UNITED

NATIONS
BC
UNEP/CHW/OEWG/7/INF/9
Distr.: General
3 March 2010
Enlish !nl"
Open-ended Working Group of the Basel Convention
on the Control of Transboundary ove!ents of
"a#ardous Wastes and their $isposal
#e$enth sessi!n
Gene$a% 10&1' Ma" 2010
(en)a ite* + ,a- !. the /r!$isi!nal aen)a

%&ientifi& and te&hni&al !atters' te&hni&al guidelines

(evised te&hni&al guidelines on environ!entally sound
!anage!ent of used tyres
Note by the %e&retariat
0he anne1 t! this )!c2*ent c!ntains the re$ise) technical 2i)elines !n en$ir!n*entall" s!2n)
*anae*ent !. 2se) t"res as /re/are) 3" 4ra5il .!r the 6arties% .!r c!nsi)erati!n 3" the se$enth sessi!n.
0his )!c2*ent has n!t 3een .!r*all" e)ite) 3" the #ecretariat.
7
8NE6/CHW/OEWG/7/1.
220310
For reasons of economy, this document is printed in a limited number. Delegates are kindly requested to bring their copies to
meetings and not to request additional copies.
)nne*
(evised te&hni&al guidelines on environ!entally sound !anage!ent
of used tyres
+, -ebruary .,+,
Guidelines on environ!entally sound !anage!ent of used tyres
Table of Contents
+
$efinitions of ter!s
E1ec2ti$e s2**ar"
/0 /ntrodu&tion
(. 4ac9r!2n)
4. General /r!/erties !. t"res
1. #tr2ct2re 0"re C!*/!nents an) De.initi!ns !. 0echnical 0er*s
2. 0"re C!*/!siti!n
3. 6h"sical 0"re 6r!/erties
C. #taes in the li.e !. a t"re
1. 8se) 0"res
2. :etrea)e) 0"res
3. Waste 6ne2*atic 0"res
D. 6!tential ris9s t! health an) the en$ir!n*ent
1. :is9s t! 623lic Health
2. En$ir!n*ental :is9s
//0 (elevant provisions of the Basel Convention
(. General /r!$isi!ns
4. 0"re;relate) /r!$isi!ns
///0 Guidan&e on Environ!entally %ound anage!ent 1E%2
(. General c!nsi)erati!ns
1. 4asel C!n$enti!n
2. OECD & C!re 6er.!r*ance Ele*ents .!r the E#M !. <aste
4. Manae*ent a//r!aches t! 2se) an) <aste t"res
1. General c!nsi)erati!ns !n s!2n) en$ir!n*ental /er.!r*ance
En$ir!n*ental Manae*ent #"ste*s ,EM#-
2. Nati!nal s"ste*s .!r *anain 2se) an) <aste /ne2*atic t"res
C. Waste /re$enti!n an) *ini*i5ati!n
D. C!llecti!n% trans/!rtati!n an) st!rae
E. En$ir!n*entall" s!2n) )is/!sal incl2)in rec!$er"% rec"clin an) re2se
,a-.(*3ient/Cr"!enic rin)in
,3-.De$2lcani5ati!n/:eclai*
,c-.6"r!l"sis
,)-.Ci$il enineerin
.i =an).ill enineerin
.ii =iht Weiht Fill an) s!il en.!rce*ent
.iii Er!si!n c!ntr!l
.i$ N!ise 4arriers
.$ 0her*al ins2lati!n
,e-.In)2strial an) c!ns2*er /r!)2cts
i. (rti.icial t2r.
ii. 6la"r!2n)s an) s/!rts s2r.aces
iii. (//licati!ns in r233er;*!)i.ie) c!ncrete
,.-.C!;/r!cessin
.i C!;/r!cessin in the Ce*ent In)2str"
.ii >2alit" re?2ire*ents
.iii E*issi!ns
.i$ M!nit!rin an) *eas2res/techni?2es .!r e*issi!ns re)2cti!n
.$ C!;/r!cessin in 6lants .!r electric /!<er enerati!n
1
8NE6/CHW.9/C:6.+
)ppendi&es
.I 623lic health literat2re
.II =eachate literat2re
.III 0"re .ires )!c2*ente) in the literat2re
Bibliography
)nne*
I. :ec!$er" an) )is/!sal !. <aste /ne2*atic t"res: 3ene.its an) )isa)$antaes
)ppli&ations in (ubber-!odified Con&rete
$efinitions of ter!s
Ambient size reduction Mechanical si5e re)2cti!n at !r a3!$e !r)inar" r!!* te*/erat2re.
Bale 0"res <hich are c!*/resse) an) sec2re).
Baling
( *eth!) !. $!l2*e re)2cti!n <here3" t"res are c!*/resse) int!
3ales.
Bead
0he /art !. the t"re that anch!rs the t"re t! the ri* <hen in 2se. It is
*a)e !. hih tensile steel <ires 2s2all" <ra//e) in <!$en te1tile
<hich are hel) 3" the /lies.
Buffings
@2lcani5e) r233er !3taine) .r!* a3ra)in a t"re )2rin the /r!cess
!. re*!$in the trea) an)/!r si)e<alls.
Chips
0he res2lt !. *echanical /r!cesses 3" <hich en);!.;li.e t"res are
.ra*ente)% ri//e) !r t!rn int! irre2larl" sha/e) /ieces !. t"/icall"
10 ** t! A0 ** in si5e.
Civil engineering
applications
8se !. <h!le% 3ale)% c2t% shre))e)% chi//e)% .!r 3ac9.illin in
c!nstr2cti!n /r!Bects.
Cryogenic tyre recycling
0"re rec"clin at l!< te*/erat2re 2sin li?2i) nitr!en !r
c!**ercial re.rierants t! e*3rittle the r233er.
Cuts
0he res2lt !. *echanical /r!cesses 3" <hich en);!.;li.e t"res are
.ra*ente)% ri//e) !r t!rn int! irre2larl" .!r*e) /ieces t"/icall"
larer than 300 ** in si5e.
Devulcanizates
0he /r!)2ct !. )e$2lcani5ati!n <hich res2lts in the re)2cti!n !.
cr!ss;lin9s. :233er reclai* can 3e a 9in) !. )e$2lcani5ate.
Devulcanization 0he treat*ent !. r233er that res2lts in the re)2cti!n !. cr!ss;lin9s.
End-of-life tyre ( t"re <hich has s2..ere) /er*anent )a*ae t! its str2ct2re an) is
n! l!ner s2ita3le .!r retrea)in !r re2se .!r the sa*e /2r/!se.
Fine powders
0he res2lt !. /r!cessin r233er t! achie$e .inel" )is/erse) /articles
!. CA00 D* incl2)in s2r.ace *!)i.ie) /!<)ers
Fines (carbon products
(l!*erates% /ellets !r /ellet .ra*ents <hich /ass thr!2h
)i..erent stan)ar)i5e) sie$es.
!ranulate
0he res2lt !. /r!cessin r233er t! re)2ce it in si5e int! .inel"
)is/erse) /articles 3et<een t"/icall" 0.E ** an) 20 **.
"i#ed car$truc% tyres (n 2n)e.ine) inc!nsistent *i1 !. car% tr2c9 an) !.ten 2tilit" t"res.
&ther tyre
F!r the /2r/!se !. this )!c2*ent% it enericall" incl2)es t"res 2se)
3" !..;r!a) aric2lt2ral $ehicles% aircra.t% a*!n !thers.
'article size
0he si5e !. in)i$i)2al ran2les !r rains !. *aterial a.ter /r!cessin
e1/resse) as a rane !. )istri32ti!n !. si5es.
'owder
0he res2lt !. /r!cessin r233er t! re)2ce it in si5e t! achie$e .inel"
)is/erse) /articles !. t"/icall" 2n)er 0.E **.
'urity Free)!* .r!* .!rein *atter.
'yrolysis
0he ther*al )ec!*/!siti!n !. r233er in the a3sence !. !1"en <hich
che*icall" 3rea9s it int! !il% as% an) char.
(ubber reclaim
:233er /r!)2ce) 3" treatin a $2lcani5ati!n in a *anner t! 3rin
3ac9 s!*e !. its !riinal characteristics. 0he reclai*e) r233er has
in.eri!r ?2alities <hen c!*/are) t! the !riinal r233er.
)crap tyre 0he sa*e as <aste t"re.
)hred
0he res2lt !. *echanical /r!cesses 3" <hich en);!.;li.e t"res are
.ra*ente)% ri//e) !r t!rn int! irre2lar /ieces !. t"/icall" 20 ** t!
'00 ** in an" )i*ensi!n.
)hredding
(n" *echanical /r!cess ,incl2)in cr"!enic !/ti!ns 3" <hich t"res
are .ra*ente)% ri//e) !r t!rn int! irre2lar /ieces !. 20** t!
'00** in an" )i*ensi!n. 8s2all" F6ri*ar" shre))inG *eans the
/r!cessin !. en);!.;li.e t"re 3" shre))in% cr2shin !r .ra*entin
<hile *aintainin in the !3taine) shre)s an a$erae l!3al
c!*/!siti!n si*ilar t! that !. the en);!.;li.e t"res.
)idewall 0he !2ter*!st r233er t! <hich the trea) is $2lcani5e).
)urface modification
0he res2lt !. treatin the s2r.ace !. ran2lates !r /!<)ers t! i*/art
s/eci.ic /r!/erties t! the /article.
*o#icity Characteristics
+eaching 'rocedure
(*C+'
( test 2se) in the 8nite) #tates t! )eter*ine the leachin le$els !.
s/eci.ie) *etals an) !ranics.
*yre recycling
(n" /r!cess 3" <hich /!st;c!ns2*er t"res are re/r!cesse) int!
/r!)2cts% *aterials !r s23stances <hether .!r the !riinal !r !ther
/2r/!ses. It )!es n!t incl2)e ener" rec!$er".
,sed tyre 0ire that has 3een s23Becte) t! an" t"/e !. 2se an) / !r <ear.
-aste tyre 0he sa*e as en);!.;li.e t"re an) scra/ t"re.
-hole tyre applications
8se !. <h!le <aste /ne2*atic t"res <ith!2t /h"sical !r che*ical
trans.!r*ati!n t! create s2ch /r!Bects as% s!2n) 3arriers% te*/!rar"
r!a)s% sta3ili5ati!n% etc.
/0 /NT(O$UCT/ON
)0 Ba&kground
(s /art !. the e..!rts t! re)2ce the trans 3!2n)ar" *!$e*ent !. ha5ar)!2s <astes an) !ther <astes% a )!c2*ent
entitle) F0echnical G2i)elines !n the I)enti.icati!n an) Manae*ent !. 8se) 0"resG ,hereina.ter re.erre) t! as Fthe
G2i)elinesG- <as /re/are)% in res/!nse t! the )i..ic2lties in i)enti."in an) *anain 2se) t"res% <hich can ha$e
i*/acts !n h2*an health an) the en$ir!n*ent.
0he G2i)elines <ere a)!/te) 3" Decisi!n @/2+ !. the .i.th *eetin !. the C!n.erence !. 6arties in Dece*3er
1999 an) the .irst $ersi!n <as /23lishe) in Oct!3er 2000. 0his sa*e $ersi!n <as aain iss2e) in N!$e*3er 2002.
In the se$en "ears that .!ll!<e) the /23licati!n !. the G2i)elines% a))iti!nal 9n!<le)e an) e1/eriences <ith
rear) t! <aste t"res <ere )e$el!/e) in *an" c!2ntries% a))ressin techn!l!ical% ec!n!*ic% an) en$ir!n*ental .act!rs
that <ere 3r!a)er than in the !riinal $ersi!n. 0here.!re% Decisi!n @III/17 !. the eiht *eetin !. the C!n.erence !.
the 6arties in N!$e*3er & Dece*3er 200+ c!nsi)ere) it a//r!/riate t! re$ise an) 2/)ate the c!ntent !. the G2i)elines.
0he c!ntent !. the re$ise) G2i)elines has the sa*e /2r/!se as the !riinal 2i)elines% i.e.% t! assist nati!nal
a2th!rities in their en$ir!n*entall" s!2n) *anae*ent !. 2se) t"res <ithin their nati!nal territ!ries.
B0 General properties of tyres
+0 %tru&ture - Tyre Co!ponents and $efinitions of Te&hni&al Ter!s
0"res are *a)e 2/ !. $ari!2s c!*/!nents% <hich incl2)e se$eral /arts% t"/es !. steel an) r233er c!*/!2n)s.
0he in.!r*ati!n i$en 3el!< is .!r the s!le /2r/!se !. /r!$i)in eneral in.!r*ati!n t! th!se in$!l$e) in <aste
/ne2*atic t"res *anae*ent !/erati!ns. 0he *ain c!*/!nents in a t"re str2ct2re% as <ell as the technical ter*s 2se)
.!r c!ns2*ers t! 3e a3le t! i)enti." its characteristics% are sh!<n in Fi2re 1 3el!<:
-igure + 3 Co!ponents of a tyre
Notes'
+0 The !ost &o!!on types of tyre stru&ture are diagonal 1Cross-ply24 bias-belted and radial0
.0 )l!ost 5, per&ent of all tyres sold are radial tyres0
60 The side7all of a tyre &ontains the infor!ation4 7hi&h varies a&&ording to the national appli&able
legislation and !anufa&turer4 that is ne&essary for users to pur&hase tyres that are appropriate to their needs0
8Tread9 1+2 *eans the /art !. a /ne2*atic;t"re that is )esine) t! c!*e int! c!ntact <ith the r!2n).
8Tread groove9 1.2 *eans the s/ace 3et<een the a)Bacent ri3s !r 3l!c9s in the trea) /attern.
8%ide7all9 162 *eans the /art !. a /ne2*atic;t"re 3et<een the trea) an) the area )esine) t! 3e c!$ere) 3" the ri*
.lane.
8Ply9 1:4 ;2 *eans a la"er !. Hr233erH c!ate) /arallel c!r)s. In the ra)ial t"re% it has the /2r/!se !. sta3ili5in the t"re.
8Cord9 1<2 *eans the stran)s .!r*in the .a3ric !. the /lies in the /ne2*atic;t"re.
8Car&ass9 1=2 *eans that str2ct2ral /art !. a /ne2*atic;t"re !ther than the trea) an) !2ter*!st Hr233erH !. the
si)e<alls <hich% <hen in.late)% s2//!rts the l!a).
8%e&tion 7idth9 152 *eans the linear )istance 3et<een the !2tsi)e !. the si)e<alls !. an in.late) /ne2*atic;t"re% <hen
.itte) t! the s/eci.ie) *eas2rin ri*% 32t e1cl2)in ele$ati!ns )2e t! la3elin ,*ar9in-% )ec!rati!n !r /r!tecti$e 3an)s
!r ri3s.
8Belt9 1>2 a//lies t! a ra)ial /l" !r 3ias 3elte) t"re an) *eans a la"er !r la"ers !. *aterial !r *aterials 2n)erneath the
trea)% lai) s23stantiall" in the )irecti!n !. the centre line !. the trea) t! restrict the carcass in a circ2*.erential
)irecti!n.
8Bead9 1+,2 *eans the /art !. a /ne2*atic t"re that is !. s2ch sha/e an) str2ct2re as t! .it the ri* an) h!l) the t"re
!nt! it.
8Chafer9 1++2 *eans *aterial in the 3ea) area t! /r!tect the carcass aainst cha.in !r a3rasi!n 3" the <heel ri*.
.0 Tyre Co!position
0he c!*/!nents !. a ne< t"re are sh!<n in 0a3le 1% an) the *aterials 2se) in its *an2.act2rin are sh!<n in
0a3le 2.
Table + - ain &o!ponents of Car and Tru&k tyres
,In I-
aterial
)uto!obile
1?2
Tru&ks 1?2
:233er/Elast!*ersJ 'A '2
Car3!n 3lac9 an) silica 23 2'
Metal 1+ 2A
0e1tile +
Kinc !1i)e 1 2
#2l/h2r 1 1
())iti$es E
Source: Automobile tyres: ETRMA- LCA
2
and personal communication from tyre manufacturers for
truck tyre
0r2c9 t"res c!ntain *!re nat2ral r233er as a /r!/!rti!n% relati$e t! s"nthetic r233er% than )! car t"res% 3eca2se
!. )i..erent ser$ice c!n)iti!ns.
Table . 3 aterials Used in the anufa&ture of Tyres
aterial %our&e )ppli&ation
Nat2ral :233er
Nat2ral r233er is
/re)!*inantl" !3taine) .r!*
the sa/ !. the e!ea
brasiliensis tree.
Generall" Nat2ral r233er c2rrentl" acc!2nts .!r
a3!2t 30I t! '0I !. the t!tal elast!*eric /art in
a car t"re an) +0I t! E0I !. a tr2c9 t"re.
#"nthetic :233er
(ll s"nthetic r233ers are *a)e
.r!* /etr!che*icals
Generall" s"nthetic r233er acc!2nts .!r a3!2t
+0I t! 70I !. the t!tal elast!*eric /art in a car
t"re an) a3!2t 20I t! '0I !. a tr2c9 t"re.
#teel c!r) an) 3ea) <ire
incl2)in the c!atin *aterials
an) acti$at!rs% 3rass /tin/5inc.
