Element/Family Properties
1. shiny solids that are
malleable, ductile and good
conductors of electricity
2. low densities and low melting
points
3. soft, easy to cut
4. very chemically reactive (most
1. Alkali Metals reactive family)
5. one valence electron
6. ion has 1+ charge
7. low ionization energy
8. reactivity increases down the
family
9. reacts w/ halogens on 1:1
ratio
1. higher densities and melting
points than alkali metals
2. higher ionization energy, but
decreases down the family
3. not as reactive as the Alkali
2. Alkaline Earth Metals Metals, but reactivity also
increases down the family
4. heavier Alkaline Earth Metals
reach with water
5. 2 valence electrons
6. ion has +2 charge
Transition Metals
1. High density and melting
points
3. Chromium
2. Resistance to corrosion
3. Exhibits variety of color
Sources Uses
1. table salt (NaCl) food
preparation
2. lye or caustic soda (NaOH)
1. never found free or
Draino
uncombined but as compounds
3. bleach (NaClO) laundry
in many parts of the world
4. baking soda (NaHCO3) baking
2. often found dissolved in water
5. lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) is
a treatment for manic depression
1. most abundant are calcium
and magnesium
1. found widely in various
2. aluminum and magnesium
mineral deposits such as
combine to make structural
limestone (CaCO3) and
metal, an alloy
magnesite (MgCO3)
3. magnesium metal is used for
2. found in seawater
aircraft, automobile wheels, tools
and garden furniture
1. Grills of cars are plated w/
1. Obtained from deposits of chromium
these compounds in Russia, the 2. Used to produce a variety of
Philippines, and southern Africa. alloys
3. Used in paint pigments
 1. Corrodes to form iron oxide 1. used in weapons and tools
(Fe2O3) or rust 2. proper amount of iron is an
4. Iron 1. from typical blast-furnace
2. Strength, durability, essential part of a healthy diet
resistance to corrosion 3. creation of alloys
1. Coin making
1. resistance to corrosion 2. used w/ tin to make bronze
1. from free elemental state in
2. soft metal 3. used w/ zinc to make brass
5. Copper nature and are easily obtained
3. red color 4. electrical wiring
from their compounds
4. not very reactive 5. used in fireworks for their blue
color
1. lustrous white metal
1. obtained from free elemental 1. used in photography, coinage,
2. very ductile and malleable
6. Silver state in nature and are easily jewelery, silverware, and
3. resistance to corrosion
obtained from their compounds electrical contacts
4. not very reactive
1. highly dense, yet a very soft
1. from free elemental state in 1. jewelery
metal w/ a yellow luster
7. Gold nature and are easily obtained 2. gold is so soft that it must be
2. resistance to corrosion
from their compounds alloyed to form a harder metal
3. not very reactive
Inner Transition Metals

1. all are similar to one another

8. The Lanthanides
because they differ principally
in the # of electrons in the 4f
and 5d sublevels rather than
outer 6s sublevel
2. They all readily lose 3 1. widely distributed in nature 1. they have little commercial
electrons to form 2. they occur together in nature importance
3+ ions. and because their properties are 2. making special steel alloys
3. soft, silvery metals very similar, they are difficult to 3. used to produce color in TV
4. somewhat less reactive than separate. screens
heavier alkaline earth metals,
they are still too reactive to be
used as structural materials
5. tarnish readily in air, react
slowly w/ water

