andover does not occur.
* all t/e incomin" /andovers to t/is cell is a4normal6 $ou s/ould c/eck i
t/e data coni"uration or t/is cell is correct. 0ere t/e data coni"uration
includes 4ot/ t/e data coni"ured or t/is cell and t/e data coni"ured or
ot/er cells 4ut is related to t/is cell. 5or e+ample6 t/e (.* o t/is cell ma$
4e correctl$ coni"ured6 4ut it ma$ 4e wron"l$ coni"ured in ot/er cells.
* t/ere is onl$ one incomin" /andover to a cell is a4normal 4ut ot/er
incomin" /andovers to t/is cell are normal6 in addition to c/eckin" i t/e
data coni"uration or t/is cell is correct6 $ou s/ould also c/eck i t/e data
coni"uration or t/e nei"/4or cells is correct. 5urt/ermore6 $ou s/ould
also c/eck i t/e /ardware e8uipment o t/e cell is normal.
T/e met/ods to anal$ze t/e a4normal out"oin" /andovers are similar to
t/e met/ods to anal$ze t/e a4normal incomin" /andovers.
(/eck t/e timers Asuc/ as T31-26 N$16 T31-36 and T31!2B related to t/e
/andover.
T31-2 indicates t/e interval or continuous P0=S*(#3 *N5O1M#T*ON to 4e
sent to t/e MS. T/e network will start T31-2 or t/e sendin" o t/e P0=S*(#3
*N5O1M#T*ON. * t/e timer ails 4eore receivin" an$ correct rame rom t/e
MS6 t/e network will resend t/e P0=S*(#3 *N5O1M#T*ON and restart t/e
timer. # piece o P0=S*(#3 *N5O1M#T*ON can 4e sent N$1 times to t/e
ma+imum. 0ere t/e product o N$1 and T31-2 must 4e "reater t/an t/e sum
o T312! and delta AOdeltaP indicates t/e interval 4etween t/e e+pir$ o T312!
and t/e reception o t/e 0andover 5ailure messa"e o t/e old @S(B6
ot/erwise t/e MS cannot perorm successul /andover.
T312! is a timer waitin" or t/e P0=S*(#3 *N5O1M#T*ON rom t/e network
side durin" as$nc/ronous /andover. </en sendin" t/e 0#NDO?&1
#((&SS messa"e on t/e D((0 or t/e irst time6 t/e MS will start T312!.
;pon receivin" a piece o P0=S*(#3 *N5O1M#T*ON6 t/e MS will stop
T312!. * t/e c/annel t$pe allocated in t/e 0#NDO?&1 (OMM#ND messa"e
is SD((0 AKS#((0B6 t/e T312! is set to %'2ms. 5or ot/er cases6 t/e T312!
is set to 32-ms.
'''. 0ando&er Cases
Case 14 No hando&er !andidate !ell is a&ailable d"e to CG' error
T/e /andover in an area is a4normal. </en t/e MS moves rom cell # to cell
@6 t/e si"nals in cell @ are stron"er t/an t/at o cell #6 4ut t/e /andover does
not /appen. #ter t/e MS moves rom cell @ to cell (6 t/e MS /ands over rom
cell # to cell (.
3Ca"se anal*sis5
* a cell can work as a service cell and can /and over to ot/er cells6 4ut t/e
incomin" /andover is unavaila4le6 $ou can c/eck i t/e (.*6 @S*(6 @((0
num4er o t/e cell are correct.
3roblem sol"tion5
1B ;se t/e test MS to lock t/e @((0 num4ers o cell @. T/e call is normal.
T/e MS can /and over to an$ ot/er cell 4$ orce.
2B Make a call ater lockin" t/e @((0 um4er o an$ nei"/4or cell o cell @6
and t/en orce t/e MS to /and over to cell @6 4ut t/e /andover does not
/appen6 4ecause no /andover command is seen in t/e drive test
sotware.
3B T/e /andover procedure re8uires t/e MS detectin" t/e nei"/4or cell
si"nals and reportin" t/e detected si"nals to @S( wit/ a measurement
report. ;pon receivin" t/e measurement report6 t/e @S( must make t/e
/andover decision. * t/e /andover conditions are met6 t/e @S( s/ould
activate t/e T(0 o t/e service cell6 and t/en send a /andover command
to t/e MS.
!B * t/e si"nals o cell @ are ar stron"er t/an t/at o cell # and t/e
/andover conditions are met At/e P@.T /andover t/res/old is '-B6 4ut no
/andover command is sent6 it means t/at errors occur durin" t/e
activation o t/e tar"et cell T(0.
2B * t/e cell @ works as t/e tar"et cell 4ut t/e T(0 cannot 4e activated6 t/e
data ma$ 4e incorrectl$ coni"ured or t/e cell. *n t/is case6 t/e @S( t/at
contains t/e cell cannot ind t/e tar"et cell6 so t/e T(0 cannot 4e
activated and no /andover command can 4e ound in t/e service cell.
%B T/e (.* error is ound in cell @ t/rou"/ data c/eckin". T/e /andover is
normal ater t/e (.* is c/an"ed to correct value.
Case 24 7nbalan!ed path !a"ses low hando&er s"!!ess rate
T/e incomin" @S( /andover success rate is 8uite low or t/e two cells under
a @TS6 ran"in" rom 1-H to 3-H.
3Ca"se anal*sis5
.enerall$6 i t/e data pro4lems6 suc/ as (.* error or intra:re8uenc$
intererence6 e+ists and i t/ere is dead zones in /eav$:traic areas6 or i it is
/ard or t/e MS to access t/e cell due to poor uplink si"nals6 t/e incomin"
@S( /andover success rate is low.
3Sol"tion5
1B T/e cell data is ound normal.
2B T/rou"/ c/eckin" traic statistics items6 en"ineers ound t/at all
incomin" cell /andover success rates were low.
3B T/rou"/ drive test6 en"ineers ound t/at re8uent /andover attempts
were made in t/e area 2km awa$ rom t/e @TS6 4ut t/e /andover alwa$s
ailed. &ven i a successul /andover was made6 call drop occurred
immediatel$. Durin" t/e /andover6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e downlink
level was a4out :82d@m. &n"ineers made 1- dialin" tests wit/ re8uenc$
locked6 all t/e ori"inatin" calls ailed. 5or t/e answerin" calls6 t/e$ can 4e