0he steel is /re*i2* ra)e an)
is !nl" *an2.act2re) in a .e<
/lants ar!2n) the <!rl) )2e t!
its hih ?2alit" re?2ire*ents.
#teel is 2se) t! /r!$i)e rii)it" an) strenth t! the
t"res.
:ein.!rcin .a3rics 6!l"ester% ra"!n !r n"l!n
8se) .!r str2ct2ral strenth an) !. the carcasses !.
car t"res.
2
=i.ec"cle assess*ent !. an a$erae E2r!/ean cart"re. 6rLc!ns2lt .!r E0:M(% 2001.
Car3!n 3lac9% a*!r/h!2s silica
Car3!n 3lac9 is )eri$e) .r!*
!il st!c9.
(*!r/h!2s silica is !3taine)
.r!* silici2* *ineral an)
s!)i2* car3!nate. It *a" ha$e
nat2ral !r s"nthetic !riin.
Car3!n 3lac9 an) silica /r!$i)e )2ra3ilit" an)
resistance aainst <ear an) tear.
Kinc !1i)e
Kinc is a *ine) *ineral !r als!
)eri$e) .r!* rec"cle) 5inc%
<hich then 2n)er!es a
/r!)2cti!n /r!cess t! /r!)2ce
5inc !1i)e.
Kinc !1i)e is a))e) essentiall" as $2lcani5ati!n
acti$at!r. (.ter $2lcani5ati!n it is /resent as
3!2n) 5inc in t"res.
#2l/h2r ,incl2)in c!*/!2n)s-
( *ine) *ineral !r e1tracte)
.r!* as !r !il.
Main act!r !r $2lcani5ati!n.
Other a))iti$es an) s!l$ents ae
resist!rs% /r!cessin ai)s%
accelerat!rs% $2lcani5in aents%
s!.teners an) .illers
#"nthetic !r nat2ral s!2rce.
0he !ther a))iti$es are 2se) in the $ari!2s r233er
c!*/!2n)s t! *!)i." han)lin *an2.act2rin an)
en);/r!)2ct /r!/erties.
:ec"cle) r233er
:ec!$ere) .r!* 2se) t"res !r
!ther r233er /r!)2cts.
8se) in s!*e r233er c!*/!2n)s in the
*an2.act2re !. Mne<N r233er /r!)2cts an) retrea)
*aterials.
#!2rce: Adapted from "A #ational Approac$ to %aste Tyres&'2(() and ETRMA' 2(()0
60 Tyre Properties
0"res $ar" in <eiht )e/en)in !n their c!*/!siti!n an) 2se. 0a3le 3 c!ntains in.!r*ati!n !n the three *!st
c!**!n cate!ries.
Table 6 3 )verage Weight of tyres by type
Type of tyre )verage 7eight 1kg2 Units @ ton
6assener car +.A ;10 1A'
8tilit" ,Incl2)in ' 1 '- 11.0 91
0r2c9 A2.A 19
Source: ylands and S$ulman' 2((*
(cc!r)in t! the Ger*an Ce*ent in)2str" the heatin $al2es !. 2se) t"res .!r c!;incinerati!n is 2+ MO/9
,@DK 200E-
3
. 0his $al2e is c!n.ir*e) in 84( ,200+-
'
% <here the a$erae heatin $al2e .!r 2se) t"res as sec!n)ar"
.2el is 2A%E3 MO/9.
3
@DK,200E- 8*<elt)aten )er )e2tschen Ke*entin)2strie 2007 htt/://<<<.$)5;
!nline.)e/.ilea)*in/r2//en/$)5/3=iterat2r:echerche/8*<elt2n):ess!2rcen/8*<elt)aten/8*<elt)aten2007P)PFinal
PWE4./).
'
84( ,200+- Einsat5 $!n #e92n)Qr3rennst!..en ,84( te1te 07;0+-
htt/://<<<.2*<elt)aten.)e//23li9ati!nen/./).;l/3011./).
0a3le ' c!ntains in.!r*ati!n !n the ener" c!ntent an) the CO2 e*issi!ns .r!* $ari!2s .2els.
Table : 3 Energy Content and CO. E!issions fro! -uels
-uel
Energy
1GA@t2
E!issions
kgCO.@t kgCO.@GA
0"res 2+.0 2%720 EA
Car3!n 27.0 2%'30 90
6et c!9e 32.' 3%2'0 100
Diesel !il '+.0 3%220 70
Nat2ral as 39.0 1%9E9 A1
W!!) 10.2 1%122 110
Source: %orld +usiness Council on Sustainable ,e!elopment -%+CS,.' 2((/ 0 C12 Emission
2actors of 2uels'
0"res )! n!t 2n)er! s/!ntane!2s c!*32sti!n an) are there.!re n!t classi.ie) as .la**a3le ,characteristics
H'.1 t! '.3 !. (nne1 III !. the C!n$enti!n-. W!r9 carrie) !2t 3" the 42il)in :esearch Esta3lish*ent in Enlan)
A
2sin t"re 3ales sh!<e) the .!ll!<in res2lts:
,a- 0he *ini*2* te*/erat2re .!r initi!n <as 1E2RCS i. *aintainin the te*/erati2re at 1E2TC .!r
+A%' )a"sS
,3- #h!rt ter* sel. initi!n <ill !nl" !cc2r a.ter e1/!s2re t! a te*erat2re !. 3A0TC .!r A *in2tes !r t!
a te*/erat2re !. 'E0TC .!r 1 *in2te.
H!<e$er% it is <!rth hihlihtin that nat2ral /hen!*en!n ,s2ch as lihtenin% <hen t"res are n!t /r!/erl"
st!re)- an) )eli3erate h2*an acts ,s2ch as ars!n% air 3all!!ns% etc.- can ca2se c!n)iti!ns that are c!n)2ci$e t! t"re
c!*32sti!n. ( list !. .ires that !cc2rre) in <aste t"re st!c9/iles is in (nne1 III.
Once initiate) t"re .ires are )i..ic2lt t! c!ntr!l% as a res2lt !. the heat enerate).
C0 %tages in the life of a tyre
0he $ari!2s staes in the li.e !. a t"re% .r!* <hen ra< *aterial is ac?2ire) thr!2h *an2.act2re% 2se an) .inal
)is/!sal are sh!<n in Fi2re 2.
A
H: Wallin.!r). F#2staina3le :e;2se !. 0"res in 6!rt% C!astal an) :i$er Enineerin ; G2i)ance .!r /lannin%
i*/le*entati!n an) *aintenance.G March 200A.
-igure . 3 %tages in the Bife of a tyre
Used Tyre "es
Re- use?
n!
+0 Used Pneu!ati& Tyres
#!*e c!2ntries all!< the c!**erciali5ati!n !. 2se) t"res t! 3e re2se) as /artl" <!rn .!r their !riinal
/2r/!se. H!<e$er% it is <!rth hihlihtin that there are ris9s in$!l$e) in the /2rchase !. a 2se) t"re% <hich sh!2l) 3e
)!ne <ith reat care. Gi$en that the *anner in <hich the t"re <as 2se) is 2n9n!<n% these t"res c!2l) ha$e !riinate)
.r!* $ehicles in$!l$e) in acci)ents% )a*ae) 3" /!th!les an) !3stacles% 2se) <ith!2t the a//r!/riate /ress2re
cali3rati!n !r inc!rrectl" re/aire).
8se) ,/artl" <!rn- t"res can 3e re2se) <ith!2t .2rther treat*ent. #!2rces !. 2se) t"res incl2)e:
,a- 0"res .itte) t! sec!n);han) $ehicles that are s!l) an) .r!* $ehicles that are scra//e)S
,3- Ol) ,!2t !. )ate- t"res that are 2se) .!r less )e*an)in a//licati!ns s2ch as !n trailersS an)
,c- 0"res that are e1chane) .!r reas!ns !ther than that the t"res ha$e reache) the en) !. their li.e%
s2ch as .ittin a set !. hih /er.!r*ance t"res !r )i..erent <heels.
0he 8nite) Uin)!* has leislati!n a3!2t the sales an) )istri32ti!n !. 2se) t"res% as /art !. its FM!t!r
@ehicle 0"res #a.et" :e2lati!nsG !. 199'. 0he re?2ire*ent .!r sellin an) )istri32tin these t"res are as .!ll!<s:
0he t"re *a" n!t ha$e an" c2t in e1cess !. 2A ** !r 10I in its secti!n <i)th% *eas2re) in an"
)irecti!n !n the !2tsi)e /!rti!n !. the t"re !r )ee/ en!2h t! reach the /l" !r c!r)S
0he t"re *a" n!t ha$e an" e1ternal l2*/% 32le !r tear ca2se) 3" the se/arati!n !r .ail2re !. its
str2ct2reS
0he t"re *a" n!t ha$e an" !. the /l" !r c!r) e1/!se) either internall" !r e1ternall"S
When in.late) t! the hihest /ress2re at <hich it is )esine) t! !/erate% the t"re *a" n!t e1hi3it an" !.
the )e.ects )escri3e) a3!$eS
Useful life of a tyre)
!re"ention
#anufacture
Ra$ #aterial
%n"ironmental &ound
Disposal ' Reco"ery
(perations
Tyre in first use
)aste tyre
!art $orn '
Retreaded
0he 3ase !. an" r!!$e that sh!<e) in the !riinal trea) /attern *2st 3e clearl" $isi3leS an)
0he r!!$es !. the !riinal trea) /attern *2st 3e at least 2 ** )ee/ acr!ss the .2ll 3rea)th an) ar!2n)
the ent"re !2ter circ2*.erence !. the t"re.
C2rrentl"% there are st2)ies 3ein *a)e t! e?2i/ t"res <ith electr!nic chi/s calle) :a)i! Fre?2enc"
I)enti.icati!n De$ice ,:FID- that rec!r) in.!r*ati!n a3!2t their c!n)iti!ns !. 2se. I. their e..icienc" can 3e /r!$en%
:FID *a" /r!$i)e a *eans t! i)enti." the a//r!/riate c!n)iti!ns .!r re;2sin 2se) t"res.
.0 (etreaded tyres
0he ter* Fretrea)inG re.ers t! re/lacin the <earin s2r.ace !. the t"re. 0hree )i..erent t"/es !.
/r!cesses% i.e. t!/;ca//in% reca//in an) 3ea) t! 3ea) are )escri3e):
0!/;ca//e) t"res are th!se in <hich the trea) is re*!$e) an) re/lace) <ith a ne< arrane) !neS
:e;ca//e) t"res als! ha$e their trea) re*!$e)% h!<e$er in this case the ne< trea) 2se) is larer than
in the re;t!//e) t"re% as it c!$ers /art !. the t"reNs si)e<allsS
4ea) t! 3ea) t"res are th!se in <hich the trea) is re*!$e) an) the ne< !ne !es .r!* the !ne si)e t!
the !ther% c!$erin all !. the l!<er /art !. the t"re an) c!$er the si)e<alls <ith a r233er la"er.
In s!*e cases% a criteri!n in t"re retrea)in is t! c!ntr!l the n2*3er !. ti*es a t"re *a" 3e retrea)e).
(cc!r)in t! 8nite) Nati!ns re2lati!ns ECE 10E an) ECE 109% <hich esta3lish the re?2ire*ents .!r a//r!$al !. the
/r!)2cti!n !. retrea)e) t"res% /assener a2t!*!3ile t"res *a" 3e retrea)e) B2st !nce% <hile tr2c9 an) aircra.ts t"res%
than9s t! their str!ner str2ct2re% *a" 3e retrea)e) *!re !.ten ,tr2c9 t"res t"/icall" 2/ t! .!2r ti*es% aircra.t t"res
easil" 2/ t! 10 ti*es- as l!n as the ?2alit" stan)ar)s are satis.ie)4 a li*ite) n2*3er !. ti*es. In a))iti!n% the li.eti*e
!. an !riinal t"re casin sh!2l) 3e c!nsi)ere) an) *2st n!t e1cee) se$en "ears.
0! *eet sa.et" stan)ar)s t"re retrea)in sh!2l) !nl" 3e carrie) !2t 3" ?2ali.ie) c!*/anies% an) t"res
sh!2l) 3e certi.ie) t! 2arantee sa.et" an) ?2alit" stan)ar)s .!r c!ns2*ers. 0here.!re% it is i*/!rtant that c!ns2*ers
/2rchase retrea)e) t"res .r!* c!*/anies that .!ll!< the r2les that esta3lishe) retrea)in s"ste*s an) ha$e their t"res
certi.ie).
En$ir!n*ental i*/acts !. retrea)in t"res are enerall" /!siti$e. 0he i*/acts .r!* retrea)in sh!2l) 3e
c!ntraste) <ith i*/acts !. *an2.act2rin ne< t"res. :etrea)in a t"re c!ns2*es c!nsi)era3l" less *aterial an) ener"
than that re?2ire) .!r a ne< t"re% <ith a /r!/!rti!nal )ecrease in !ther i*/acts. ( n2*3er !. a2th!rs ha$e /23lishe)
)ata in 3r!a) ter*s a3!2t the ener" an) *aterial sa$ins .r!* retrea)in. :etrea)in 2tilises a sini.icant /r!/!rti!n
!. the r233er an) all the .a3ric an) steel in a t"re. 0he /r!cessin ener" is re/!rte) t! 3e l!<er than .!r a ne< t"re
th!2h the act2al re)2cti!n $aries )e/en)in !n the t"/e !. retrea)in ,<hether h!t !r c!l) !r re*!2l)in-. 0he
esti*ates a$aila3le .!r t"res in)icate that retrea)in has sini.icant /!tential t! re)2ce !$erall ener" an) reenh!2se
e*issi!ns% as <ell as re)2ce the ?2antit" !. <aste t"res that are /r!)2ce)
+
.
0"re retrea)in is 3ene.icial t! the en$ir!n*ent .r!* the /ers/ecti$e that it *ini*i5es the enerati!n !.
<aste% 3eca2se it increases the 2se.2l li.e !. t"res% there3" /!st/!nin their .inal )is/!sal. H!<e$er% this reas!nin is
!nl" $ali) i. the t"re casins that ser$e as ra< *aterial .!r retrea)in are !riinate) )!*esticall". I. i*/!rte)% 2se)
t"res )is/lace )!*estic s2//liers !. casins. 0h2s% t"res retrea)e) <ith i*/!rte) casins <ill re/lace ne< t"res an)
t"res retrea)e) <ith )!*esticall" enerate) casins. 4eca2se t"res can !nl" 3e retrea)e) a li*ite) n2*3er !. ti*es%
these i*/!rts can res2lt in an increase in the !$erall $!l2*e !. <aste t"res the i*/!rtin c!2ntr" <ill ha$e t! )is/!se
!..
+
#ational Approac$ to %aste Tyres' 2((
0he *ain en$ir!n*ental i*/acts ca2se) 3" the /r!cess !. t"re retrea)in are sh!<n in 0a3le A:
Table ; 3 Environ!ental /!pa&ts of (etreading
Ener" an) *aterial
2se
(s retrea)in e1ten)s the li.e !. a t"re an) 2tili5es *2ch !. the !riinal *aterials
an) str2ct2re% the net res2lt is a )ecrease in *aterials an) ener" 2se) in c!*/aris!n
<ith ne< t"res.
0he ener" 2se) t! retrea) a t"re is a//r!1i*atel" '00MO c!*/are) t! 970 MO .!r
*an2.act2rin a ne< t"re.
(ir e*issi!ns 0he /ri*ar" areas !. c!ncern are $!latile !ranic c!*/!2n)s ,@OCs- .r!* s!l$ents%
3!n)in aents an) r233er c!*/!2n)s )2rin $2lcani5ati!n. O)!r *a" als! 3e an
iss2e in s!*e areas.
#!li) <astes 0he /r!cess enerates sini.icant <astes. 0he r233er re*!$e) .r!* 2se) t"res
3e.!re retrea)in is enerall" s!l) as r233er cr2*3s .!r !ther /2r/!ses.
Source: Adapted from A #ational Approac$ to %aste Tyres' 2(()
60 Waste Pneu!ati& Tyres
( /ne2*atic t"re that can n! l!ner 3e 2se) .!r the sa*e /2r/!se .!r <hich it <as !riinall" *an2.act2re)
is re.erre) t! as <aste /ne2*atic t"re. 4esi)es retrea)in% <aste /ne2*atic t"res can 3e rec!$ere) 3" 3ein c2t%
shre))e) !r r!2n)e) an) 2se) in se$eral a//licati!ns% s2ch as in .!!t<ear% s/!rts s2r.aces% ,car/ets- etc.% <aste
/ne2*atic t"res can als! 3e 2se) as 0"re;Deri$e) F2el ,0DF- .!r ener" rec!$er".
( /ne2*atic t"re that can n! l!ner 3e 2se) .!r the sa*e /2r/!se .!r <hich it <as !riinall" *an2.act2re)
is re.erre) t! as <aste /ne2*atic t"re. 4esi)es retrea)in% <aste /ne2*atic t"res can 3e rec!$ere) 3" 3ein c2t%
shre))e) !r r!2n)e) an) 2se) in se$eral a//licati!ns% s2ch as in .!!t<ear% s/!rts s2r.aces% ,car/ets- etc.% <aste
/ne2*atic t"res can als! 3e 2se) as 0"re;Deri$e) F2el ,0DF- .!r ener" rec!$er".
