STAT 1012: Statistics for Life Science

2013/14 Term 2
Solutions to Practice Problems (Chapter 3)
Problem 1:
(a) 0.2+a+0.1+a+0.2=1 => a = (1-0.5)/2=0.25
(b) E(X) = 0.2(-1)+0.25(0)+0.1(1)+0.25(2)+0.2(3)=1.0
E(X2) = 0.2(1)+0.25(0)+0.1(1)+0.25(4)+0.2(9)=3.1 => Var(X)=E(X2)-[E(X)]2=2.1
(c) Pr(X<1)=Pr(X=-1)+Pr(X=0)=0.2+0.25=0.45, F(0)=Pr(X<1)=0.45
(d) Var(Y)=Var(6-2X)=Var(2X)=4Var(X)=8.4
(e)

Pr(XY)=Pr(X=3)+ Pr(X=2)=0.2+0.25=0.45

Problem 2: (a) a=0.1, b= Pr(X=2)=Pr(X2)-Pr(X1)=0.5-0.1=0.4, d= Pr(X3)=

Pr(X2)+Pr(X=3)=0.5+0.3=0.8 c= Pr(X=4)=Pr(X4)-Pr(X3)=1-d=0.2
(b) Pr(3X+28)=Pr(X2)= 1- Pr(X1)=0.9
(c) E(X)=1(0.1)+2(0.4)+3(0.3)+4(0.2)=2.6
E(X2)= 12(0.1)+22 (0.4)+32 (0.3)+42 (0.2)=7.76 => Var(X)=E(X2)-E(X)2 = 7.6-2.62=0.84

Problem 3: (a)

Pr( X
Pr( X

Pr( X
Pr( X

0) 1 / 8
Pr( X
Pr( X
1) 3 / 8

2) 3 / 8 Pr( X
Pr( X
3) 1 / 8

0) 1 / 8
1) 4 / 8 1 / 2
2) 7 / 8
3) 8 / 8 1

(b) E(X)=1(3/8)+2(3/8)+3(1/8)=1.5

E(X2)=12(3/8)+22(3/8)+32 (1/8)=3. (c) Var(X)= E(X2)- E(X)2 =3-1.5^2=0.75

Problem 4: Pr(X5)=1-Pr(X4)=1-0.6331=0.3669,
Pr(2X8)=Pr(X8)-Pr(X1)=0.9983-0.0464=0.9519
Problem 5:
(a) Let X be the number of seeds germinated. Then X~Binomial (4,0.7). Hence
Pr(X=1)=4(0.7)(0.3)3=0.0756.
(b) Probability of at least one seed to germinate = Pr(X1)=1-Pr(X=0)=1-(0.3)4=0.9919.
Problem 6:
(a) Let X be the number of blind from a group of 50 IDDM age 30-39 male over 1-year
period. X~Binomial(50,0.0067). Hence
Pr(X=2)=n(n-1)/2(p)2(1-p)n-2=50(49)/2(0.0067)2(0.9933)48=0.0398
(b) Let Y be the number of blind from a group of 50 IDDM age 30-39 female over 1-year
period. Then Y~Binomial(50,0.0074). Hence Pr(Y=0)=(1-p)n=(0.9926)50=0.6898,
Pr(Y=1)=n(p)(1-p)n-1=50(0.0074)(0.9926)49=0.2571
Therefore, Pr(Y2)=1-Pr(Y=0)-Pr(Y=1)=1-0.6898-0.2571=0.0531.
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(c) Pr(blind over the next 10 years)