connected 4ut cannot 4e called out.
!B *t is estimated t/at t/e (D; uplink c/annel loss is "reat6 or t/e 7umpers
are incorrectl$ connected at t/e @TS top. *n t/is case6 t/e uplink si"nals
will 4e poor6 w/ic/ causes t/e pro4lem.
2B #ter c/an"in" t/e (D;6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e incomin" /andover
success rate increased to ,2H.
Case +4 'mproper antenna plannin$ !a"ses low hando&er s"!!ess rate
3roblem anal*sis5
T/e /andover success rate amon" t/e t/ree cells under a @TS is 8uite low
accordin" to traic statistics. 5or t/e /andover rom cell1 to cell3 and t/e
/andover rom cell2 to cell36 t/e success rate is lower t/an 3-H.
3Ca"se anal*sis5
.enerall$6 low /andover success rate is caused 4$ 4oard ailure6 /andover
data error6 or improper antenna plannin".
3Sol"tion5
1B T/e @TS /ardware is normal and no alarm concernin" /andover
parameters is "enerated6 so t/e /ardware pro4lem and parameter settin"
pro4lem can 4e e+cluded.
2B T/e @TS locates at t/e eastern side o a sout/:nort/ road and is '--m
awa$ rom t/e road. T/e azimut/ an"les o t/e t/ree cells are -S6 8-Sand
1%-S. T/e$ t/ree cells direct to t/e two directions and t/e open resident
areas l$in" under a /ill in t/e east respectivel$. #mon" t/e t/ree cells6
t/e down tilts o two cells are 'S. To make t/e covera"e as speciied as
possi4le6 en"ineers concentrated t/e antenna azimut/ an"les o t/e t/ree
cells in desi"n. *n t/is case6 /owever6 t/e cells o t/e @TS are seriousl$
overlapped in t/e east. 5or t/e areas 7ust in t/e west6 t/e covera"e is
provided 4$ t/e side lo4es and 4ack lo4es o t/e t/ree cells. T/ereore6
w/en t/e MS is movin" on t/is road6 irst it is covered 4$ cell1. </en it
moves to t/e west6 t/e si"nals o t/e t/ree cells are poor and luctuatin"
"reatl$. *n addition6 since t/e /andover measurement time and t/e
/andover duration is set to a small value6 t/e /andover is rat/er
sensitive6 and t/atLs w/$ t/e re8uent /andover ailure occurs.
3B #ter settin" t/e azimut/ an"les o t/e t/ree cells to %-S6 18-S6 and 32-S6
en"ineers ound t/at t/e /andover success rate o amon" t/e t/ree cells
increased to ,2H.
Case ,4 roblems !on!ernin$ the !ooperation of different !arriers>
e="ipment !a"se low o"t$oin$ (SC hando&er s"!!ess rate
T/ere is a dual:4and network in w/ic/ t/e .SM,-- M0z network and t/e
.SM18-- M0z network are stand:alone. #ter t/e two networks completed
cell reselection and /andover parameter settin"6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e
dual:4and /andover success rate was low> especiall$ t/e success rate o t/e
/andover rom t/e .SM18-- M0z network to t/e .SM,-- M0z network was
low6 ran"in" rom %-H to 8-H. 0owever6 t/e success rate o t/e /andover
rom t/e .SM,-- M0z network to t/e .SM18-- M0z network was /i"/er
t/an ,2H.
3Ca"se anal*sis5
5or a dual:4and network6 i t/e pro4lems concernin" t/e cooperation o
dierent carriersL e8uipment are ound6 $ou must know t/e data coni"uration
2-1!:-2:1! 0;#<&* (onidential Pa"e%!6 Total'3
o t/e e8uipment. 5or e+ample6 i t/e e8uipment supports P/ase 2K and &51.
3Sol"tion5
1B T/rou"/ usin" si"nalin" anal$zer to anal$ze t/e messa"e lowin" across
t/e #:interace and &:interace6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e MS( o t/e
.SM18-- M0z network would send 4ack a 0andover 1e7ect messa"e to
t/e @S( o t/e .SM18-- M0z network w/en t/e @S( sent a 0andover
1e8uired messa"e to t/e MS(.
2B T/e MS( o t/e .SM18-- M0z network sent a Prepare 0andover
messa"e to t/e MS( o t/e .SM,-- M0z network. ;pon receivin" t/e
messa"e6 t/e MS( o t/e .SM,-- M0z network sent 4ack an #4ort
messa"e.
3B @ecause t/e success rate o t/e /andover rom .SM,-- M0z network to
t/e .SM18-- M0z network was /i"/6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e voice
version carried in t/e Prepare 0andover messa"e Arom t/e .SM,--
MS( to .SM18-- MS(B is /al rate version 16 4ut t/e voice versions
carried in t/e Prepare 0andover messa"e Arom .SM18-- MS( to
.SM,-- MS(B are ull rate version 16 ull rate version 26 and /al rate
version 16 w/ic/ 4elon" to P0#S& 2K. 0owever6 MS( o provider # does
not support t/e P0#S& 2K6 so t/e /andover ailure is caused.
!B T/rou"/ modi$in" t/e MS( data o t/e circuit MS( data at t/e #:
interace and selectin" t/e ull rate version 1 onl$6 en"ineers ound t/at
t/e voice versions carried in t/e Prepare 0andover messa"e Arom
.SM18-- MS( to .SM,-- MS(B are ull rate 1 and 2. #ter t/at6 t/e
dual:4and /andover success rate was "reatl$ increased.
8.1.1 Con$estion roblems
T/is section introduces t/e met/ods to /andle SD((0 con"estion and T(0
con"estion6 in w/ic/ T(0 con"estion indicates SD((0 seizure all 4us$. T/e
T(0 con"estion /as two cases. One is T(0 seizure all 4us$. 5or t/is case6
t/e real c/annels cannot 4e allocated to t/e MS6 so t/e MS will ail to re8uest
t/e c/annels. T/e ot/er one is t/at t/e T(0 assi"nment ails ater an
assi"nment is sent due to various reasons.
'. Con$estion roblem Sol"tions
(on"estion caused 4$ /eav$ traic