$0 Potential risks to health and the environ!ent
0he c!nstit2ents !. t"res )! n!t *a9e the* e1hi3it ha5ar)!2s /r!/erties. 0here.!re the" are n!t intrinsicl"
ha5ar)!2s. H!<e$er% <hen n!t /r!/erl" *anae) an) )is/!se)% t"res *a" /resent certain ris9s .!r /23lic health an) the
en$ir!n*ent. 0he" are n!t 3i!)era)a3le% i$en that the ti*e the" ta9e t! )ec!*/!se is in)eter*inate. 8se) t"res are
<astes that ta9e 2/ a l!t !. /h"sical s/ace% are )i..ic2lt t! c!*/act% c!llect an) eli*inate. 0hese as/ects are sh!rtl"
hihlihte) in this cha/ter. M!re )etaile) in.!r*ati!n a3!2t the /23lic health as/ects is i$en in (//en)i1 I. 0he
as/ects !. en$ir!n*entall" s!2n) *anae*ent <hen re;2sin% rec"clin !r )is/!sin !. t"res are a))resse) in Cha/ter
III.
+0 (isks to Publi& "ealth
I. n!t /r!/erl" *anae)% <aste /ne2*atic t"res are i)eal sites .!r r!)ents an) als! 3ree)in sites .!r
*!s?2it!es that trans*it )en2e an) "ell!< .e$er. 0his last iss2e is !. rele$ance in /artic2lar .!r tr!/ical an)
s23tr!/ical rei!ns. 0he r!2n) sha/e !. t"res% c!2/le) <ith their i*/er*ea3ilit" ena3le the* t! h!l) <ater an) !ther
)e3ris ,e..% )eca"in lea$es- .!r l!n /eri!)s !. ti*e% t2rnin the* int! /er.ect sites .!r the )e$el!/*ent !. *!s?2it!
lar$a. 0hese als! 3ree) in !ther *an;*a)e c!ntainers li9e earthen<are Bars% *etal )r2*s an) c!ncrete cisterns 2se) .!r
)!*estic <ater st!rae% as <ell as in )iscar)e) /lastic .!!) c!ntainers. It is 9n!<n that t"res are a 3ree)in site .!r
*!s?2it!es. H!<e$er% the relati$e i*/!rtance !. t"res c!*/are) t! !ther 3ree)in /laces is still 2n9n!<n an) *a"
)e/en) acc!r)in t! l!cal sit2ati!ns.
0"res s/eciall" .acilitate the s/rea) !. t<! s/ecies !. *!s?2it!es% Aedes ae3ypti an) Aedes albopictus.
0hese are the /rinci/al $ect!rs !. )en2e an) "ell!< .e$er )iseases that a..lict *illi!ns !. /e!/le in tr!/ical rei!ns. In
te*/erate rei!ns% !ther s/ecies s2ch as Aedes triseriatus an) Aedes atropalpus are *!re /re)!*inant.
0he *!$e*ent !. 2se) t"res n!t !nl" s/rea)s *!s?2it!es that ha$e a li*ite) reach% 32t als! c!ntri32tes t!
the intr!)2cti!n !. n!n;nati$e s/ecies% <hich are !.ten *!re )i..ic2lt t! c!ntr!l% increasin the ris9 !. )isease. 0he
ra/i) e!ra/hic s/rea)in !. in /artic2lar Aedes ablopictus has 3een larel" attri32te) t! the internati!nal tra)e in
2se) t"res.
0he 0ier *!s?2it! <as .irst intr!)2ce) int! the s!2th;east 8.#. in the late 19E0s <ith the i*/!rtati!n !.
2se) tires .r!* (sia. It s/rea) ra/i)l" al!n n!rth;s!2th trans/!rtati!n r!2tes ai)e) 3" the *!$e*ent !. !!)s an)
/e!/le% an) has )is/lace) nati$e s/ecies !. *!s?2it!es in s!*e areas. N! h2*an case !. $iral trans*issi!n )2e t!
Aedes albopictus has 3een )!c2*ente) in the 8.#. !r Cana)a t! )ate. 0he 0ier *!s?2it! has 3een .!2n) as .ar n!rth
as Chica! 32t it )!es n!t s2r$i$e the <inters in n!rthern 8.#. n!r has it e$er 3een i)enti.ie) in Cana)a.
7
0his e$i)ence )e*!nstrates c!ncl2si$el" that the acc2*2lati!n !. 2se) an) <aste t"res% as <ell as their
trans/!rt% /!ses a en2ine ris9 !. )iseases that are trans*itte) 3" *!s?2it!es. C!*/anies in$!l$e) in trans/!rt an)
*anae*ent sh!2l) 3e a<are !. this iss2e an) han)le t"res in s2ch a <a" that the s/rea)in !. s2ch )iseases is
/re$ente) !r re)2ce). M!re in.!r*ati!n a3!2t these )iseases an) /!ssi3le *eas2res t! 3e a//lie) 3" c!*/anies is
i$en in (//en)i1 I.
0he WHO /23licati!n: Den2e hae*!rrh!ic .e$er: )ian!sis% treat*ent% /re$enti!n an) c!ntr!l
E
in)icates
in its cha/ter A !n $ect!r s2r$eillance an) c!ntr!l that the *!st e..ecti$e *eans !. $ect!r c!ntr!l is en$ir!n*ental
*anae*ent. 0his incl2)es /lannin% !rani5ati!n% carr"in !2t an) *!nit!rin acti$ities .!r the *!)i.icati!n !r
*an2/2lati!n !. en$ir!n*ental .act!rs <ith a $ie< t! /re$entin !r re)2cin $ect!r /r!/aati!n an) h2*an;$ect!r;
/ath!en c!ntact. One !. the i*/!rtant .act!rs in.l2necin the these c!ntacts is the .act that in 2r3an areaNs !.ten <aste
is n!t c!llecte) 32t a3an)!nne) in the $acinit" !. h!2sin areas. M!re!$er% 2se) t"res are !.ten 2se) 3" the /!/2lati!n
.!r $ari!2s /2r/!ses% incl2)in 2se t! /lant .l!<ers% /r!$i)e 3allast !n r!!.s !. h!2ses an) *an2.act2rin !. t!"s .!r
chil)ren. 0hese 2nc!lle) t"res *a" then 3ec!*e 3ree)in /laces .!r *!s?2it!es. Fillin% c!$erin !r c!llectin t"res
.!r rec"clin !r )is/!sal are *enti!ne) as *eas2res .!r $ect!r s2r$eillance an) c!ntr!l in these cases. 0his stresses the
i*/!rtance !. a<areness raisin an) a !!) .2ncti!nin c!llecti!n an) *anae*ent s"ste* .!r t"res.
.0 Environ!ental (isks
0he as/ects !. i*/act !n the en$ir!n*ent !. )i..erent techn!l!ies an) *eth!)s t! treat t"res as <ell as
the en$ir!n*entall" s!2n) *anae*ent <hen )is/!sin !. t"res are )ealt <ith in Cha/ter III% s23secti!n E% !. this
2i)e. In this eneral cha/ter !n /!tential en$ir!n*ental ris9s ass!ciate) <ith t"res the *!re h!ri5!ntal iss2es !.
ec!t!1icit"% leachin an) e*issi!ns .r!* 2nc!ntr!lle) 32rin an) acci)ental .ires are a))resse).
E&oto*i&ity
#t2)ies <ere c!n)2cte) in 199A 3" the 6aste2r Instit2te in =ille 2sin r233er /!<)er !3taine) .r!* t"re
carcasses <ith alae ,S. Capricornutum an) cr2stacean: ,ap$nia ma3nia an) 2is$ +rac$ydanio rerio-% acc!r)in t!
I#O E+92% +3'1 an) 73'+ re2lati!ns.#23se?2entl"% in 199+% a s2//le*ental st2)" <as c!n)2cte)% i.e. HDeter*inati!n
!. (c2te 0!1icit" as /er I#O112+E/1 & O3ser$in the e..ect !. t"re /!<)er r233er !n a /!/2lati!n !. earth<!r* /lace)
in a )e.inite s23strat2*%H als! at the 6aste2r Instit2te in ="!n. 0he .!2r tests )i) n!t in)icate t!1icit".
In 2003% tests c!n)2cte) 3" 4ir9h!l5 in Cali.!rnia 2sin r233er cr2*3s ta9en .r!* a site <ere the t"re ha)
3een )is/!se) sh!<e) t!1icit" t!: 3acteria% in$erte3rates% .ish an) reen alae. (.ter three *!nths% ne< sa*/les <ere
teste)% )e*!nstratin a A9I re)2cti!n in the t!1icit" )etecte) in /re$i!2s tests.
In a))iti!n t! the ac2te !r sh!rt;ter* t!1icit" a))resse) a3!$e% l!n;ter* st2)ies sh!2l) als! 3e ta9en int!
acc!2nt. =!n;ter* in$estiati!ns /!int t! the .act that certain t"/es !. t"res e.. hih ar!*atic !il;c!ntainin t"res%
2n)er certain c!n)iti!ns *a" leach sini.icant a*!2nts !. 6(H int! the a?2atic en$ir!n*ent
9
%th2s in.l2encin the
/!/2lati!n )"na*ics !. <!!) .r!s
10
Other st2)ies re$eal that leachin !. hea$" *etals an) !ranics che*icals s2ch as 6hthalates an) 6(H%
.r!* rec"cle) car t"res as in.ill in arti.icial t2r. s"ste*s sta"s <ell <ithin the D2tch li*it $al2es .!r s!il an) s2r.ace
<ater ?2alit". =eachin !. 5inc is an e1ce/ti!n 32t is n!t e1/ecte) t! e1cee) li*its $al2es <ithin 10 "ears ,re.er t!
(//en)i1 II% VE2% E3W-. Diss!l$e) Oranic Car3!n an) the !ranic nitr!en a//ears t! )ecrease $er" ra/i)l" initiall"%
s23se?2entl" sl!<in )!<n t! a *ini*2* in a ti*e;)e/en)ent% s23stance;s/eci.ic *anner an) in tests $er" l!< 6(H
c!ncentrati!ns .r!* the ran2les <ere .!2n) at an i)entical le$el in the 3lan9 sa*/le ,ra$el la"er <ith!2t s2r.ace-S
the" c!rres/!n) t! a*3ient ,23i?2it!2s- c!nta*inati!n le$els.
Bea&hing
7
Health Cana)X
E
WHO% 2
n)
e)iti!n% 1997
9
4i!*ar9er res/!nses an) che*ical anal"ses in .ish in)icate lea9ae !. /!l"c"clic ar!*atic h")r!car3!ns an)
!ther c!*/!2n)s .r!* car tire r233er. EirY92r #te/hensen et al.% En$ir!n*ental 0!1ic!l!" an) Che*istr"% @!l. 22%
N!. 12% //. 292+&2931% 2003
10
I*/acts !. <eathere) tire )e3ris !n the )e$el!/*ent !. :ana s"l$atica lar$ae. Ui*3erl" M. Ca*/!nelli et al.%
Che*!s/here 7' ,2009- 717;722
Water enerate) 3" t"re leachate *a" c!nta*inate 3!th s!il an) s2r.ace <ater an) r!2n)<ater !n the site
an) s2rr!2n)in areas. 4ase) !n s/eciali5e) literat2re an) their !<n e1/erience% the Ministr" !. the En$ir!n*ent !.
Ne< Kealan)
11
/!inte) !2t se$eral .act!rs that *a" a..ect the rate !. leachin an)/!r the c!ncentrati!n !. t"re leachate
c!*/!2n)s in s!il% s2r.ace <ater an) r!2n)<ater.
In.!r*ati!n a3!2t .iel)<!r9 c!n)2cte) t! st2)" t"re leachate are incl2)e) in (//en)i1 II.
0he sa*e /23licati!n als! c!ntaine) the res2lts !. .iel) st2)ies !n t"re leachate. In.!r*ati!n a3!2t this
.iel)<!r9 c!n)2cte) are incl2)e) in (//en)i1 3% 6art 4 an) C.
0hree recent st2)ies l!!9e) int! the en$ir!n*ental as/ects !. the a//licati!n !. t"re ran2lates as .iller in
arti.icial s/!rts.iel)s
12
. 0he" ca*e t! the .!ll!<in c!ncl2si!ns rear)in en$ir!n*ental i*/acts: 6h"sic!che*ical
res2lts !. the /erc!lates sh!< .!r /!tentiall" /!ll2tin s23stances a 9inetic in)e/en)ent .r!* the t"/e !. ran2lates
2se) 3!th in;sit2 an) in;la3 tests. (nal"ticall" )etecta3le trace s23stances/c!*/!2n)s are )iss!l$e) .r!* the s2r.ace
an) .r!* the /!l"*er *atri1 !. the ran2les in a c!ncentrati!n <hich .alls !$er ti*e. 0he c!ncentrati!ns !. the
*eas2re) in)i$i)2al s23stances% the Diss!l$e) Oranic Car3!n an) the !ranic nitr!en )ecrease $er" ra/i)l" initiall"%
s23se?2entl" sl!<in )!<n t! a *ini*2* in a ti*e;)e/en)ent% s23stance;s/eci.ic *anner 3!th in the l"si*eter trials
an) the el2ate tests. 0!<ar)s the en) !. the trial /eri!)% a.ter a "ear% $al2es ha$e alrea)" .allen 3el!< the li*it !.
)eter*inati!n .!r *!st !. the in)i$i)2al s23stances ,MZller% 2007-.
0he $er" l!< 6(H c!ncentrati!ns .r!* the ran2les <ere .!2n) at an i)entical le$el in the 3lan9 sa*/le
,ra$el la"er <ith!2t s2r.ace-S the" c!rres/!n) t! a*3ient ,23i?2it!2s- c!nta*inati!n le$els
13.
=eachin !. hea$" *etals an) !ranics che*icals s2ch as 6hthalates an) 6(Hs% .r!* rec"cle) car t"res as
in.ill in arti.icial t2r. s"ste*s sta"s <ell <ithin the D2tch li*it $al2es .!r s!il an) s2r.ace <ater ?2alit". =eachin !.
5inc is an e1ce/ti!n 32t is n!t e1/ecte) t! e1cee) li*its $al2es <ithin 10 "ears
1'
. F!ll!< 2/ research !n l!n ter* 5inc
leachin <ill 3e /23lishe) in 200E.
(cc!r)in t! c2rrent research% a.ter a "earNs e1/eri*entati!n% the res2lts !n the '2 /h"sic!che*ical
/ara*eters i)enti.ie) an) !n the ec!t!1ic!l!ical tests sh!< that <ater /assin thr!2h arti.icial t2r. 2sin as .illin
either $irin elast!*ers ran2late) !r ran2lates .r!* 2se) t"res is n!t li9el" t! a..ect <ater res!2rces in the sh!rt an)
*e)i2* ter* ,(=I(68: et al% 2007-
Finall"% s!*e recent research 3" the E2r!/ean (ss!ciati!n !. the :233er In)2str" s2ests that the e..ects
)2e t! leachin !. che*icals .r!* the a//licati!n !. 2se) t"res in eneral are nelii3le. ( .2rther st2)" l!!9e) at
literat2re a))ressin the /!tential !. che*icals t! leach .r!* 2se) t"res an) c!ncl2)e) that the i*/act !. the a//licati!n
!. 2se) t"res in s23s!il !. r!a)s !r s2r.ace <aters 2n)er ne2tral en$ir!n*ental c!n)iti!ns has nelii3le e..ects !n the
r!2n) an) s2r.ace <ater ?2alit" an) the a?2atic en$ir!n*ent.
1A

11
Ministr" .!r the En$ir!n*ent. FEn);!.;=i.e 0"re Manae*ent: #t!rae O/ti!ns Final :e/!rt .!r the Ministr"
.!r the En$ir!n*ent.G MWH. O2l" 200'.
12
(=I(68: et al. ,2007-. En$ir!n*ental an) health assess*ent !. the 2se !. elast!*er ran2lates ,$irin an) .r!*
2se) t"res- as .illin in thir);enerati!n arti.icial t2r.. (=I(68:% (ence )e l[En$ir!nne*ent et )e la Ma\trise )e
l[Enerie ,(DEME-% Fiel)t2r. 0ar9ett% EEDEM#.
13
MZller% E. ,2007-. In$estiati!ns int! the 3eha$i!2r !. s"nthetic s2r.aces e1/!se) t! nat2ral <eather c!n)iti!ns.
#<iss Fe)eral O..ice !. #/!rt 4(#6O% 4(#F% >2ali.l!!r% Ge5!lan (G% Instit2t .Zr #/!rt3!)entechni9% #<iss Fe)eral
O..ice .!r En$ir!n*ent 4(F8% =]rrach% O..ice !. Water C!nser$ati!n an) Waste Manae*ent% W(=O
.
1'
IN0:ON et al. ,2007-. En$ir!n*ental an) Health :is9s !. :233er In.ill: r233er cr2*3 .r!* car t"res as in.ill !n
arti.icial t2r.. :esearch <as /er.!r*e) 3" IN0:ON% I#( #/!rt% 0NO% In)2st!1% 2n)er s2/er$isi!n !. the D2tch
F!!t3all (ss!ciati!n% the D2cth Ol"*/ic C!**ittee% the Ministr" .!r the En$ir!n*ent% the Ministr" .!r 623lic Health
an) #/!rts% the Netherlan)s Instit2te .!r 623lic Health an) En$ir!n*ent an) t<! !ranisati!ns .r!* in)2str"
,(ss!ciati!n 0"re an) En$ir!n*ent an) (ss!ciati!n @(CO% (ss!ciati!n .!r the t"re an) <heel 32siness ^ in)2str"-.