=1-Pr(not blind over the next 10 years)
=1-Pr(not blind in the 1st year)x Pr(not blind in the 2nd year)xx Pr(not blind in 10th year)
=1-(1-0.0067)10=1-0.9350=0.0650
Check: The answer above should be close to the percentage of blind 0.67% per year x 10
year = 6.7%!!
Problem 7: (a) X~Binomial(20,.4). Pr(X=0)=0.620=0.0000366, Pr(X=1)=20(0.4)(0.6)19=
0.0004875, Pr(X=2)=20(19)/2(0.4)2(0.6)18=0.003087,
Pr(X=2)=20(19)(18)/6(0.4)3(0.6)17=0.01235 => Pr(X3)=0.01596
(b) Expected number of game you win= np = 20(0.4)=8
(c) Variance = (npq)0.5=2.1909
Problem 8: Let X be the number of heads. Note that X is symmetric as the coin is fair. Now,
since Pr(X49)+Pr(X=50)+Pr(X51)=1 => Pr(X49)=(1-Pr(X=50))/2=0.4602
Hence Pr(X50)=1- Pr(X49)= 0.5398.
Problem 9: Let X be the number of 2. Then X~Binomial(100,p) where p=Pr(2)=1/6.
Therefore Pr(X=30)=100C30(1/6)30(5/6)70=0.00038
Problem 10: b) Infinite outcome is actually possible for 1 and 4, while the outcomes for 2
and 3 are maximized by 108 and 5x365(+leap year) days.
Problem 11: c) Note that Binomial distribution is (i) symmetric when p=0.5, (ii) left-skewed
when p>0.5 and (iii) right-skewed when p<0.5. Also, Poisson distribution is right-skewed for
any .
Problem 12:
(a) Pr(admission >=1 |weekday) = 1- Pr(admission =0 | weekday) = 1-e-0.7=0.5034
(b) Pr(admission >=1 |weekend) = 1- Pr(admission =0 | weekend) = 1-e-0.5=0.3935
(c) Note that there are 5 weekdays (Monday to Friday) and 2 weekends (Saturday and
Sunday) in a week. Since the number of admission on different days are independent,
Pr(zero admission during the week)
= [Pr(admission=0|weekday)]5 [Pr(admission=0|weekend)]2
= e0.7(5)0.5( 2) e6 0.0111
Therefore, Pr(at least one admission during the week) = 1-0.0111=0.9889.
Problem 13:
(a) Let X be the number of otitis media in the first two years. Then
X~Poisson(2)=Poisson(3.2). Therefore Pr(X=0)=e-3.2=0.0408
(b) Pr(X3)=1-Pr(X=0)-Pr(X=1)-Pr(X=2)=1-e-3.2(1+3.2+3.22/2)=0.6201
(c) Let Y be the number of girl to have 3 or more episodes in the first 2 years of life, then
Y~Binomial(n,p) where n=2 and p=0.6201 obtained in (b). Therefore
2
Pr(Y 1) p1 (1 p )1 2(0.6201)(1 0.6201) 0.4712
1
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(d) The expected number of girls will have 3 or more episodes in the first 2 years of life is
E(Y)=np=2(0.6201)=1.2402
Problem 14:
(a) Let X be the number of woman with positive bacteriuria out of 5 women. Then
X~Binomial(5,0.04). Hence, Pr(X1)=1-Pr(X=0)=1-(0.96)5=1-0.8154=0.1846.
(b) Let Y be the number of woman with positive bacteriuria out of 100 women. Then
Y~Binomial(100,0.04). Since n20, p<0.1, np=100(0.04)=4<5, one can approximate the
Binomial distribution Y by a Possion distribution W~Poisson(np=100x0.4)=Poisson(4).
Therefore, Pr(Y 3) Pr(W 3) 1 Pr(W 0) Pr(W 1) Pr(W 2) 1 e 4 (1 4 42 / 2) 0.7619
** Note that Pr(Y3)=1-Pr(Y=0) -Pr(Y=1) -Pr(Y=2)=1-(0.96)100-100(0.04)(0.96)99
-(100)(99)/2(0.04)2 ( 0.96)98 =1-0.0169-0.0703-0.1450=0.7678
Hence, the approximation is good for up to 2 decimal places.
(c) Let U be the number of bacteriuria at time 0. Then U~Binomial(10,0.04). Now
10
Pr(U 1) (0.04)(1 0.04) 9 0.2770
1

Let V be the number of bacteriuria at time 1 and A be the woman with positive
bacteriuria at time 0. Now, consider two cases:
(i)
If the same women will have bacteriurias in time 1, then
Pr(V 1 | U 1)
Pr({A positive at time 1} {other 9 women are negative at time 1})
Pr({A negative at time 1}) Pr({1 of the other 9 women is positive at time 1})

(because of independence)

(0.20)(1 - 0.042) 0.1359

9

(ii) If a different women will have bacteriurias in time 1, then

Pr(V 1 | U 1)
Pr({A negative at time 1} {1 of the other 9 women at positivein time 1})
Pr({A negative at time 1}) Pr({1 of the other 9 women at positivein time 1})

(because of independence)

(1 - 0.20) (0.042)(1 0.042) 8

1

0.80(0.2682) 0.2145

Therefore, Pr(U=1 V=1)=Pr(U=1)Pr(V=1|U=1)=(0.2770)(0.1359+0.2145)=0.0971.

Problem 15: Let X by the number of emergency calls in that particular minute. X~
Binomial(10000,0.0002). Since n20, p<0.1 & np<5, we can approximate X by Y~Possion(2).
Hence, Pr( X 5) Pr(Y 5) e 2 (1 2 22 / 2!23 / 3!24 / 4!25 / 5!) 0.1353(7.2667) 0.9834
Problem 16: Let X be the number of seeds falling onto the upper left square. Then
X~Binomial(300,1/100).
(a) Since n20, p<0.1 & np<5, we can approximate X by Y~Possion(3). Hence,
Pr(X=4) Pr(Y=4)= e-3(3)4/4! =0.1680
(b) Pr(X=0) Pr(Y=0)= e-3=0.0498

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