=ou can c/eck i t/e SD((0 traic and T(0 traic are normal t/rou"/
viewin" traic statistics. * t/e con"estion is caused 4$ /eav$ traic6 t/e
most eicient met/od to solve t/e pro4lem is to e+pand t/e capacit$ o
t/e network. *n addition6 $ou can adopt traic s/arin" tec/nolo"ies to
ease t/e con"estion. 5or e+ample6 $ou can modi$ t/e (1O6 ena4le
direct retr$ or load /andover unction.
SD((0 con"estion caused 4$ 4urst traic

* t/e SD((0 con"estion rate is /i"/ and t/e traic is /eav$ 4ut t/e T(0
traic is normal6 t/e SD((0 con"estion ma$ 4e caused 4$ 4urst traic.
T/e SD((0 con"estion alwa$s occurs at @TSs alon" railwa$s and tunnel
e+its6 4ecause t/e @TSs are installed in remote places and t/e capacit$
o a @TS is small. #s a result6 w/en t/e train moves ast alon" t/e
railwa$s or stops at a railwa$ station6 most o MSs ailin" to capture a
network will perorm location update6 w/ic/ will result in SD((0
con"estion. *n addition6 w/en s/ort messa"es are sent at a concentrated
time6 t/e SD((0 con"estion will also occur easil$. SD((0 con"estion
cannot 4e completel$ avoided6 4ut some measures can 4e taken to ease
t/e con"estion. 5or e+ample6 $ou can add t/e num4er o SD((0s6 or
ena4le t/e d$namic conversion 4etween SD((0 and T(0.
(on"estion caused 4$ T1N pro4lems