1A
=iterat2re #t2)" !n s23stances leache) .r!* shre))e) an) <h!le t"res ,/23lishe) O2ne 200A 3" 4=IC & E2r!/ean
(ss!ciati!n !. the :233er In)2str"-. 0he st2)" l!!9s at literat2re a))ressin the /!tential !. che*icals t! leach .r!*
2se) t"res an) c!ncl2)es that the i*/act !. the a//licati!n !. 2se) t"res in s23s!il !. r!a)s !r s2r.ace <aters 2n)er
ne2tral en$ir!n*ental c!n)iti!ns has nelii3le e..ects !n the r!2n) an) s2r.ace <ater ?2alit" an) the a?2atic
en$ir!n*ent.
Un&ontrolled Open )ir Burning
0"res are n!t s23Bect t! s/!ntane!2s c!*32sti!n. H!<e$er% in the e$ent that a .ire !cc2rs% either 3" ars!n
!r )2e t! acci)ental ca2ses% the /ile c!*/!siti!n <ill a..ect the rate an) )irecti!n !. the .ire. Fires !cc2rrin in /iles !.
<h!le t"res ten) t! 32rn )!<n int! the *i))le !. the /ile <here air /!c9ets all!< c!ntin2e) c!*32sti!n. Fires
!cc2rrin in /iles !. chi//e) !r shre))e) t"res ten) t! s/rea) !$er the s2r.ace !. the /ile.
-ire $e&o!position Produ&ts
( <i)e $ariet" !. )ec!*/!siti!n /r!)2cts is enerate) )2rin the /r!cess !. c!*32sti!n% incl2)in:
(sh ,t"/icall" c!ntainin car3!n% 5inc !1i)e% titani2* )i!1i)e% silic!n )i!1i)es% ca)*i2*% lea)% an)
!ther hea$" *etals-S
#2l/h2r c!*/!2n)sS
6!l"n2clear ar!*atic h")r!car3!ns & 6(HNsS
(r!*atic !ilsS
Car3!n an) nitr!en !1i)esS
6artic2latesS an)
@ari!2s liht;en) ar!*atic h")r!car3!ns ,s2ch as t!l2ene% 1"lene% 3en5ene% etc-.
Fire )ec!*/!siti!n /r!)2cts are ?2ite e1tensi$e an) $ar" as a .2ncti!n !. se$eral .act!rs% incl2)in:
0"/e !. t"reS
42rn rateS
#i5e !. t"re /ilesS
0e*/erat2re !. the en$ir!n*entS an)
H2*i)it".
#!*e !. the .ire )ec!*/!siti!n /r!)2cts% in /artic2lar th!se that are the res2lt !. inc!*/lete c!*32sti!n
are 6O6s. 0he re)2cti!n !r eli*inati!n !. n!n;intenti!nal e*issi!ns !. s2ch s23stances is re2late) 3" (rticle A an)
(nne1 C !. the #t!c9h!l* C!n$enti!n.
In France% the #NC6 ha) )!ne a n2*3er !. .iel) e1/eri*ents t! )eter*ine the c!*/!siti!n !. s*!9e .r!*
.ires !. t"re in <areh!2ses <here t"res are st!re)% 3!th <ith an) <ith!2t s/rin9ler installati!ns
1+
. 0he .!ll!<in
c!*/!siti!n !. the s*!9es <ere .!2n)S
Table < 3 Co!position of s!oke fro! fires of tyre
Co!ponent
Produ&tion in non-sprinkler
installation 1g@kg of tyre burned2
Produ&tion in installation 7ith
sprinkler 1g@kg tyre burned2
CO2 1'A0 +2+
CO 3A '2
N2O 0.9 0.7A
NO 3.2 1.+
#O2 1A '
C"anh")ric aci) ' 0.+
H")r!ch!lic aci) N!t )etecte) 2
0!tal 2n32rne) !ranics
,incl2)in 3en5ene% t!l2ene% in
t!n2ene e?2i$alents-
23 +1
D2st 2EA 20
Metals ,t!tal- incl2)in 31.9 22.7'
1+
Incen)ie )ans 2n entre/_t )e st!c9ae )e /rne2*ati?2es L?2i/L )N2ne installati!n s/rin9ler. I*/act en$ir!nne*ental
s2r lNair et s2r lNea2. #NC6 2007.
al2*ini2* an) Kinc `99I
6!l"c"clic (r!*ati?2e
H")r!car3!ns ,t!tal-
0.0+33 0.093
6C4 ,t!tal- 2.++ 1 10
-*
2.1+ 1 10
-+
Di!1ines / .2ranes ,t!tal +.'' 1 10
-,
1.9 1 10
-,
C!*/!nents l!!9e) .!r 32t n!t
)etecte) ,3el!< anal"tia2e
)etecti!n li*it-
F!ra)eh")e% H")r!chl!ric aci)%
H")r!3r!*ic aci)% (cr!leine%
(**!ni2*% 0in
F!ra)eh")e% H")r!3r!*ic aci)%
(cr!leine% (**!ni2*% 0in
D2e t! the l!<erin !. the te*/erat2re .ires c!ntr!lle) 3" s/rin9ler installati!ns ha$e hiher e*issi!ns !.
CO an) 2n32rne) !ranics. 0he !ther e*issi!ns are l!<er% in /artic2lar .!r )2st% <hich is <ashe) !2t !. the s*!9e.
0he !3ser$e) c!ncentrati!ns !. 6C4 an) )i!1ins/.2rans are n!r*all" c!*/ara3le t! th!se !3ser$e) in a*3ient air. 0his
*a" 3e )i..erent .!r lare st!c9/iles !. t"res !r *!n!lan).ills .!r t"res.
Potential /!pa&ts of Un&ontrolled -ires
8nc!ntr!lle) t"re .ires ha$e *aB!r en$ir!n*ental i*/acts !n air% <ater an) s!il.
)ir Pollution
O/en air t"re .ires enerate e*issi!ns !. 3lac9 s*!9e% car3!n )i!1i)e ,that c!ntri32te t! reenh!2se
e..ects-% $!latile !ranic c!*/!2n)s an) ha5ar)!2s air /!ll2tants% s2ch as /!l"n2clear ar!*atic h")r!car3!ns ,6(Hs-%
)i!1ins% .2rans% h")r!en chl!ri)e% 3en5ene% /!l"chl!rinate) 3i/hen"ls ,6C4s-% arsenic% ca)*i2*% nic9el% 5inc%
*erc2r"% chr!*i2*% an) $ana)i2*.
17

6!ssi3le leachate !. s2ch /!ll2tants <ith rain<ater *a" als! lea) t! s!il an) <ater c!nta*inati!n. It can
!cc2r thr!2h t<! )i..erent at*!s/heric /r!cesses 9n!<n as <ash !2t ,s*all /articles that clin t!ether an) are
3r!2ht in 3" rain<ater- an) rain !2t ,larer /articles that are )irectl" a..ecte) 3" rain.all-.
Water Pollution
0"re c!*32sti!n ca2ses /"r!l"sis !. the r233er% res2ltin in !il" )ec!*/!siti!n <aste. In a))iti!n t! the
/r!3le*s ca2se) 3" !il r2n!..% the <aste *a" 3e carrie) 3" <ater% i. <ater is 2se) t! /2t !2t the .ire% !r $ia /erc!lati!n
thr!2h the s!il reachin the 2n)err!2n) <ater !r near3" strea*s. ( *illi!n t"res c!ns2*e) 3" .ire enerate a3!2t
200%000 liters !. r2n!.. !il. In a))iti!n t! ha$in a hihl" /!ll2tant ca/acit"% this !il" <aste is als! .la**a3le. Other
c!*32sti!n resi)2es% s2ch as 5inc% ca)*i2* an) lea)% can als! 3e <ashe) a<a" 3" <ater. De/en)in !n the sit2ati!n%
c!nta*inants s2ch as arsenic% 3en5ene% *erc2r"% c!//er% )i!1ins% 6C4s an) 6(Hs c!2l) als! 3e /resent.
%oil Pollution
:esi)2es that re*ain !n the s!il a.ter a .ire can ha$e an i*/act in t<! )i..erent <a"s% i.e. i**e)iate
/!ll2ti!n ca2se) 3" li?2i) )ec!*/!siti!n /r!)2cts /enetratin the s!il% an) ra)2al /!ll2ti!n ca2se) 3" leachin !. ash
an) !ther 2n32rne) resi)2es. 4!th !. the* are ca2se) *ainl" thr!2h rain.all an) <ater in.iltrati!n at the site.
17
:eis*an% O!el. I. F(ir E*issi!ns .r!* #cra/ t"re C!*32sti!n.G 8nite) #tates Nati!nal :is9 Manae*ent
En$ir!n*ental 6r!tecti!n :esearch =a3!rat!r". (enc" Cincinnati% OH 'A2+E. N!$e*3er 1997.
//0 (EBEC)NT P(OC/%/ON% O- T"E B)%EB CONCENT/ON
)0 General provisions
0he 4asel C!n$enti!n% <hich entere) int! .!rce !n A Ma" 1992% sti/2lates that an" trans3!2n)ar" *!$e*ent
!. <astes ,e1/!rt% i*/!rt% !r transit- is /er*itte) !nl" <hen the *!$e*ent itsel. an) the )is/!sal !. the c!ncerne)
ha5ar)!2s !r !ther <astes are en$ir!n*entall" s!2n).
In its (rticle 2 ,FDe.initi!nsG-% /arara/h 1% the 4asel C!n$enti!n )e.ines <astes as Fs23stances !r !3Bects
<hich are )is/!se) !. !r are inten)e) t! 3e )is/!se) !. !r are re?2ire) t! 3e )is/!se) !. 3" the /r!$isi!ns !. nati!nal
la<G. In /arara/h ' !. that (rticle% it )e.ines )is/!sal as Fan" !/erati!n s/eci.ie) in (nne1 I@G t! the C!n$enti!n. In
/arara/h E% it )e.ines the en$ir!n*entall" s!2n) *anae*ent ,E#M- !. ha5ar)!2s <astes !r !ther <astes as Fta9in
all /ractica3le ste/s t! ens2re that ha5ar)!2s <astes !r !ther <astes are *anae) in a *anner <hich <ill /r!tect h2*an
health an) the en$ir!n*ent aainst the a)$erse e..ects <hich *a" res2lt .r!* s2ch <astesG.
(rticle ' ,FGeneral !3liati!nsG-% /arara/h 1% esta3lishes the /r!ce)2re 3" <hich 6arties e1ercisin their riht
t! /r!hi3it the i*/!rt !. ha5ar)!2s <astes !r !ther <astes .!r )is/!sal shall in.!r* the !ther 6arties !. their )ecisi!n.
6arara/h 1 ,a- states: F6arties e1ercisin their riht t! /r!hi3it the i*/!rt !. ha5ar)!2s !r !ther <astes .!r )is/!sal
shall in.!r* the !ther 6arties !. their )ecisi!n /2rs2ant t! (rticle 13.G 6arara/h 1 ,3- states: F6arties shall /r!hi3it !r
shall n!t /er*it the e1/!rt !. ha5ar)!2s !r !ther <astes t! the 6arties <hich ha$e /r!hi3ite) the i*/!rt !. s2ch <aste
<hen n!ti.ie) /2rs2ant t! s23/arara/h ,a-.G
(rticle '% /arara/hs 2 ,a-&,)-% c!ntains 9e" /r!$isi!ns !. the 4asel C!n$enti!n /ertainin t! E#M% <aste
*ini*i5ati!n% an) <aste )is/!sal /ractices that *itiate a)$erse e..ects !n h2*an health an) the en$ir!n*ent:
FEach 6art" shall ta9e a//r!/riate *eas2res t!:
,a- Ens2re that the enerati!n !. ha5ar)!2s <astes an) !ther <astes <ithin it is re)2ce) t! a *ini*2*%
ta9in int! acc!2nt s!cial% techn!l!ical an) ec!n!*ic as/ectsS
,3- Ens2re the a$aila3ilit" !. a)e?2ate )is/!sal .acilities% .!r the en$ir!n*entall" s!2n) *anae*ent !.
ha5ar)!2s <astes an) !ther <astes% that shall 3e l!cate)% t! the e1tent /!ssi3le% <ithin it% <hate$er the
/lace !. their )is/!salS
,c- Ens2re that /ers!ns in$!l$e) in the *anae*ent !. ha5ar)!2s <astes !r !ther <astes <ithin it ta9e
s2ch ste/s as are necessar" t! /re$ent /!ll2ti!n )2e t! ha5ar)!2s <astes an) !ther <astes arisin .r!*
s2ch *anae*ent an)% i. s2ch /!ll2ti!n !cc2rs% t! *ini*i5e the c!nse?2ences there!. .!r h2*an
health an) the en$ir!n*entS
,)- Ens2re that the trans3!2n)ar" *!$e*ent !. ha5ar)!2s <astes an) !ther <astes is re)2ce) t! the
*ini*2* c!nsistent <ith the en$ir!n*entall" s!2n) an) e..icient *anae*ent !. s2ch <astes% an) is
c!n)2cte) in a *anner <hich <ill /r!tect h2*an health an) the en$ir!n*ent aainst the a)$erse
e..ects <hich *a" res2lt .r!* s2ch *!$e*entG.
,e- N!t all!< the e1/!rt !. ha5ar)!2s <astes !r !ther <astes t! a #tate !r r!2/ !. #tates 3el!nin t! an
ec!n!*ic an)/!r /!litical interati!n !rani5ati!n that are 6arties% /artic2larl" )e$el!/in c!2ntries%
<hich ha$e /r!hi3ite) 3" their leislati!n all i*/!rts% !r i. it has reas!n t! 3elie$e that the <astes in
?2esti!n <ill n!t 3e *anae) in an en$ir!n*entall" s!2n) *anner% acc!r)in t! criteria t! 3e )eci)e)
!n 3" the 6arties at their .irst *eetinS
,- 6re$ent the i*/!rt !. ha5ar)!2s <astes an) !ther <astes i. it has reas!n t! 3elie$e that the <astes in
?2esti!n <ill n!t 3e *anae) in an en$ir!n*entall" s!2n) *anner.9
B0 Tyre (elated Provisions
(rticle 1 ,F#c!/e !. the C!n$enti!nG- )e.ines the <aste t"/es s23Bect t! the 4asel C!n$enti!n. #23/arara/h
,a- !. that (rticle sets .!rth a t<!;ste/ /r!cess .!r )eter*inin <hether a F<asteG is a Fha5ar)!2s <asteG s23Bect t! the
C!n$enti!n: .irst% the <aste *2st 3el!n t! an" cate!r" c!ntaine) in (nne1 I t! the C!n$enti!n ,FCate!ries !. <astes
t! 3e c!ntr!lle)G-% an) sec!n)% the <aste *2st /!ssess at least !ne !. the characteristics liste) in (nne1 III t! the
C!n$enti!n ,F=ist !. ha5ar)!2s characteristicsG-.
One i*/!rtant ele*ent !. the C!n$enti!n is that a 6art" is n!t 3!2n) 3" the )e.initi!n !. ha5ar)!2s <aste ,an)
!ther resi)2es- esta3lishe) 3" the C!n$enti!n. Each 6art" is .ree t! )eci)e <hether it c!nsi)ers a certain <aste
Fha5ar)!2sG% .!r the /2r/!se !. the C!n$enti!n% /2rs2ant t! its nati!nal leislati!n. In this case% the c!2ntr" nee)s t!
n!ti." the 4asel #ecretariat a3!2t the c!ntent !. its nati!nal leislati!n% <hich in t2rn n!ti.ies the !ther 6arties t! the
C!n$enti!n that the trans3!2n)ar" *!$e*ent !. s2ch <aste is /r!hi3ite).
0"res cann!t 3e i)enti.ie) 2n)er an" cate!r" !. <aste strea*s in the .irst /art !. the (nne1 I !. the 4asel
C!n$enti!n ,a1;a1E-. 0"res c!ntain ele*ents !r c!*/!2n)s liste) in (nne1 1 !. the 4asel C!n$enti!n. 0he" are
encase) in the r233er c!*/!2n) !r /resent as an all!"in ele*ent an) are sh!<n in 0a3le A.
Table = 3 )nne* / &onstituents &ontained in tyres
Basel
Constituent
Che!i&al Na!e (e!arks
Content
,I <eiht-
Content D
1 Eg 2
)ppli&ability or
)nne* ///
a22
C!//er C!*/!2n)s
(ll!"in c!nstit2ent !. the
*etallic rein.!rcin *aterial
,#teel c!r)-
(//r!1.
0.02I
(//r!1.