9. The Actinides
Remaining Primary Families
10. Boron Group
11. Carbon Group
12. Nitrogen Group
1. of greatest interest b/c of
radioactivity
2. all isotopes of these elements
are radioactive
1. boron is semimetal;
aluminum, gallium, indium, and
thallium are metals
2. all have an outer ns2np1
electron config. and form 3+ ions
by loss of these valence
electrons
3. most impt element is
aluminum--third most abundant
in Earth's crust
4. aluminum has low density, but
when alloyed with other metals,
it is quite strong.
5. does not corrode extensively
in air b/c of Al2O3 layer
1. carbon is notmetallic, silicon
and germanium are semimetals,
and tin and lead are metals
2. more than 50% of Earth's
carbon is found in limestone
(CaCO3)
3. silicon: 2nd most abundant in
Earth's crust
1. all nonmetals except Arsenic 1. phosphorous can combine
and Antimony (semi-metals) and with oxygen and other elements
Bismuth (metal) in minerals and become known
1. only thorium (Th) and
uranium (U) occur to any extent
1. Uranium might be familiar to
in nature.
you as the radioactive element
2. all the elements after uranium
used as fuel in nuclear power
are artificial elements, produced
plants.
by nuclear bombardment
reactions.
1. most occurs combine w/
silicon and oxygen in compounds
from which pure aluminum is 1. structural metal
difficult to extract. 2. beverage cans
2. aluminum metal is obtained 3. pots and pans
commercially from aluminum 4. aluminum foil
oxide (Al3O3), which occurs in
an ore known as bauxite
1. coal, petroleum, natural gas
2. plastics, medicines, etc.
3. transistors and solar cells
4. glass
1. these are found in nature and
5. various electronic devices
in Earth's crust.
6. tin cans
7. lead storage batteries, for cars
8. cooking utensils, laboratory
glassware
1. nitrogen is used as plant
fertilizers
2. nitrogen plays a big role in

2. nitrogen is a clearless gas
1. Oxygen, Sulfer, and Selenium
are non-metals
13. Oxygen Group
2. Tellurium is a semi-metal
3. Polonium is a metal
1. Non-metals
2. React with most metals and
14. Halogens
with many non-metals
3. Highly reactive
as phosphates
2. arsenic, antimony, and
bismuth aren't as abundant
3. nitrogen is found in the
formation of nitrogen
compounds, known as nitrogen
fixation
4. phosphorous is found in bones
in living organisms
1. Oxygen is created from
photosynthesis of plants
2. Sulfur is found freely in nature
1. Fluorine is found abundantly
on the Earth’s crust
2. Chlorine occurs as NaCl in
natural salt deposits
3. Bromine and Iodine are less
abundant than fluorine and
chlorine
ammonia--cleaning detergent
3. phosphoric acid is used to
manufacturer fertilizers,
detergents, and a host of other
products
1. we use oxygen for breathing
2. oxygen is required for
combustion, and burning
reactions
3. Sulfur occurs in compounds
such as iron pyrite, fool's gold
4. Used to give natural gas an
odor that can be detected in case
of leaks
5. Production of sulfuric acid
1. Fluorine is used to
manufacture many carbon-
fluorine compounds
2. Fluorine found in toothpaste
3. Chlorine is added to drinking
water, swimming pools.
4. Chlorine used as a disinfectant
5. Chlorine is used as bleach
6. Bromine is used to
manufacture compounds that are
used as fire retardants,
pesticides, and components of
photographic film
7. Iodine is used to make iodized
salt and also is an effective
household antiseptic for treating
minor cuts and scratches.
 1. Helium is used as coolants to
perform experiments at very low
1. Neon, krypton, and xenon temperatures
1. Least reactive elements
were isolated from air 2. Liquid helium is the coolest
15. Noble Gases 2. Tendency to remain apart
2. Helium was isolated from liquid refrigerant available
3. Radon is highly radioactive
uranium ores 3. Argon is used in light bulbs
4. Neon produces the red light in
"neon" signs
1. Non-metal that exists as a gas
under normal conditions 1. Used for natural gas and
2. Colorless and odorless petroleum
3. Most of Earth's hydrogen is 2. Major use is the manufacture
composed of oxygen as water of ammonia which is used as a
4. Most abundant element in the 1. Most elemental hydrogen fertilizer or converted into other
16. Hydrogen
universe comes from hydrocarbons nitrogen-containing filters.
5. One valence electron 3. Large quantities of hydrogen
6. Ionization energy is greater are also used to prepare various
than lithium organic compounds, such as
7. 9th most abundant element menthol.
on the Earth's surface