</en a carrier coni"ured in a multi:T1N cell cannot provide services6 t/e
c/annel con"estion will also occur. To solve t/e pro4lem6 $ou s/ould
replace t/e pro4lem T1N wit/ a sound one. * t/e T1N pro4lem cannot 4e
positioned6 $ou s/ould c/eck i t/e antenna eeder connection is correct
and i t/e antenna standin" wave is normal. * $es6 rec/eck t/e T1N
w/ere t/e pro4lem ma$ 4e "enerated.
(on"estion caused 4$ intererence

T/e intererence present across t/e radio interaces will also cause
con"estion. *n t/is case6 $ou s/ould solve t/e intererence pro4lem irst.
(/annel assi"nment ailure caused 4$ inconsistent covera"e

* t/e concentric tec/nolo"$ is not used6 t/e transmit power o t/e T1Ns
wit/in t/e same cell will 4e inconsistent6 w/ic/ will result in inconsistent
covera"e. *n t/is case6 t/e c/annel assi"nment ailure will easil$ occur. To
position t/is pro4lem6 $ou can c/eck i t/e connection 4etween t/e splitter
and connector and i t/e connection 4etween (D; and S(; are correct.
</en a cell uses multiple transmitter antennas6 inconsistent covera"e will
4e inconsistent6 w/ic/ will result in c/annel assi"nment ailure. To solve
t/is pro4lem6 $ou s/ould make t/e covera"e o eac/ transmitter antenna
as consistent as possi4le t/rou"/ en"ineerin" ad7ustment.
*n addition6 i t/e transmitter antenna and t/e receiver antenna o a cell is
2-1!:-2:1! 0;#<&* (onidential Pa"e%%6 Total'3
not in t/e same plane or t/e antenna tilt an"les are inconsistent6 t/e
c/annel assi"nment ailure will also 4e caused. *n t/is case6 $ou can
cali4rate t/e antennas to solve t/e pro4lem.
(on"estion caused improper data coni"uration