0.1'
6art !. steel: in
*etallic n!n;
)is/ersi3le .!r* as
listen in (nne1 Ib
entr" 41010. N!t
e1hi3itin an" anne1
III characteristics.
a23
Kinc C!*/!2n)s Kinc O1i)e% retaine) in the
r233er *atri1
(//r!1. 1I (//r!1. 70
Wh!le t"res )! n!t
/resent an" !. the
characteristics H1 &
H12 c!ntaine) in
(nne1 III !. the
C!n$enti!n H13 is
!nl" assesse) .!r
leachin !. Kinc
a2+ Ca)*i2*
On trace le$els% as Ca)*i2*
c!*/!2n)s atten)ant
s23stance !. the Kinc O1i)e
Ma1. 0.001I Ma1. 0.07
N!t in a ?2antit"
i)enti.ie) as i$in
t! the <aste an" !.
the characteristics
c!ntaine) in (nne1
a3 1
=ea)
=ea) C!*/!2n)s
On trace le$els% as atten)ant
s23stance !. the Kinc O1i)e
Ma1. 0.00AI Ma1. 0.3A
N!t in a ?2antit"
i)enti.ie) as i$in
t! the <aste an" !.
the characteristics
c!ntaine) in (nne1
a3'
(ci)ic s!l2ti!ns !r
aci)s in s!li) .!r*
#tearic aci)% in s!li) .!r* (//r!1. 0.3 I(//r!1. 21
(s a nat2ral .at has
e1tre*el" l!<
aci)it" an) cann!t 3e
classi.ie) as an
ha5ar)!2s aci)
2n)er the ter*s !.
a'A
Oran!hal!en
c!*/!2n)s !ther than
s23stances in (nne1
t! the 4asel
C!n$enti!n
Hal!en 32t"l r233er C!ntent !.
Hal!ens
Ma1. 0.10 I
C!ntent !.
hal!ens
Ma1. 7
N!t ha$in
charcteristics
/2rs2ant t! (nne1
III
Wastes c!ntaine) in (nne1 I !. the 4asel C!n$enti!n are /res2*e) t! e1hi3it !ne !r *!re (nne1 III ha5ar)
characteristics% <hich *a" incl2)e H11 F0!1ic ,)ela"e) !r chr!nic-G% H12 FEc!t!1icG an) H+.1 F6!is!n!2s ,ac2te-G%
2nless% thr!2h Fnati!nal testsG% the" can 3e sh!<n n!t t! e1hi3it s2ch characteristics. Nati!nal tests *a" 3e 2se.2l .!r
i)enti."in a /artic2lar ha5ar) characteristic liste) in (nne1 III 2ntil s2ch ti*e as the ha5ar)!2s characteristic is .2ll"
)e.ine). G2i)ance /a/ers .!r each (nne1 III ha5ar) characteristic are c2rrentl" 3ein )e$el!/e) 2n)er the 4asel
C!n$enti!n.
=ist ( !. (nne1 @III !. the 4asel C!n$enti!n )escri3es <astes that are Fcharacteri5e) as ha5ar)!2s 2n)er
(rticle 1 /arara/h 1 ,a- !. the C!n$enti!nG alth!2h FDesinati!n !. a <aste !n (nne1 @III )!es n!t /recl2)e the 2se
!. (nne1 III ,ha5ar) characteristics- t! )e*!nstrate that a <aste is n!t ha5ar)!2sG ,(nne1 I% /arara/h ,3--. =ist 4 !.
(nne1 Ib lists <astes <hich F<ill n!t 3e <astes c!$ere) 3" (rticle 1% /arara/h 1 ,a-% !. this C!n$enti!n 2nless the"
c!ntain (nne1 I *aterial t! an e1tent ca2sin the* t! e1hi3it an (nne1 III characteristicG.
0he .!ll!<in (nne1 Ib <aste characteristic is a//lica3le t! t"res: 431'0: Waste /ne2*atic t"res% e1cl2)in
th!se )estine) .!r (nne1 I@( !/erati!ns.
(s state) in (rticle 1% /arara/h 1 ,3-% FWastes that are n!t c!$ere) 2n)er /arara/h ,a- 32t are )e.ine) as% !r
are c!nsi)ere) t! 3e% ha5ar)!2s <astes 3" the )!*estic leislati!n !. the 6art" !. e1/!rt% i*/!rt !r transitG are als!
s23Bect t! the 4asel C!n$enti!n.
0he .!ll!<in (nne1 Ib entr" is a//lica3le t! t"res: 431'0: Waste /ne2*atic t"res% e1cl2)in th!se )estine)
.!r (nne1 I@( !/erati!ns. 0he re.erence t! (nne1 I@( *eans that entr" 431'0 cann!t 3e 2se) .!r trans3!2n)ar"
*!$e*ents )estine) e.. .!r lan).ills !r release int! sea/!ceans.
///0 GU/$)NCE ON ENC/(ONENT)BBF %OUN$ )N)GEENT
1E%2
)0 General Considerations
(s n!te) a3!$e% E#M is )e.ine) 2n)er the 4asel C!n$enti!n in .airl" eneral ter*s. In (rticle '% /arara/h E%
the C!n$enti!n re?2ires that Fha5ar)!2s <astes !r !ther <astes% t! 3e e1/!rte)% are *anae) in an en$ir!n*entall"
s!2n) *anner in the #tate !. i*/!rt !r else<here. 0echnical 2i)elines .!r the en$ir!n*entall" s!2n) *anae*ent !.
<astes s23Bect t! this C!n$enti!n shall 3e )eci)e) 3" the 6arties at their .irst *eetinG. 0he /resent technical 2i)elines
are inten)e) t! /r!$i)e a *!re /recise )e.initi!n !. E#M in the c!nte1t !. 2se) t"res incl2)in a//r!/riate treat*ent
an) )is/!sal *eth!)s.
0he Fra*e<!r9 D!c2*ent !n 6re/arati!n !. the 0echnical G2i)elines .!r the En$ir!n*entall" #!2n)
Manae*ent !. Wastes #23Bect t! the 4asel C!n$enti!n ,199'- sets .!rth the /rinci/les 2se) 3" c!2ntries in their
strateies .!r <aste *anae*ent% a*!n <hich the .!ll!<in sh!2l) 3e hihlihte):
0he s!2rce re)2cti!n /rinci/le: the enerati!n !. <astes sh!2l) 3e *ini*i5e) 3!th in ter*s !. ?2antit"
an) /!tential .!r ca2sin /!ll2ti!n. 0his can 3e achie$e) thr!2h a//r!/riate /r!cesses an) .acilitiesS
0he interate) li.e c"cle /rinci/le: s23stances an) /r!)2cts sh!2l) 3e *anae) in s2ch a <a" that there is
*ini*al en$ir!n*ental i*/act )2rin their /r!)2cti!n% 2se% re2se an) )is/!salS
0he /reca2ti!nar" /rinci/le: /re$enti$e *eas2res sh!2l) 3e ta9en% c!nsi)erin the c!sts an) 3ene.its% !.
acti!n an) inacti!n% <hen there is scienti.ic 3asis% h!<e$er li*ite)% t! 3elie$e that the e*issi!n !.
s23stances% <astes an) ener" int! the en$ir!n*ent c!2l) /!ssi3l" res2lt in inB2r" t! h2*an health an)
the en$ir!n*entS
0he /r!1i*it" /rinci/le: the )is/!sal !. ha5ar)!2s <astes sh!2l) !cc2r as cl!se as /!ssi3le t! their
s!2rces !. !riin% rec!ni5in that the en$ir!n*entall" an) ec!n!*icall" s!2n) *anae*ent !. s!*e !.
these <astes c!2l) ta9e /lace at )is/!sal .acilities l!cate) .arther a<a" .r!* their s!2rces !. !riinS
0he least trans3!2n)ar" *!$e*ent /rinci/le: the trans3!2n)ar" *!$e*ent !. ha5ar)!2s <astes sh!2l) 3e
re)2ce) t! a *ini*2* that is c!nsistent <ith en$ir!n*entall" s!2n) an) e..icient *anae*entS
0he /!ll2ter;/a"s /rinci/le: /!tential /!ll2ters sh!2l) ta9e ste/s t! a$!i) /!ll2ti!n% an) th!se <h! /!ll2te
sh!2l) /a" t! s!l$e the /r!3le*s create) 3" /!ll2ti!nS
0he s!$ereint" /rinci/le: each c!2ntr" sh!2l) ta9e int! c!nsi)erati!n its /!litical% s!cial an) ec!n!*ic
c!n)iti!ns <hen esta3lishin a nati!nal /!lic" .!r <aste *anae*ent. F!r instance% c!2ntries *a" 3an
the i*/!rtati!n !. ha5ar)!2s <astes /2rs2ant t! their en$ir!n*ental leislati!nsS
In this )!c2*ent% F)is/!salG is c!nsi)ere) t! 3e an" !/erati!n s/eci.ie) in (nne1 I@ !. the 4asel C!n$enti!n%
<hich is als! incl2)e) in its te1t 2n)er (rticle 2 & FDe.initi!nsG & incl2)in secti!ns ( an) 4.
Hence the ter*in!l!" 2se) 2n)er the 4asel C!n$enti!n an) in /artic2lar in this G2i)elines *iht lea) t!
c!n.2si!n .!r c!*/anies !/eratin !n the E2r!/ean *ar9et% as c!;incinerati!n !. <aste in ce*ent 9ilns in the E8 is
c!nsi)ere) rec!$er" an) n!t )is/!sal.
+0 Basel Convention
#e$eral 9e" /rinci/les <ith res/ect t! E#M !. <aste <ere artic2late) in the 199' the Fra*e<!r9
D!c2*ent. 0! achie$e E#M !. <astes% the Fra*e<!r9 D!c2*ent rec!**en)s that a n2*3er !. leal% instit2ti!nal an)
technical c!n)iti!ns ,E#M criteria- 3e *et% in /artic2lar that:
( re2lat!r" an) en.!rce*ent in.rastr2ct2re ens2res c!*/liance <ith a//lica3le re2lati!nsS
#ites !r .acilities are a2th!ri5e) an) !. an a)e?2ate stan)ar) !. techn!l!" an) /!ll2ti!n c!ntr!l t!
)eal <ith ha5ar)!2s <astes in the <a" /r!/!se)% in /artic2lar ta9in int! acc!2nt the le$el !.
techn!l!" an) /!ll2ti!n c!ntr!l in the e1/!rtin c!2ntr"S
O/erat!rs !. sites !r .acilities at <hich ha5ar)!2s <astes are *anae) are re?2ire)% as a//r!/riate% t!
*!nit!r the e..ects !. th!se acti$itiesS
(//r!/riate acti!n is ta9en in cases <here *!nit!rin i$es in)icati!ns that the *anae*ent !.
ha5ar)!2s <astes has res2lte) in 2nacce/ta3le releasesS an)
6e!/le in$!l$e) in the *anae*ent !. ha5ar)!2s <astes are ca/a3le an) a)e?2atel" traine) in their
ca/acit".
E#M is als! the s23Bect !. the 1999 4asel Declarati!n !n En$ir!n*entall" #!2n) Manae*ent% a)!/te) at
the .i.th *eetin !. the C!n.erence !. 6arties t! the 4asel C!n$enti!n. 0he Declarati!n calls !n the 6arties t! enhance
an) strenthen their e..!rts an) c!!/erati!n t! achie$e E#M% incl2)in thr!2h /re$enti!n% *ini*i5ati!n% rec"clin%
rec!$er" an) )is/!sal !. ha5ar)!2s an) !ther <astes s23Bect t! the 4asel C!n$enti!n% ta9in int! acc!2nt s!cial%
techn!l!ical an) ec!n!*ic c!ncernsS an) thr!2h .2rther re)2cti!n !. trans3!2n)ar" *!$e*ents !. ha5ar)!2s an)
!ther <astes s23Bect t! the 4asel C!n$enti!n.
0he Declarati!n states that a n2*3er !. acti$ities sh!2l) 3e carrie) !2t in this c!nte1t% incl2)in:
I)enti.icati!n an) ?2anti.icati!n !. the t"/es !. <aste 3ein /r!)2ce) nati!nall"S
4est /ractice a//r!ach t! a$!i) !r *ini*i5e the enerati!n !. ha5ar)!2s <astes an) re)2ce their
t!1icit"% s2ch as the 2se !. cleaner /r!)2cti!n *eth!)s !r a//r!achesS an)
6r!$isi!n !. sites !r .acilities a2th!ri5e) as en$ir!n*entall" s!2n) t! *anae <astes an)% in
/artic2lar% ha5ar)!2s <astes.
6arties t! the 4asel C!n$enti!n sh!2l) e1a*ine nati!nal c!ntr!ls% stan)ar)s an) /r!ce)2res t! ens2re that
the" .2ll" i*/le*ent their C!n$enti!n !3liati!ns incl2)in th!se <hich /ertain t! the trans3!2n)ar" *!$e*ent an)
E#M !. 2se) t"res.
I*/le*entin leislati!n sh!2l) i$e !$ern*ents the /!<er t! enact s/eci.ic r2les an) re2lati!ns%
ins/ect an) en.!rce% an) esta3lish /enalties .!r $i!lati!ns.
0he leislati!n c!2l) )e.ine E#M an) re?2ire a)herence t! E#M /rinci/les% ens2rin that c!2ntries satis."
/r!$isi!ns .!r E#M !. 2se) t"res incl2)in their en$ir!n*entall" s!2n) )is/!sal as )escri3e) in the /resent 2i)elines.
Ha5ar)!2s <astes an) !ther <astes sh!2l)% as .ar as is c!*/ati3le <ith their E#M% 3e )is/!se) !. in the
c!2ntr" <here the" <ere enerate). 0rans3!2n)ar" *!$e*ents !. s2ch <astes are /er*itte) !nl" 2n)er the .!ll!<in
c!n)iti!ns:
,a- I. c!n)2cte) 2n)er c!n)iti!ns that )! n!t en)aner h2*an health an) the en$ir!n*entS
,3- I. e1/!rts are *anae) in an en$ir!n*entall" s!2n) *anner in the c!2ntr" !. i*/!rt !r
else<hereS
,c- I. the c!2ntr" !. e1/!rt )!es n!t ha$e the technical ca/acit" an) the necessar" .acilities t!
)is/!se !. the <astes in ?2esti!n in an en$ir!n*entall" s!2n) an) e..icient *annerS
,)- I. the <astes in ?2esti!n are re?2ire) as a ra< *aterial .!r rec"clin !r rec!$er" in)2stries in
the c!2ntr" !. i*/!rtS !r
,e- I. the trans3!2n)ar" *!$e*ents in ?2esti!n are in acc!r)ance <ith !ther criteria )eci)e) 3"
the 6arties.
(cc!r)in t! article + t! the C!n$enti!n% an" trans3!2n)ar" *!$e*ents !. ha5ar)!2s an) !ther <astes are
s23Bect t! /ri!r <ritten n!ti.icati!n .r!* the e1/!rtin c!2ntr" an) /ri!r <ritten c!nsent .r!* the i*/!rtin an)% i.
a//r!/riate% transit c!2ntries. 6arties shall /r!hi3it the e1/!rt !. ha5ar)!2s <astes an) !ther <astes i. the c!2ntr" !.
i*/!rt /r!hi3its the i*/!rt !. s2ch <astes. 0he 4asel C!n$enti!n als! re?2ires that in.!r*ati!n rear)in an"
/r!/!se) trans3!2n)ar" *!$e*ent is /r!$i)e) 2sin the acce/te) n!ti.icati!n .!r* an) that the a//r!$e) c!nsin*ent
is acc!*/anie) 3" a *!$e*ent )!c2*ent .r!* the /!int <here the trans3!2n)ar" *!$e*ent c!**ences t! the /!int
!. )is/!sal.
F2rther*!re% ha5ar)!2s <astes an) !ther <astes s23Bect t! trans3!2n)ar" *!$e*ents sh!2l) 3e /ac9ae)%
la3elle) an) trans/!rte) in c!n.!r*it" <ith internati!nal r2les an) stan)ar)s.
1E

When trans3!2n)ar" *!$e*ent !. ha5ar)!2s an) !ther <astes t! <hich c!nsent !. the c!2ntries c!ncerne)
has 3een i$en cann!t 3e c!*/lete)% the c!2ntr" !. e1/!rt shall ens2re that the <astes in ?2esti!n are ta9en 3ac9 int!
the c!2ntr" !. e1/!rt .!r their )is/!sal i. alternati$e arrane*ents cann!t 3e *a)e. In the case !. illeal tra..ic ,as
)e.ine) in (rticle 9% /arara/h 1-% the c!2ntr" !. e1/!rt shall ens2re that the <astes in ?2esti!n are ta9en 3ac9 int! the
c!2ntr" !. e1/!rt .!r their )is/!sal !r )is/!se) !. in acc!r)ance <ith the /r!$isi!ns !. the 4asel C!n$enti!n.
N! trans3!2n)ar" *!$e*ents !. ha5ar)!2s <astes an) !ther <astes are /er*itte) 3et<een a 6art" an) a
n!n;6art" t! the 4asel C!n$enti!n 2nless a 3ilateral% *2ltilateral !r rei!nal arrane*ent e1ists as re?2ire) 2n)er
(rticle 11 !. the 4asel C!n$enti!n.
1E In this c!nnecti!n% the 8nite) Nati!ns :ec!**en)ati!ns !n the 0rans/!rt !. Daner!2s G!!)s ,M!)el :e2lati!ns- ,8NECE% 2003a & see
anne1 @% 4i3li!ra/h"- !r later $ersi!ns sh!2l) 3e 2se).