* t/e con"estion is caused 4$ improper location area plannin"6 $ou can
reduce t/e SD((0 con"estion rate 4$ plannin" t/e location area
properl$.
* t/e con"estion is caused 4$ t/e pro4lems concernin" SD((0 d$namic
allocation6 $ou can reduce t/e SD((0 con"estion rate 4$ ena4lin" t/e
SD((0 d$namic allocation unction.
5or dual:4and network6 $ou can properl$ set t/e parameters Asuc/ as
(1O6 (@#6 and cell reselection /$steresisB to reduce t/e SD((0
con"estion rate.
* t/e timers6 suc/ as T31-16 T31-36 T31-'6 T31226 T32126 and T31116
are not properl$ set6 SD((0 con"estion will also 4e caused.
0ereunder are t/e solutions to t/e previous pro4lems.
=ou can ease t/e con"estion caused 4$ SD((0 dual allocation t/rou"/
reducin" t/e T31-1 to a smaller value. * t/e T31-1 is set to a lar"e value6
t/e radio resources will 4e seized or a lon" period o time. To ull$ use
t/e radio resources6 t/ereore6 $ou can reduce t/e T31-1 value.
=ou can save t/e T(0 resources t/rou"/ reducin" t/e T31-3 and T31-'
to a rational value. .enerall$6 T31-3 and T31-' are set to a4out 2
seconds.
T/e T3122 must 4e stopped once t/e MS receives an *MM&D*#T&
#SS*.N 1&Q&(T messa"e. Onl$ ater t/e T3122 e+pires6 t/e MS can
send a new c/annel re8uest messa"e. * t/e MS sends c/annel re8uest
messa"es re8uentl$6 t/e 1#(0 load and (((0 load will increase. To
solve t/is pro4lem6 $ou can increase t/e T3122 to a lar"er value.
T3212 stands or t/e time limit value or periodical location update. =ou
can ease t/e SD((0 load 4$ increasin" t/e T3212 to a lar"er value.
T3111 is related to release latenc$. *t is used or t/e deactivation o t/e
latenc$ c/annels ater t/e ma7or si"nalin" link 4reaks. T3111 can 4e
initiated durin" eit/er T(0 release or SD((0 release. T/e value o T3111
must 4e consistent wit/ t/at o t/e T311- at t/e MS side. .enerall$6 it
s/ould 4e 2 seconds. * t/e T3111 is set to a lar"e value6 "reat SD((0
2-1!:-2:1! 0;#<&* (onidential Pa"e%'6 Total'3
con"estion rate ma$ 4e caused.
''. Con$estion Cases
Case 14 S%CC0 !on$estion !a"sed b* wron$ 2)C !onfi$"ration
3%es!ription5
# @TS is coni"ured as S1F1F1. *t is ound t/at t/e SD((0 con"estion rate or
2 cells reac/es as /i"/ as 8H.
1B T/rou"/ c/eckin" t/e measurement inde+es or T(0 and SD((06
en"ineers ound t/at t/e T(0 traic was not /eav$. T/e traic volume or
eac/ cell durin" 4us$ /ours is lower t/an 2.2&rl. 0owever6 t/e re8uests
or SD((0 seizure are "reat6 reac/in" 3-32 times durin" 4us$ /ours.
T/e SD((0 traic reac/es 1.8%&rl6 and t/e con"estion rate reac/es 8H.
2B T/e main reasons or SD((0 seizure include t/e messa"es sent 4eore
call setup6 t/e messa"es sent durin" /andover6 t/e location update
messa"es sent under t/e idle mode6 and ot/er s/ort messa"es.
3B T/e T(0 traic is normal6 t/e re8uests or T(0 seizure Aincludin"
/andoverB are normal A318 timesB6 and t/e /andover re8uests are also
normal A1!% timesB. T/ereore6 t/e SD((0 con"estion ma$ 4e caused 4$
a lar"e num4er o location update messa"es or s/ort messa"es.
!B T/e 3#( o t/e @TS is -2--6 and t/e 3#(s o ot/er cells o t/e
surroundin" cells are -22-. #ter c/an"in" t/e 3#( o t/e @TS to -22-6
en"ineers ound t/at t/e re8uests or SD((0 seizure durin" 4us$ /ours
were 2,86 t/e SD((0 traic was -.2'&rl6 and t/e con"estion rate
reduced to -.
Case 24 S%CC0 !on$estion !a"sed b* b"rst lo!ation "pdates
T/e radio connected ratio o a local network is lower t/an avera"e level.
#ccordin" to traic statistics anal$sis6 it is ound t/at t/e SD((0 con"estion
/appened at several @TSs.
1B T/rou"/ anal$zin" traic statistics6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e SD((0s o
t/e con"ested cells were seized or 3-- to !-- times durin" 4us$ /ours.
0ere t/e @TS was coni"ured as S1F1F1 and eac/ cell was coni"ured
wit/ 8 SD((0s. T/ereore6 t/e SD((0s can 4e seized 4$ !-- times6 4ut
t/e SD((0s were con"ested or tens o times durin" 4us$ /ours.
2B #s ar as t/e re"istered traic statistics items were concerned6 most o
t/e SD((0 seizures were caused 4$ location update. Takin" t/e @TS
location into consideration6 en"ineers ound t/at most o t/e @TSs were
installed at t/e intersections o two railwa$s. T/ereore6 it mi"/t 4e t/e
4urst location update t/at caused SD((0 con"estion.
3B To veri$ i it was t/e 4urst location update t/at caused t/e con"estion6
en"ineers re"istered t/e traic statistics items in 2 minutes and ound
t/at most o t/e location update /appened wit/in t/e ive seconds.
T/rou"/ 8uer$in" t/e train time ta4le6 en"ineers ound t/at t/ere were !
to 2 trains passin" 4$ wit/in t/e ive seconds. </en t/e trains passed t/e
intersections6 a lar"e num4er o location updates were "enerated in a
s/ort time. *n t/is case6 t/e con"estion was caused.
T/ereore6 i t/e @TSs are installed at t/e railwa$ intersections6 $ou are
su""ested to ena4le t/e SD((0 d$namic allocation unction and coni"ure a
suita4le mar"in or t/e SD((0.
Case +4 Great TC0 !on$estion rate !a"sed b* the in!onsistent tilt
an$les of two antennas "nder the same !ell
*t is ound t/at t/e T(0 con"estion rate o a cell is "reat A"reater t/an 2HB
accordin" to traic statistics.
1B T/rou"/ c/eckin" @S( traic statistics6 en"ineers ound t/at it was t/e
T(0 seizure ailure t/at directl$ caused t/e "reat T(0 con"estion rate.
2B .enerall$6 T(0 seizure ailure is caused 4$ T(0 assi"nment ailure.
T/rou"/ monitorin" #4is interace6 en"ineers ound t/at most o t/e T(0
assi"nment ailure occurred at t/e No.! T1N and No.2 T1N6 and t/e
pro4a4ilit$ or t/e assi"nment ailure rate or t/e No.! T1N was near t/at
or t/e No.2 T1N.
3B T/rou"/ c/eckin" t/e antenna eeder part6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e tile
an"le correspondin" to t/e transmitter antennas o t/e two T1Ns were
too "reat Ait is 1- de"rees t/an t/at o t/e antenna or @((06 4ecause
t/e antenna nuts were ound loosen. T/ereore6 i t/e MS is ar awa$
rom t/e @TS6 it can receive t/e @((0 si"nals 4ut cannot receive t/e
T(0 si"nals. * t/e T(0 is assi"ned to t/e MS w/en t/e MS starts a call6
t/e T(0 seizure ailure will occur.
!B To solve t/e pro4lem6 $ou can ena4le t/e tilt an"el o t/e T(0 antenna
and t/at o t/e @((0 antenna to 4e consistent wit/ eac/ ot/er. *n t/is
case6 t/e T(0 con"estion rate can 4e reduced to 2H or lower.
2-1!:-2:1! 0;#<&* (onidential Pa"e%,6 Total'3
Case ,4 0i$h TC0 !on$estion rate !a"sed b* downlink interferen!e
# cell o @TS is responsi4le or coverin" a lar"e area o sea surace alon" t/e
coast. #ccordin" to t/e re"istered traic statistics items6 en"ineers ound t/at
w/en t/e traic volume was lower t/an 1&rl6 t/e T(0 con"estion o t/e cell
reac/ed 1-H at some time. 0owever6 no alarm was "enerated. #ll t/e
intererence 4ands ell wit/in t/e intererence 4and1 and t/e /ardware and
15 connections were normal.
@ecause all t/e intererence 4ands ell wit/in t/e intererence 4and16 t/e
uplink intererence is impossi4le. (onsiderin" t/at t/e covera"e distance
reac/es %- to '- kilometers and multiple normal cells are present alon" t/e
coast6 t/e pro4a4ilit$ or t/e c/annel num4ers o t/e downlink areas and t/e
cell to 4e interered is /i"/. T/rou"/ modi$in" t/e c/annel num4ers o t/e
cell6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e T(0 con"estion rate was improved. T/rou"/
urt/er optimizin" t/e c/annel num4ers6 en"ineers ound t/at t/e T(0
con"estion rate was lower t/an 1H. T/ereore6 it can 4e 7ud"ed t/at t/e 1-H
o con"estion rate is caused 4$ t/e downlink intererence o some areas.
8.1.9 Other roblems
'. S"bs!riber 's Not in Ser&i!e )rea
</en a su4scri4er is not in service area6 t/e MS works as t/e called part$
w/en t/e si"nals received 4$ t/e MS are "ood and t/e callin" part$ /ears a
voice sa$in" t/at t/e su4scri4er is not in t/e service area. * t/e covera"e6
operation6 and data coni"uration o a network are "ood6 t/e occurrence
pro4a4ilit$ or t/e pro4lem must 4e lower t/an 1H6 ot/erwise it is ot/er
causes t/at result in t/e pro4lem.
.enerall$6 i a su4scri4er is not in t/e service area6 t/e ollowin" causes ma$
4e present9
(overa"e pro4lem
* t/e su4scri4er complaint /appens at cell ed"es6 t/e pro4lem ma$ 4e related
to covera"e. *n t/is case6 t/e pro4a4ilit$ or t/e callin" part$ ailure is e8ual to
t/e pro4a4ilit$ or t/e Osu4scri4er is not in service areaP.
Parameter settin"
* t/e su4scri4er is not in service area6 t/e parameters concernin" t/e pa"in"6
2-1!:-2:1! 0;#<&* (onidential Pa"e'-6 Total'3
access6 and immediate assi"nment ma$ 4e not properl$ set. *n t/is case6 $ou
can c/eck i t/e messa"es concernin" 1#(0 overload6 P(0 overload6 and
SD((0 overload are "enerated t/rou"/ 8uer$in" traic statistics and alarms.
* $es6 t/e su4scri4er ma$ not in t/e service area.
S$stem capacit$ limit or overload