.0 OEC$ 3 Core Perfor!an&e Ele!ents for the E% of 7aste
0he OECD a)!/te) in Ma" 200' the rec!**en)ati!n !. the c!2ncil C,200'-100
19
!n the E#M !. <astes
,OECD 200'-. Waste *anae*ent .acilities% incl2)in rec!$er" .acilities% sh!2l)% <ithin the .ra*e<!r9 !. la<s%
re2lati!ns an) a)*inistrati$e /ractices in the c!2ntries in <hich the" !/erate% an) in c!nsi)erati!n !. a//lica3le
internati!nal aree*ents% /rinci/les% !3Becti$es an) stan)ar)s% ta9e )2e acc!2nt !. the nee) t! /r!tect the en$ir!n*ent%
/23lic health an) sa.et"% an) enerall" c!n)2ct their acti$ities in a *anner c!ntri32tin t! the <i)er !als !. s2staina3le
)e$el!/*ent. In /artic2lar% ta9in int! acc!2nt the si5e !. the enter/rise% es/eciall" the sit2ati!n !. the s*all an)
*e)i2* si5e enter/rises ,#MEs-% the t"/e an) a*!2nt !. <aste% the nat2re !. the !/erati!n an) )!*estic leislati!n% the
.!ll!<in c!re /er.!r*ance <!2l) a//l" t! <aste *anae*ent .acilities:
1. 0he Facilit" #h!2l) Ha$e an (//lica3le En$ir!n*ental Manae*ent #"ste* ,EM#- in 6laceS
2. 0he Facilit" #h!2l) 0a9e #2..icient Meas2res t! #a.e2ar) Occ2/ati!nal an) En$ir!n*ental
Health an) #a.et"S
3. 0he Facilit" #h!2l) Ha$e an ()e?2ate M!nit!rin% :ec!r)in an) :e/!rtin 6r!ra**eS
'. 0he Facilit" #h!2l) Ha$e an (//r!/riate an) ()e?2ate 0rainin 6r!ra**e .!r the 6ers!nnelS
A. 0he Facilit" #h!2l) Ha$e an ()e?2ate E*erenc" 6lanS
+. 0he Facilit" #h!2l) Ha$e an ()e?2ate 6lan .!r Cl!s2re an) (.ter;care.
F!r .2rther in.!r*ati!n% /lease re.er t! the 2i)ance *an2al
20
.!r the i*/le*entati!n !. the OECD
rec!**en)ati!n !n E#M !. <aste <hich incl2)e the c!re /er.!r*ance ele*ents.
B0 anage!ent approa&hes to used and 7aste tyres
E$en th!2h t"res are c!ns2*er !!)s that are c2rrentl" in)is/ensa3le an) essential t! an" c!2ntr"Ns
ec!n!*"% ina//r!/riate )is/!sal can ca2se i*/acts !n the en$ir!n*ent an) h2*an health. Generatin <aste is
2na$!i)a3leS there.!re it is essential that s!2n) *anae*ent s"ste*s are i*/le*ente) t! *ini*i5e <aste enerati!n
32t als! *a1i*i5e the re2se an) rec"clin% an) the ener"/*aterial rec!$er" !. <aste t"res.
+0 General &onsiderations
6r!cesses .!r rec!$er" <ill 3e )escri3e) in secti!n E an) *a" 3e !$erall r!2/e) int! the .!ll!<in
cate!ries:
,a- :eclai* / De$2lcani5ati!n ,Che*ical-S
,3- 6"r!l"sis ,0her*al-S
,c- Ci$il enineerinS
,)- C!ns2*er an) In)2strial /r!)2cts ,incl2)in elast!*ers-S
,e- C!;/r!cessinS
,.- Incinerati!n.
0he a)$antaes an) )isa)$antaes !. these /r!cesses an) their a//licati!ns are s2**ari5e) in (nne1 1.
(ll e1istin /r!cesses .!r )is/!sin !. 2se) an) scra/ t"res enerate en$ir!n*ental an) health i*/acts% <hich
cann!t 3e t!tall" eli*inate)% an) sh!2l) there.!re 3e 9e/t t! a *ini*2*.
Environ!ental ange!ent %yste!s 1E%2
0he ina)e?2ate )is/!sal !. t"res% <hether in !/en terrain !r in <ater c!2rses increases
en$ir!n*ental ris9s.
F!r )eca)es% in se$eral c!2ntries% $ast ?2antities !. t"re <aste ha$e 3een )2*/e) !r st!c9/ile) in
the en$ir!n*ent% at a s23stantial c!st t! /23lic health% ani*als an) /lants. F!r a $er" l!n ti*e% these t"res <ere
si*/l" /ile) an) st!re) in iantic hea/s !r )2*/e) in lan).ills. G!$ern*ents n!< reali5e% h!<e$er% that these
/ractices are n!t s2staina3le. N!n enerati!n !. <aste *eas2res sh!2l) 3e e*/l!"e) <hene$er /!ssi3le.
19
OECD ,200'-: Dra.t :ec!**en)ati!n !. 0he C!2ncil !n the En$ir!n*entall" #!2n) Manae*ent ,E#M- !.
Waste. C,200'-100.
20
OECD ,2007-S G2i)ance *an2al .!r the i*/le*entati!n !. the OECD rec!**en)ati!n C9200'-100 !n
en$ir!n*entall" s!2n) *anae*ent !. <aste.
In a))iti!n t! the $is2al i*/act% ina)e?2ate )is/!sal can 3l!c9 <ater channels% cree9s an) st!r*
<ater )rains. :es2ltin chanes in .l!< /atterns can lea) t! er!si!n an) the siltin 2/ !. <ater .l!<s )2e t! the
retenti!n !. s!li) <astes c!ntri32tes t! .l!!)in.
6r!ne t! heat retenti!n an) !<in t! their !<n !/en str2ct2re% /ile) t"res .acilitate the !cc2rrence !.
.ires% 3" ars!n !r )2e t! acci)ental ca2ses s2ch as lihtnin% <hich !nce inite)% are )i..ic2lt t! c!ntr!l an) /2t !2t% an)
can 32rn .!r *!nths%
21
eneratin s*!9e an) t!1ic !il c!nta*inants that a..ect the s!il% <ater<a"s an) air.
In lan).ills% t"res !cc2/" $al2a3le s/ace% )! n!t 3i!)era)e)% an) .re?2entl" rise t! the s2r.ace%
creatin a ne< set !. lan).ill *anae*ent c!ncerns.
22
F!r techn!l!ies an) their *ain en$ir!n*ental /r!3le*s an) s2esti!n t! a$!i) the*% see (nne1 I.
.0 National syste!s for !anaging used and 7aste tyres
Manain s"ste*s that are 3ein 2se) .!r this /2r/!se incl2)e the .!ll!<in:
Produ&er (esponsibility-Based %yste!
0he la< )e.ines the leal .ra*e<!r9 an) assins t! /r!)2cers ,*an2.act2rers an) i*/!rters- the
res/!nsi3ilit" .!r !rani5in an) /r!cessin <aste t"res. ( nati!nal !/eratin c!*/an" !r ass!ciati!n is create) an)
/r!)2cers c!ntri32te t! a c!**!n .2n) that c!$ers the c!st !. c!llectin an) )is/!sin !. t"res. 0he tren) is t! attri32te
a reater <eiht t! this s"ste* !. c!llecti!n.
Ta*-Based %yste!
In this s"ste*% /r!)2cers !r c!ns2*ers /a" the !$ern*ent a ta1. 0he #tate is then res/!nsi3le .!r
!rani5in a s"ste* t! c!llect an) )is/!se !. t"res% <hich is i*/le*ente)% .!r instance% thr!2h the hirin !. !/eratin
c!*/anies that are re*2nerate) <ith .2n)s c!llecte) as a res2lt !. the ta1 le$ie).
0he 8.#. #tate aencies% .!r e1a*/le% re2late <aste tire *anae*ent ,n!t the .e)eral !$ern*ent-. M!st
states in the 8.#. ha$e a c!ns2*er ta1 !n the sale !. a tire. 0hat ta1 s2//!rts the state *anae*ent !. <aste tires. #!*e
8# states s/en) c!nsi)era3le .2n)s t! i*/le*ent <aste t"re /r!ra*s% <hile a .e< states B2st rel" !n the .ree *ar9et
s"ste* .!r s2//!rt !. the c!llecti!n an) e$ent2al 2se in <aste t"re a//licati!ns.
-ree arket-Based %yste!
In a .ree *ar9et;3ase) s"ste*% the leislati!n sets .!rth the !als t! 3e achie$e)% 32t )!es n!t s/eci." <h!
is res/!nsi3le .!r the /r!cess. In this <a"% all th!se in$!l$e) in the chain are .ree t! hire acc!r)in t! *ar9et
c!n)iti!ns% <hile <!r9in in c!*/liance <ith the leislati!n.
0a3le E has in.!r*ati!n a3!2t c!2ntries as their res/ecti$e *anae*ent s"ste*s .!r 2se) an) <aste t"res.
Table 5 3 %yste!s for anaging the Colle&tion and %orting of tyre that are )dopted in Carious Countries
Produ&er (esponsibility Ta*-based %yste! -ree arket %yste!
Europe ,4eli2*% Finlan)% France%
Greece% H2nar"% Ital"% N!r<a"% the
Netherlan)s% 6!lan)% 6!rt2al% :!*ania%
#/ain% #<e)en% an) the C5ech :e/23lic-%
Turkey0
Europe ,Den*ar9 % =at$ia% #l!$a9
:e/23lic-.
Europe ,(2stria% Ger*an"% Irelan)%
#<it5erlan)% 8nite) Uin)!*-.
Bra#il CanadG% United %tates ,*!st states- United %tates ,s!*e states-
Canada ,4ritish C!l2*3ia-% %outh
)fri&a4 /srael
)ustralia
C0 Waste prevention and !ini!i#ation
F!ll!<in the <aste *anae*ent hierarch" esta3lishe)% /ri!rit" sh!2l) 3e i$en t! /re$entin an) re)2cin
<aste enerati!n% the re)2cti!n in the <ear an) tear !. t"res in !r)er t! increase their 2se.2l li.e% there3" re)2cin the
21
Health 6r!tecti!n (enc" ,8U-% Che*ical Ha5ar) an) 6!is!ns :e/!rt E ,2003- ,F8U & Che*ical Ha5ar) :e/!rtG-.
22
Directi$e 1999/31/CE re.er t! the )e/!siti!n !. t"res in lan).ills an) s2//!rts this /arara/h.
rate !. enerate) <aste. 0! that en)% cali3rati!n an) *aintenance 2i)elines an) /r!ce)2res rec!**en)e) 3" t"re
*an2.act2rers sh!2l) 3e .!ll!<e).
0he $ari!2s challenes that 3!th the )e$el!/e) an) the )e$el!/in c!2ntries c!ntin2e t! .ace <ith rear) t!
<aste t"res *a9e it clear that the s*aller the a*!2nt !. t"res a c!2ntr" is re?2ire) t! *anae% the 3etter.
(n!ther <a" t! increase the 2se.2l li.e !. t"res is t! 2se the retrea)in /r!cess. I. t"res enerate) )!*esticall"
are 2se) as ra< *aterials% retrea)in is 3ene.icial t! the en$ir!n*ent an) can 3e c!nsi)ere) a 9e" ele*ent in n!n
enerati!n strateies% 3eca2se it increases the 2se.2l li.e !. t"res% /!st/!nin their )is/!sal as <aste. Other *eas2res t!
re)2ce the n2*3er !. <aste /ne2*atic t"res incl2)e the 2se !. retrea)e) t"res in !..icial $ehicles an) the /eri!)ical
technical ins/ecti!ns that /r!*!te the retrea) a3ilit" !. 2se) t"res.
(t the en) !. their li.e c"cle% t"res can 3e trans.!r*e) thr!2h /h"sical !r che*ical /r!cesses% int! a ne<
/r!)2ct !r ra< *aterial t! 3e 2se) as in/2t .!r a//licati!ns !ther than their !riinal 2se. H!<e$er% 3e.!re <aste t"res
can 3e 2se) .!r !ther a//licati!ns !r 3e .!r<ar)e) t! )is/!sal% inter*e)iate /r!ce)2res relate) t! their c!llecti!n%
trans/!rtati!n% s!rtin% st!rae an) si5e re)2cti!n sh!2l) 3e a//r!/riatel" i*/le*ente).
(n!ther *eas2re t! *ini*i5e an) /re$ent <aste /ne2*atic t"res c!ncerns re2lar t"re chec9s as <ell as the
la2nchin !. a<areness;raisin ca*/ains 3" c!*/etent a2th!rities. 0hese ai* at /r!*!tin a*!nst the eneral
/23lic% t!ether <ith r!a) sa.et" as/ects an) .2el c!ns2*/ti!n relate) iss2es% the i*/!rtance !. 9ee/in !!) c!n)iti!n
!. t"res e.. !/ti*al t"re in.lati!n /ress2re that can als! ha$e a /!siti$e i*/act !n the li.es/an !. t"res.
0he 2se !. alternati$es *!)es !. trans/!rt e.. rail<a"s% <ater;<a"s% es/eciall" in c!2ntries <here s2ch
net<!r9s are )e$el!/e)% sh!2l) 3e anal"5e) !n the 3asis !. case;s/eci.ic =i.e C"cle (ssess*ent c!*/arin the !$erall
/r! an) c!ns !. the )i..erent s!l2ti!ns.
$0 Colle&tion4 transportation and storage
C!llectin% trans/!rtin an) s!rtin !. t"res are i*/!rtant /hases in the *anae*ent /r!cess. C!llectin t"res
re?2ires l!istics an) /lannin that ta9e int! acc!2nt the )i$ersit" !. /!ints <here these t"res are enerate)% in a))iti!n
t! the nee) t! e)2cate citi5ens a3!2t the 3ene.its arisin .r!* their 3ein )eli$ere) .!r )is/!sal in a *anner that is
en$ir!n*entall" s!2n).
0! i$e an 2se) t"re an E#M% it is necessar" t! c!llect it !n the /lace <here it <as enerate) an) trans/!rt it t!
a /lace .!r st!rae. 0his is a cr2cial stae in the E#M !. 2se) t"res% since there is a lare n2*3er !. /laces in 3i cities
<here t"res ha$e t! 3e ?2ic9l" c!llecte). Ne$ertheless% )estinati!n !. 2se) t"res $er" !.ten recei$es reater attenti!n
than c!llecti!n.
0rans/!rtin 2se) t"res .r!* the $ari!2s s!2rces !. enerati!n t! .acilities .!r s!rtin re/resents an a))iti!nal
32r)en in ter*s !. c!sts% /ri*aril" in cases <here )istances 3et<een the /!ints !. c!llecti!n an) s!rtin are l!n% since
t"res ta9e 2/ a l!t !. s/ace <ithin the tr2c9s in <hich the" are trans/!rte). #a.et" )2rin trans/!rtati!n is an!ther
.act!r that nee)s t! 3e ta9en int! acc!2nt% re?2irin that st!c9/ilin an) /ac9ain r2les 3e strictl" .!ll!<e).
#ince c!llecti!n is a l!istic /r!cess% the !/ti*i5ati!n has t! 3e a))resse) either !n a c!st 3ase !r !n an
en$ir!n*ental 3ase. De/en)in !n ec!n!*ical an) leal *!)el $ari!2s t"/e !. !/ti*i5ati!n can 3e /2t in /lace. 0<!
*ain <a"s !. !/ti*i5ati!n are:
C!llectin the *a1i*2* ?2antit" !. t"res in !ne r2n ,that *a" incl2)e se$eral st!/s-S
C!llect in s2ch a *anner that *an2al han)lin is *ini*i5e).
When /!ssi3le 2sin s/ecial c!ntainers t! c!llect t"res is !.ten the 3est <a" !. achie$in 3!th *a1i*2* the
?2antit" !. t"res /er r2n an) a )rastic re)2cti!n !. the *an/!<er re?2ire).
#!rtin is necessar" t! se/arate 2se) /ne2*atic t"res that can 3e retrea)e)% 2se) t"res that can 3e 2se) .!r
!ther /2r/!ses an) <aste t"res. #!rtin re?2ires the a$aila3ilit" !. c!$ere) .acilities an) a s/eciali5e) <!r9.!rce.
#t!rae is als! certainl" a critical iss2e in the c!llectin /r!cess. I. the *anae*ent !. the !$erall .l!< is <ell
c!ntr!lle)% the st!rae sh!2l) 3e *!re a st!c9 in transit 3e.!re the ne1t ste/ !. the t"re /r!cessin than a /er*anent
st!c9.
0! st!re t"res <ith!2t en)anerin h2*an health !r the en$ir!n*ent the st!rae .acilit" nee)s t! *eet certain
re?2ire*ents. 0hese re?2ire*ents are in *!st cases /art !. nati!nal re2lati!ns rear)in s2ch st!raes. @ari!2s
rec!**en)ati!ns are e1istin in the <!rl). 0he ai* is t! /re$ent *aB!r ris9s 3" re)2cin ?2antit" st!re) /er 2nit an)
/2ttin in /lace a//r!/riate e?2i/*ent ,see .!r e1a*/les ta3le 9-.
(s an e1a*/le% s!*e 2i)elines .!r this /2r/!se are a$aila3le in a B!int /23licati!n iss2e) 3" three entities% i.e.
Internati!nal (ss!ciati!n !. Fire Chie.s ,I(FC-% :233er Man2.act2rers (ss!ciati!n ,:M(- an) the Nati!nal Fire
6r!tecti!n (ss!ciati!n ,NF6(- ,2000- an) MWH% 200' ,see .!!tn!te 23-.
0he .!ll!<in re?2ire*ents shall 3e ta9en int! acc!2nt <hen ch!!sin an) !/eratin a site .!r st!rin an)
st!c9/ilin t"res:
23

,a- #electin an a//r!/riate siteS
,3- 6re$entin an) *ini*i5in the s/rea) !. .ires% ,e..% 3" settin a *ini*2* )istance
3et<een t<! cells-S
,c- Mini*i5in leachate /r!)2cti!n% ,e..% 3" c!$erin t"re /iles-S
,)- Mini*i5in leachate c!nta*inati!n !. the s!il an) 2n)err!2n) <ater% ,e..% 3" ha$in a
c!*/acte) cla" s2r.ace-S
,e- In s!*e c!2ntries% a$!i)in an) c!ntr!llin the 3ree)in !. *!s?2it!es an) !ther $ect!rs
.!r )iseases can als! 3e rele$ant .!r .!r *ini*i5in i*/acts !n /23lic health ,see als!
secti!n D an) (//en)ice I-.
0a3les 9 an) 10 an) Fi2re 3 /resent in.!r*ati!n !n the 3est /ractices .!r the )esin !. sites .!r the te*/!rar"
st!rae an) st!c9/ilin rec!**en)e) in this st2)". 0a3le 9 als! incl2)es a c!*/arati$e st2)" ,MWH 200'- !.
in.!r*ati!n /r!$i)e) 3" /ri$ate ass!ciati!ns an) s/ecialists <ith !$er 20 "ears !. e1/erience in the t"re re/r!cessin
in)2str" ,MWH 200'-.
Des/ite the .act that the st2)" is inc!ncl2si$e rear)in st!rae ti*e% it is rec!**en)e) that this sh!2l) 3e
)!ne !nl" <hen necessar" an) .!r the sh!rtest /eri!) !. ti*e /!ssi3le.
Table > 3 Best Pra&ti&es for %toring Waste Tyres
Criteria /)-C4 () and N-P) Guidelines %pe&ialist D
#t!rae ti*e N: N:
0"re /ile *a1i*2*
)i*ensi!ns
+ * hih
7+ * l!n
1A * <i)e
'.A * hih
+0 * l!n
1A * <i)e
6ile sl!/e N: 300 sl!/e i. nat2rall" /ile)
900 sl!/e i. lace) in /iles
,#ee Fi2re 3-
Clearance in st!c9/ilin
site
E)e !. /ile 1A * .r!* /eri*eter .ence
+0 * ra)i2s .r!* the /ile sh!2l) n!t ha$e
$eetati!n% )e3ris an)
32il)ins
E)e !. /ile 1A * .r!*
/eri*eter
.ence
Fire 3rea9s 1;E* 3et<een /iles 1A * 3et<een /iles at 3ase
#ite selecti!n
($!i) <etlan)s% .l!!) /lains% ra$ines%
can"!ns% sl!/e) areas% ra)e) s2r.aces% an)
/!<er lines
N(
Gr!2n) s2r.ace/liner I)eall" .lat site
C!ncrete !r har) /ac9e) cla" s2r.aceS
N! as/halt !r rass
C!*/acte) area
C!$er
MWH al<a"s rec!**en)s that t"re /iles
sh!2l) 3e c!$ere) t! /re$ent leachin
N:
:2n!.. C!llecti!n an) retenti!n
#!il 32n) ar!2n) /ile t!
*ini*i5e r2n!.. !. <ater 2se)
in .ihtin .ires
23
Ministr" !. the En$ir!n*ent. FEn);!.;=i.e 0"re Manae*ent: #t!rae O/ti!ns Final :e/!rt .!r the Ministr" .!r
the En$ir!n*ent.G MWH. O2l" 200'
Initi!n s!2rces
N! !/en air 32rnin <ithin 300 *
N! <el)in !r !ther heat eneratin )e$ices
<ithin a +0 * ra)i2s
N(
Water s2//l"
7A l .!r +hrs .!r t"res `1'1A *
3
N(
Other .ire .ihtin
res!2rces
F!a*% che*icals% .ill )irt !n site
(ccess t! hea$" e?2i/*ent/*aterials
N(
F2el;/!<ere) $ehicles Fire e1tin2isher !n 3!ar) N(
6eri*eter !. .acilities Fences% ` 3 * hih <ith intr2)er c!ntr!ls N(
#inals @isi3le <ith re2lati!ns an) h!2rs N(
#ec2rit" >2ali.ie) 6ers!nnel N(
E*erenc" $ehicle
access r!2tes
Well *aintaine) an) accessi3le at all ti*es
Clearance <i)th `1E * an) heiht ' *
N(
Gates at access /!int
+ * <i)th at all ti*es
=!c9e) <hen cl!se)
N(
N:% n! rec!**en)ati!nsS N(% n!t as9e)
Source: T$e 4re!ention and Mana3ement of Scrap Tire 2ires& 5A2C' STMC' #2TA' 2(((
J #/ecialist: Michael 6la")!n% C!l2*32s McUinn!n% Fe3r2ar" 200'
-igure 6 sho7s the t7o !ost &o!!on 7ays of sto&kpiling tyres0
)' Banded B' Ba&ed
Source: #ational 2ire 4rotection Association' 2((* 0 Standard #o. 2*(: Standard for t$e 2ire 4rotection of Stora3e
Table +, 3 ini!u! Clearan&e bet7een Piles
E*posed fa&e "eight of tyre Piles 1!2
$i!ension 1!2
.0: 6 60= :06 :0> ;0; <0+
7.+ 17.1 1E.9 20.' 22.3 23.A 2A.0 2A.9
1A.2 22.9 2A.+ 2E.3 30.A 32.+ 3'.' 3+.0
30.A 30.A 3A.' 39.0 '1.E ''.A '7.2 A0.0
'A.7 30.A 3A.' 39.0 '1.E ''.A '7.2 A0.0
+1.0 30.A 3A.' 39.0 '1.E ''.A '7.2 A0.0
7+.2 30.A 3A.' 39.0 '1.E ''.A '7.2 A0.0
Source: #ational 2ire 4rotection Association' 2((* 0 Standard #o. 2*(: Standard for t$e 2ire 4rotection of Stora3e
E0 Environ!entally sound disposal in&luding re&overy4 re&y&ling and reuse
0he techn!l!" here /resente) ill2strates the *!st i*/!rtant en$ir!n*ental s!2n) )is/!sal !/ti!ns an)
a//licati!ns in 2se !r 2n)er )e$el!/*ent at this *!*ent. Its res/ect the <aste *anae*ent hierarch": re)2cti!n% re2se
an) rec!$er".
0he *!st <i)es/rea) rec!$er" techni?2es are: rec"clin an) ener" rec!$er". (/art .r!* th!se there are
techni?2es .!r the .inal )is/!sal !. t"res. #!*e techni?2es are <ell esta3lishe) <hile !thers are still at a *!re
e1/eri*ental stae !r in the /r!cess !. 3ein *a)e a$aila3le t! the *ar9et
It is i*/!rtant t! 9ee/ in *in) that the re2lati!ns e1istin in <aste an)/!r en) !. li.e t"re *anae*ent an)
the ec!n!*ic c!nte1t are in *!st cases )eter*inin the $ari!2s <a"s 2se) t! *anae the .l!< !. inc!*in t"res.
En);!.;li.e t"res ,E=0s- *iht 3e c!nsi)ere) as s2ch alternati$e .2els. 0he" *iht 3e 2se) .!r that /2r/!se
either <h!le !r c2t in /ieces !r shre))e).
0he 2se !. shre))e) t"res is a//r!/riate in *!st a//licati!ns )2e t! i*/r!$e) han)lin an) $!l2*e re)2cti!n.
#hre) t"res can 3e easil" trans/!rte) i$in the !//!rt2nit" t! !/ti*ise c!*/letel" tran/!rtati!n *eans ,<eiht rati!s:
c3* e?2al 0%At- as the sa*e trans/!rt ca/acit" can carr" !nl" .ar less <h!le t"res ?2antit" ,<eiht rati! is 3 ti*es l!<er
at c3* e?2al 0%1At-. It has a )irect i*/act !n trans/!rtati!n nee)s an) there.!re !n c!sts. 6r!)2cti!n !. shre))e) t"res
als! *ini*i5es the ris9 !. /r!$i)in 3ree)in /laces .!r *!s?2it!es.
0he 2se !. rec!$erin ca/acit" a$aila3le in ce*ent 9ilns t! rec!$er ener" .r!* en) !. li.e t"res is n!<
i*/!rtant as this in)2str" is searchin .!r alternati$e .2els in the <aste *ar9et. M!re an) *!re ce*ent 9ilns ha$e 3een
technicall" *!)i.ie) in !r)er t! 2se shre)s !. en) !. li.e t"res as alternati$e ener".
0he 2se !. *aterials /r!)2ce) .r!* t"res s2ch as r233er ran2lates !r /!<)er is increasin an) acc!2nts n!<
.!r a lare /ercentae !. the *anae*ent !. en);!.;li.e t"res. ( lare an) still increasin /!tential .!r 2se !. s2ch
sec!n)ar" ra< *aterials e1ist in the *ar9et.
0he /r!)2cti!n /r!cesses .!r these *aterials start enerall" 3" shre))in .!ll!<e) 3" rin)in t! !3tain
s*aller /articles. (ls! s!*e !ther c!*/!nents !. the t"res are se/arate) )2rin the /r!)2cti!n /r!cess are als!
rec!$ere)% in /artic2lar the *etals.
Gran2late an) r233er /!<)er ha$e a <i)e $ariet" !. /!ssi3le a//licati!ns. One !. the larest a//licati!ns is
.iller in arti.ical s/!rts .iel)s ,arti.icial t2r.-. Other a//licati!ns incl2)e /lain r!llsS acc!2stic /r!tecti!nsS r233er car/ets
.!r c!<sS s!.t chil)ren /la" r!2n)sS an) r233er as/halt.
0he c!ntent !. car3!n in the t"res all!<s its 2se in arc electric .2rnaces !r .!2n)r" 9ilns t! re/lace anthracite.
0hese installati!ns can in *!st cases a//l" shre))e) t"res. Gran2lati!n is n!t re?2ire).
8se) <h!le t"res can 3e 2se) .!r !ther /2r/!ses% 32t *!st /r!ce)2res 2tili5e r!2n) t"res% t! *a9e the 2se !.
r233er $ia3le .!r their $ari!2s a//licati!ns. Grin)in% h!<e$er% is hihl" c!stl" an) c!ns2*es a l!t !. ener"% <hile
eneratin )2st an) n!ise.
2'
( t"re *a" 3e shre))e) !r r!2n) at )i..erent ra)es% )e/en)in !n its .inal a//licati!n. H!<e$er% the s*aller
the si5e the *!re e1/ensi$e the re)2cti!n /r!cess% an) this c!st *2st 3e c!nsi)ere) <hen calc2latin the .inal c!st !.
the a//licati!n. In a))iti!n% s*all si5e re)2cti!n is *!re ener" intensi$e% ca2ses reater <ear an) tear t! the
e?2i/*ent an) re?2ires e..icient en$ir!n*ental c!ntr!ls.
One !. the /r!3le*s i)enti.ie) in se$eral c!2ntries is a lac9 !. a)e?2ate e1ha2st s"ste*s% res2ltin in the
)is/ersi!n !. r233er /articles in the en$ir!n*ent% /!sin a ris9 t! <!r9ersN health.
0a3le 11 sh!<s the ?2antities !. rin)e) r233er% steel% .i3re an) resi)2es that *a" res2lt .r!* tr2c9 an) car
t"res.
2'
(2stralia & Nati!nal (//r!ach% at A9;I% +A;I. (ls! see OCDE & I*/r!$in :ec"clin Mar9ets% at 12A
Table ++ 3 (eusable Produ&ts fro! %&rap tyres
6r!)2ct 0r2c9 t"res Car t"res
Gr!2n) r233er 70I 70I
#teel 27I 1AI
Fi3re an) scra/ 3I 1AI
Source: Adapted from Resc$ner -2((6.
)!bient@Cryogeni& (e&y&ling
8se) <h!le t"res can 3e 2se) .!r !ther /2r/!ses% 32t *!st /r!ce)2res 2tili5e rin)e) t"res t! *a9e
the 2se !. r233er $ia3le .!r their $ari!2s a//licati!ns. ( t"re *a" 3e shre))e) !r rin)e) at )i..erent ra)es% )e/en)in
!n its .inal a//licati!n.
Fi2re ' sh!<s the sche*atic !. a t"/ical a*3ient <aste t"re rec"clin /lant% <ith its $ari!2s ste/s
an) res/ecti$e c!ntr!l s"ste*. 0he /r!cess is calle) a*3ient% 3eca2se all si5e re)2cti!n ste/s ta9e /lace at !r near
a*3ient te*/erat2res% i.e. n! c!!lin is a//lie) t! *a9e the r233er 3rittle.
-igure : 3 %&he!ati& of an )!bient Waste Tyre Pro&essing Plant
Source: Resc$ner -2((6.
In this /lant la"!2t% t"res 2n)er! se$eral !/erati!ns:
,a-0"res are .irst /r!cesse) int! chi/s !. 2G ,A0 **- in si5e in a /reli*inar" shre))erS
,3-0he t"re chi/s then enter a ran2lat!r ; in this /r!cessin ste/ the chi/s are re)2ce) t! a si5e
!. s*aller than 3/EG ,10 **-S
,c-#teel is re*!$e) *aneticall" an) the .i3er .racti!n is re*!$e) 3" a c!*3inati!n !. sha9in
screens an) <in) si.tersS
,)-0here are s2ccessi$e rin)in ste/s t! !3tain the a//r!/riate si5e% 2s2all" 3et<een 10 t! 30
*esh ,0.+ ** t! 2 **-.
(*3ient rec"clin can 3e )!ne in lare% .2ll" a2t!*ate) /r!cessin /lants <ith ca/acities c2rrentl"
!/ t! +A.000 t!nnes/in/2t /er "ear an) acce/tin all t"/es !. /ne2*atic t"re in/2t ,/assener car% $an% tr2c9% earth
*!$in- /r!)2cin r233er ran2late an) /!<)er !. hih 2ni.!r*it" an) /2rit" as <ell as a steel .racti!n rea)" .!r
re*eltin in steel <!r9s. (ll r233er ran2late !2t/2t can 3e /r!)2ce) in si5es 3el!< 10 *esh ,2.0 **-.
(*3ient rec"clin enerates n!ise% )2st an) the c!ns2*e !. ener" is intense ,120 & 12A U<h /*etric
t!n-. 0! 2arantee the <!r9erNs health an) sa.et" the *achiner" sh!2l) 3e e?2i//e) <ith a//r!/riate $entilati!n s"ste*s%
.ire /r!tecti!n s"ste*s% an) e*erenc" c2t;!..s !n all e?2i/*ent. 0he 2se !. steel rein.!rce) 3!!ts% l!$es% e"e an) ear
/r!tecti!n% as <ell as /r!tecti$e hea)ear sh!2l) 3e *an)at!r". (n a//r!/riate site .!r st!rin rin)e) r233er sh!2l) als!
3e /r!$i)e). 0his site sh!2l) 3e /r!tecte) .r!* s2nliht.
0hese *eas2res <ill ha$e an i*/act !n the c!sts ass!ciate) <ith !/eratin an) *aintainin the s"ste*.
With rear) t! /re$enti$e an) sa.et" *eas2res .!r <!r9ers% c!llecti$e /r!tecti!n *eas2res sh!2l) 3e a)!/te) .irst%
.!ll!<e) 3" in)i$i)2al /r!tecti!n.
0he cr"!enic t"re rec"clin /r!cess is calle) Fcr"!enicG 3eca2se <h!le t"res !r t"re chi/s are c!!le)
)!<n t! a te*/erat2re !. 3el!< ;E0! C% 2sin li?2i) nitr!en. 4el!< this te*/erat2re% r233er 3ec!*es nearl" as 3rittle as
lass an) si5e re)2cti!n can 3e acc!*/lishe) 3" cr2shin an) rin)in. 0his t"/e !. si5e re)2cti!n .acilitates rin)in an)
steel an) .i3er li3erati!n% res2ltin in a cleaner en) /r!)2ct.
0he *ain )ra<3ac9 is the c!st% 3eca2se the /r!cess 3eins <ith t"re chi/s. In !r)er <!r)s% in a))iti!n t!
the c!sts .!r the initial rin)in% there are th!se ass!ciate) <ith the hih c!st !. li?2i) nitr!en. 0he /r!cess als! re?2ires
!/erati!nal sa.et" /r!ce)2res t! /re$ent <!r9;relate) acci)ents.
0he cr"!enic /r!cess is ill2strate) in Fi2re A.
-igure ; 3 Cryogeni& Waste Tyre (e&y&ling
#!2rce: Resc$ner -2((6.