* s$stem capacit$ limit or overload occur Aor e+ample6 0D@ overload6 (P;
overload6 or capacit$ overload durin" 4us$ /oursB6 t/e s$stem ma$ ail to read
t/e su4scri4er inormation6 or su4scri4ers cannot access t/e radio network. *n
t/is case6 t/e su4scri4er ma$ not in t/e service area. To solve t/is pro4lem6
$ou can take measures to e+pand t/e s$stem capacit$.
Transmission pro4lem
* t/e links 4etween s$stems Asuc/ as t/e 3#PD link o t/e #4is interace and
t/e links o t/e eac/ network entit$B and t/e links wit/in a s$stem Asuc/ as t/e
link amon" t/e modules o @(SFMS(B are not sta4le6 t/e messa"es sent
t/rou"/ t/ese links ma$ 4e missin". *n t/is case6 su4scri4ers ma$ not in t/e
service area. To position t/e pro4lem6 $ou can c/eck t/e alarms.
&8uipment causes
* t/e desi"ns concernin" MS( and @S( are incomplete6 t/e pro4a4ilit$ o
Osu4scri4er is not in service areaP will increase.
MS causes
* t/e 15 parts or t/e sotware parts o t/e MS /ave pro4lems6 or e+ample6
t/e reception capa4ilit$ o t/e MS is poor> t/e re8uenc$ deviation "oes
4e$ond t/e re8uirements deined in t/e protocols> and t/e dual:4and
perormance o t/e MS is poor6 t/is pro4lem ma$ also occur.
''. Si$nal #l"!t"ation
Si"nal luctuation indicates t/at c/an"e o t/e MS si"nal stren"t/. T/e
ollowin" actors ma$ cause si"nal luctuation.
1adio wave propa"ation

T/e stren"t/ o t/e si"nals received 4$ t/e MS is t/e amplitude o t/e sum o
t/e vectors o various propa"ation pat/s. @ecause t/e propa"ation
environment is ever:c/an"in"6 t/e attenuation o radio c/annels is ever:
c/an"in". T/ereore6 even i t/e MS does not move6 t/e stren"t/ o t/e
received si"nals will c/an"e.
(ell reselection and /andover

</en t/e MS moves rom t/e old cell to t/e new cell t/rou"/ /andover or cell
reselection6 t/e si"nals o t/e MS will luctuate 4ecause t/e si"nal stren"t/ o
t/e old cell and t/at o t/e new cell are inconsistent.
#ntenna s/ake
</en t/e antenna s/akes6 t/e antenna "ain will c/an"e6 so t/e si"nals will
also luctuate.
3ocation update or c/annel assi"nment occurs at non:@((0 T1N

* t/e SD((0 is assi"ned to a non:@((0 T1N durin" location update and
power control is availa4le on SD((06 t/e si"nal stren"t/ ma$ luctuate.
'''. ?oi!e %is!ontin"it*
?oice discontinuit$ stands or pauses or words loss occurs in conversation. *
t/e voice continuit$ is remarka4le6 t/e conversation 8ualit$ will 4e aected.
T/e ollowin" actors ma$ cause voice discontinuit$
5re8uent /andovers
Onl$ /ard /andover is availa4le in .SM s$stem. T/ereore6 w/en t/e MS
/ands over rom t/e source c/annel to t/e tar"et c/annel6 t/e downlink
rames ma$ loss at t/e #4is interace. #s a result6 t/e voice continuit$ is
unavoida4le durin" /andover. .enerall$6 re8uent /andovers ma$ occur at
cell ed"es or durin" cross covera"e. *n t/is case6 t/e voice discontinuit$ will
4ecome a /eadac/e o su4scri4ers. To avoid t/e re8uent /andovers6 $ou can
ad7ust t/e antenna tilt and /ei"/t and coni"ure t/e data6 suc/ as uplink and
downlink 8ualit$ t/res/old and restriction properl$.
1adio link intererence

1adio link intererence will increase t/e 4it error rate6 w/ic/ will cause voice
discontinuit$. *n addition6 t/e si"nals alwa$s luctuate "reatl$ at cell ed"es6 so
t/e conversation 8ualit$ at t/e cell ed"es is 4ad.
Poor network covera"e

* t/e network covera"e is poor6 t/e 1+lev and 1+8ual will 4ecome poor6 t/us
t/e conversation 8ualit$ will 4e aected.
@TS transmission pro4lem

@TS transmission pro4lems will aect conversation 8ualit$. 5or connectors6
$ou s/ould c/eck o t/e connection amon" t/e connector is "ood. 5or optical
transmission6 $ou s/ould c/eck i t/e optical /eaders are clean and i t/e
transmission errors are "reat. 5or micro wave transmission6 it ma$ 4e aected
4$ weat/er. * t/ere is lar"e amount o dust in t/e e8uipment6 t/e conversation
8ualit$ ma$ also 4e aected. * 4ot/ micro wave transmission and optical
transmission are used6 $ou s/ould pa$ attention to t/e cooperation o t/e
transmission impedance at t/e e8uipment interaces.
T1N 4oard ailure

0ardware pro4lem will result in poor conversation 8ualit$. *n t/is case6 $ou
s/ould replace t/e pro4lem /ardware wit/ t/e sound one.

GSM Radio Network Optimization

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

GSM Radio Network Optimization

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Table of Contents

Chapter 8 GSM Radio Network Optimization............................................................................. 2

Network inormation ac8uisition

Network optimization report

?iew t/e *MS* o t/e S*M card

?iew network parameters

5orced cell selection

S)* ASpeec/ )ualit$ *nde+B test

1adio covera"e evaluation and anal$sis

Nei"/4or cell anal$sis

Speec/ record and anal$sis

.SM:@&1T oline A*t is used to anal$ze .SM @&1T w/en it is o line.B

P(M:@&1T oline A*t is used to anal$ze P(0 @&1T w/en it is o line.B

*mport static traic statistics data accordin" to time

*mport d$namic 0uawei traic statistics

*mport @S( data coni"uration

Displa$ t/e "eo"rap/ic view o @TSs

1ecord spectrum utilization and anal$ze idle c/annel num4er

(/eck same:re8uenc$ @S*(

#nal$ze nei"/4or cells

Measure distance and azimut/ an"le

Displa$ navi"ation window and le"end

)uer$ perormance anal$sis tasks in common use

Make perormance anal$sis task

)uer$ network optimization tasks in common use

Make network optimization tasks

Perorm tasks and alarms automaticall$

*mport and e+port tasks

Displa$ task result and site view

&+port electronic ta4le A&+celB or 8uer$ results.

(all drop rate

(all drop ratio per kilometer

(all drop rate

?oice discontinuit$F4ack"round noise rate

One:wa$ audioFec/oFcross:talkin" rate E Atotal one:wa$ audio times K

Service access capacit$ inde+es

Service /old capacit$ inde+es

1adio connected ratio

(all drop rate

<orst cell ratio

Traic call drop ratio

0andover success rate

Traic c/annel availa4ilit$

Transmitter output power decrease

1eceive sensitivit$ decrease

#ntenna azimut/ an"le c/an"e

#ntenna tilt c/an"e

#ntenna "ain c/an"e

<orkin" 4and c/an"e

Propa"ation environment c/an"e

Diversit$ eect c/an"e.

T/e omni dual transmitter tec/nolo"$ is not recommended.

T/e antenna is inversel$ or wron"l$ connected.

Pro4lems concernin" t/e diversit$ distance 4etween t/e transit antenna

T/ere are s/adows in covera"e areas.

T/e radiator o t/e omni antenna is 4arred 4$ antenna pole.

T/e pro4lems concernin" antenna diversit$ distance and isolation

T/e omni antenna is not perpendicular to t/e /orizontal plane.

<ater penetration occurs at t/e various connectors o t/e antenna and

?arious connectors are not ti"/tened.

T/e transmitter antenna and t/e receiver antenna are inversel$

Duple+er and ot/er ilter dama"e

Standin" wave ratio error alarm

3N# Alow noise ampliierB dama"e

?iew t/e MS o t/e S*M card