0he cr"!enic /r!cess is the .!ll!<in:
,a- 0"res are .irst /r!cesse) int! chi/s !. 2G ,A0 **- in si5e in a /reli*inar" shre))erS
,3- 0he 2G ,A0 **- t"re chi/s are c!!le) in a c!ntin2!2sl" !/eratin .ree5in t2nnel t! 3el!<
&120T CS
,c- In the ha**er *ill% chi/s are shattere) int! a <i)e rane !. /article si5esS
,)- #teel an) .i3er are eli*inate)S
,e- 0he *aterial is )rie)S
,.- 0hen classi.ie) int! )e.ine) /article si5esS
,- Fine *esh r233er /!<)er is re?2ire).
0a3le 12 sh!<s a c!*/aris!n 3et<een /ara*eters .r!* the a*3ient rec"clin s"ste* an) the cr"!enic
/r!cess.
Table +. 3 Co!paraison - )!biant (e&y&ling Cs0 Cryogeni& (e&y&ling
Para!eter )!bient Cryogeni&
O/eratin 0e*/erat2re (*3ient% *a1. 120T C 3el!< & E0T C
#i5e :e)2cti!n 6rinci/le c2ttin% tearin% shearin 3rea9in cr"!enicall"
e*3rittle) r233er /ieces
6article M!r/h!l!" s/!n" an) r!2h% hih s/eci.ic
s2r.ace
e$en an) s*!!th% l!< s/eci.ic
s2r.ace
6article #i5e Distri32ti!n relati$el" narr!< /article si5e
)istri32ti!n% !nl" li*ite) si5e
re)2cti!n /er rin)in ste/
<i)e /article si5e )istri32ti!n
,ranin 10 ** t! 0.2 **- in
B2st !ne /r!cessin ste/
=N2 C!ns2*/ti!n N/( 0.A & 1.0 9=N2 /er 9 t"re
in/2t
#!2rce: Resc$ner -2((6.
(*3ient an) cr"!enic rec"clin can 3e c!*3ine) in s2ch a <a" that a*3ient /r!)2ce) r233er
ran2late is .2rther /r!cesse) int! .ine /!<)er 3el!< E0 *esh ,0.2 **- 2sin a s/eci.ic cr"!enic techn!l!" <hich
ens2res hih /2rit"% ena3lin the /!<)er t! 3e 2se) in s!/histicate) a//licati!ns li9e e.. r233er c!*/!2n)s .!r ne< t"res.
0a3le 13 sh!<s the n!*enclat2re 2se) t! classi." t"re /r!)2cts as a .2ncti!n !. their si5e.
Table +6 3 Post Consu!er Tyre Treat!ent 3 %i#e of aterials
aterial si#e
ini!u!
1!!2
a*i!u!
1!!2
6!<)er 0 1
Gran2late 1 10
42..ins 0 '0
Chi/s 10 A0
#hre)s ,s*all- '0 7A
#hre)s ,lare- 7A 300
C2t 300 c t"re
Source: Report SR 667 R %allin3ford 2((/
(e&lai! @ $evul&ani#ation
:eclai*in is a /r!ce)2re in <hich t"re r233er is c!n$erte) & 2sin *echanical /r!cesses% ther*al
ener" an) che*icals & int! a state in <hich it can 3e *i1e)% /r!cesse)% an) $2lcani5e) aain. 0he /rinci/le !. the /r!cess
is )e$2lcani5ati!n% <hich c!nsists !. the clea$ae !. inter*!lec2lar 3!n)s !. the che*ical net<!r9% s2ch as car3!n;s2l.2r
,C;#- an)/!r s2l.2r;s2l.2r ,#;#- 3!n)s. 0hese c!n.er )2ra3ilit"% elasticit" an) s!l$ent resistance t! t"res. :eclai*e) r233er
is 2se) t! *an2.act2re /r!)2cts that ha$e li*ite) )e*an) an) a//licati!ns% 3eca2se it has *echanical /r!/erties that are
<!rse then th!se !. the !riinal.
2A

De$2lcani5ati!n in$!l$es t<! )i..erent ste/s% i.e. si5e re)2cti!n an) clea$in !. the che*ical 3!n)s%
<hich can 3e achie$e) thr!2h .!2r /r!cesses <ith c!sts an) techn!l!ies that are ?2ite )i..erentiate)% i.e. che*ical% 2ltra;
s!2n) an) *icr!<a$e.
2+
0he che*ical )e$2lcani5ati!n /r!cess is a 3atch /r!cess <here re)2ce) /articles ,3et<een 10 an) 30
*esh- are *i1e) <ith reaents in a react!r at a te*/erat2re !. a//r!1i*atel" 1E0R C an) a /ress2re !. 1A 3ars. Once
2A
Tyres in t$e En!ironment% at d '.' ,F0he /r!/erties !. the rec"cle) r233er are n!t as !!) as the $irin *aterial% as it
has alrea)" 3een $2lcani5e). 0he 2se !. rec"cle) r233er li*its the /r!/erties !. the .inal /r!)2ct .. Van) ca2sesW a
!ne;/ercent re)2cti!n in the /r!/erties !. the .inal /r!)2ct .!r e$er" !ne;/ercent !. s23stit2ti!n ...G-.
2+
Calrec!$er" Inc. & FE$al2ati!n !. Waste 0"re De$2lcani5ati!n 0echn!l!ies%G Dece*3er 200'
the reacti!n is !$er% the /r!)2ct is .iltere) an) )rie) t! re*!$e 2n)esira3le che*ical c!*/!nents% an) /ac9ae) .!r
c!**erciali5ati!n.
In the 2ltrass!nic /r!cess% re)2ce) r233er /articles ,3et<een 10 an) 30 *esh- are l!a)e) int! a
h!//er an) s23se?2entl" .e) int! an e1tr2)er. 0he e1tr2)er *echanicall" /2shes an) /2lls the r233er. 0his *echanical
acti!n ser$es t! heat the r233er /articles an) s!.ten the r233er. (s the s!.tene) r233er is trans/!rte) thr!2h the
e1tr2)er ca$it"% the r233er is e1/!se) t! 2ltras!nic ener". 0he c!*3inati!n !. heat% /ress2re% an) *echanical
*asticati!n is s2..icient t! achie$e $ar"in )erees !. )e$2lcani5ati!n.
0he *icr!<a$e /r!cess a//lies ther*al ener" $er" ?2ic9l" an) 2ni.!r*l" !n the <aste r233er.
H!<e$er% an" $2lcani5e) r233er 2se) in the *icr!<a$e /r!cess *2st 3e s2..icientl" /!lar in str2ct2re s! that the
*icr!<a$e ener" can 3e a3s!r3e) at the a//r!/riate rate t! *a9e )e$2lcani5ati!n $ia3le. 0he !nl" reas!na3le 2se .!r
*icr!<a$e )e$2lcani5ati!n is !n c!*/!2n)s c!ntainin /ri*aril" a /!lar r233er% <hich li*its its a//licati!n. F!r
e1a*/le% Gl!3al :es!2rce C!!r/!rati!n !. the 8#( has )e$el!/e) a techn!l!" <here3" /etr!le2*;3ase) *aterials
e.. <aste /ne2*atic t"res% are s23Bect t! *icr!<a$e) ra)iati!n at s/eci.icall" selecte) .re?2ences .!r a ti*e s2..icient
t! /artiall" )ec!*/!se the *aterials int! a c!*3inati!n !. !ils an) c!ns2*a3le as.
27
In.!r*ati!n a$aila3le !n the en$ir!n*ental i*/act !. )e$2lcani5ati!n is li*ite) t! the che*ical an)
2ltras!nic /r!cesses. In 3!th cases% e*issi!ns !. at*!s/heric /!ll2tants an) li?2i) e..l2ents )! !cc2r.
( re/!rt /23lishe) 3" Calrec!$er" Inc. ,200'- lists e*issi!ns !. a//r!1i*atel" A0 !ranic
c!*/!2n)s% incl2)in 3en5ene% t!l2ene% an) he/tanes. 0here is als! a /!ssi3ilit" that h")r!en s2l/hi)e ,H2#- an)
s2l.2r )i!1i)e ,#O2- <ill 3e release) thr!2h the !1i)ati!n !. h")r!en s2l/hi)e ,H2#-. (s a res2lt% the /r!cess <ill
re?2ire .ilters t! c!ntr!l e*issi!ns an) as scr233ers t! re*!$e s2l.2r )i!1i)e ,#O2-. :ear)in li?2i) e..l2ents
c!*in .r!* the scr233er% the" sh!2l) 3e )ealt <ith a//r!/riatel" 3e.!re the" are la2nche) int! <ater 3!)ies.
0a3le 1' incl2)es in.!r*ati!n a3!2t the c!sts an) /r!)2cti!n ca/acities !. )e$2lcani5e) r233er.
Table +: 3 Esti!ated Costs for Produ&ing $evul&ani#ed (ubber
/te! Che!i&al
Pro&ess
Ultrasoni&
Pro&ess
Ca/acit" , 9/h - 3' 3'
Ca/ital c!st ,8#e 10
3
- 1++ 1+3
O^M c!sts ,8#e 10
3
- 172
13+
Source: Calreco!ery 5nc. "California 5nte3rated %aste Mana3ement +oard& 0 2((8
Pyrolysis
6"r!l"sis is the ther*al )era)ati!n /r!cess carrie) !2t in the a3sence !. !1"en !r 2n)er c!n)iti!ns in
<hich the c!ncentrati!n !. !1"en is s2..icientl" l!< n!t t! ca2se c!*32sti!n.
0his /r!cess 2s2all" /r!)2ces !il <ith l!< ener" c!ntent ,<hen c!*/are) t! )iesel !il-% a s"nthetic
as% 9n!<n as s"nas ,<ith l!< heat /r!/erties-% car3!n 3lac9 char an) steel. 0he /r!cess is c!*/le1 an) is c!nsi)ere) t!
ha$e li*ite) a//licati!n .!r <aste t"res.
6"r!l"sis char /r!)2ce) in this /r!cess has l!< c!**ercial $al2e% as it c!nsists !. a *i1t2re !. the
)i..erent t"/es !. car3!n 3lac9s 2se) in the *an2.act2re !. t"res. 0here.!re% the res2ltin /r!)2ct )!es n!t ha$e the sa*e
?2alit" as th!se !. the !riinal car3!n 3lac9s 2se) in the *an2.act2rin !. t"res.
In !r)er t! i*/r!$e its characteristics% .!r the /2r/!se !. 2sin it t! )e$el!/ ne< /r!)2cts% /article si5e
re)2cti!n *a" 3e carrie) !2t t! 2/ra)e the /"r!l"sis char. :es!nance )isinterati!n /r!)2ces 2ltra.ine car3!n /r!)2cts
.r!* /"r!l"sis char. D2rin res!nance )isinterati!n% char ran2les e1/erience *2lti/le hih;ener" sh!c9 <a$es%
res2ltin in the i**e)iate /r!)2cti!n !. car3!n ha$in an a$erae /ri*ar" /article )ia*eter !. 3E nan!*eters in
areates an) al!*erates ranin in si5e .r!* 100 nan!*eters t! 10 *icr!ns.
2E
(n!ther /!ssi3ilit" is t! 2se /"r!l"sis char as acti$ate) car3!n. 42t% 2/ra)in techni?2es are n!t
c!nsi)ere) t! 3e ec!n!*icall" $ia3le in $ie< !. the c2rrent li*ite) *ar9et )e*an) .!r the /r!)2ct.
0here ha$e als! 3een )i..ic2lties in !3tainin *ar9ets .!r <aste steel rec!$ere) .r!* /"r!l"sis. 0his
*aterial is !.ten c!nta*inate) <ith car3!n% *a9in it 2n)esira3le t! *an" *etal re;/r!cess!rs. 8s2all"% the rec!$ere)
steel is als! in the .!r* !. a tanle)% hih $!l2*e *ass% <hich *a9es it )i..ic2lt an) c!stl" t! han)le an) trans/!rt.
27
Gert;Oan $an )er Ha$e% :ec"clin Internati!nal% (/ril 200E% /. '0;'3
2E
Uar/ets9"% 0i*!th". F:es!nance )isinterati!n /r!)2ces 2ltra.ine car3!n /r!)2cts .r!* /"r!l"sis char .!r 2se in
/rintin in9s%G 4aint 5ndia $!l. A1% n
!
12% //. 73;E0% 2001%
In 8.#% /"r!l"sis )!es n!t "et /r!$en t! 3e an ec!n!*icall" $ia3le !/erati!n. 6"r!l"sis has 3een
atte*/te) !$er 30 ti*es an) has al<a"s .aile) as a .2ll scale !/erati!n an) in$est!rs ha$e l!st *illi!ns an) the states ha$e
ha) t! inc2r c!stl" clean2/. 0he /r!cess !. 6"r!l"sis has the ca/a3ilit" !. creatin ha5ar)!2s <aste /"r!l"tic !ils an) the"
nee) !t 3e *anae) acc!r)inl".
F!r all !. these reas!ns% it <as e1/ecte) that /"r!l"sis <ill !nl" /la" a li*ite) r!le in <aste t"re
*anae*ent.
29
0he /"r!l"sis /r!cess .l!< is sh!< in Fi2re +.
-igure < 3 Pyrolysis of %&rap tyres

Source: 9uniper consultin3' %M% Tec$nolo3ies and Treatment' 2((8
Civil Engineering
Ci$il enineerin a//licati!ns !. <aste t"res are a))resse) in stan)ar) (#0M +270/199E4 an) als! in
<!r9s 3" H"lan)s an) #h2l*an.
30
0a3le 1A sh!<s e1a*/les !. these a//licati!ns.
Table +; 3 E*a!ples of Civil Engineering )ppli&ation for Waste Tyres
)ppli&ation aterial %our&e Te&hnology
W b # C G 6 4 : D a K
C!ncrete c!nstr2cti!n a))iti$es 1 (== 6
E*3an9*ents 1 1 1 6W% 0W% M0 M% (
Er!si!n C!ntr!l 1 * 1 1 6W% 0W M% (
=an).ill enineerin 1 1 1 6W% 0W M% (
#l!/e sta3ili5ati!n 1 1 1 6W% 0W M% (
0e*/!rar" r!a)s 1 * 1 1 6W%0W M% (
0her*al ins2lati!n 1 1 1 6W% 0W% M0 M% (
C!llisi!n 3arriers 1 1 1 1 (== M% (
=iht <eiht .ill 1 1 1 6W% 0W% M0 (
N!ise 3arriers 1 1 1 1 6W% 0W% M0 M% (
(s/halt a))iti$es 1 1 1 (== 6% D
(s/halt r233er 1 1 6W% M0 (% C
:!a) .2rnit2re 1 1 1 1 (== (% C% :% D
0rain an) tra* rail 3e)s 1 6W% 0W M% (% C
Source: Adapted from ylands and S$ulman 2((*
29
WMW 0echn!l!ies an) 0reat*ent% 200'.
30
H"lan)s% U.N. #h2l*an% @. fCi$il Enineerin (//licati!ns !. 0"res.G :e/!rtin @: A. @iri)is. 2003.
Eey to Table +:
Materials Source Tec$nolo3y -si:e reduction.
W
b
#
C
G
6
4
:
D
a
K
Wh!le t"res
C2t t"res
#hre)
Chi/s
Gran2late
6!<)er
42..ins
:eclai*
De$2lcani5ates
6"r!l"tic /r!)2cts
8/ra)e) *aterials
6W
0W
M0
00
60
O0
(==
O
Wh!le /assener car t"res
Wh!le tr2c9 t"res
Mi1e) <h!le car/tr2c9 t"res
0r2c9 t"re trea)
Car t"re trea)
Other t"re ,aric2lt2ral% 3ic"cle-
(ll t"res
Other techn!l!ies
M
C
(
4
D
:
6
Mechanical ,c2t% c!*/ress-
Cr"!enic si5e re)2cti!n
(*3ient si5e re)2cti!n
42..in
De$2lcani5ati!n
:eclai*
6"r!l"sis
0a3le 1+ sh!<s esti*ates !. the ?2antit" !. t"res necessar" .!r s!*e !. the a//licati!ns *enti!ne) in
0a3le 1'.
Table +< 3 Esti!ates about the Huantity of tyres Ne&essary for %pe&ifi& )ppli&ationsD
Application .uantity truc%$car ,nit of application Form
#ea e*3an9*ent 3%000 car t"res A00* 1 1.A* hih Wh!le
0e*/!rar" r!a) 3%000 tr2c9 t"res 19* !. r!a) Wh!le
4rea9<ater '%000 t"res 19* 1 0.7* hih Wh!le/3ale
C!nstr2cti!n
anch!r
' tr2c9 t"res '0 t"res /er anch!r Wh!le/3ale
:etainin <all A%000 t"res A00* 1 2* hih Wh!le/c2t
#l!/e sta3ili5ati!n 7A0 t"res A00* 1 1* hih Wh!le/c2t
#!2n) 3arrier 20%000 t"res 19*13* hih Wh!le/c2t
E*3an9*ent 2%100 car t"res A00* 1 1.A* hih Wh!le/c2t/3ale
Hea$" l!a) r!a) 200%000 car t"res 3A0* 1 10* <i)e Wh!le/c2t/3ale
Drainae c2l$ert
3e)
1200 t"res 19* Wh!le/c2t/3ale/shre)
4ac9.ill E0;100 car t"res 1 c23ic *eter #hre)
4ri)e a32t*ent
.ill
100%000 t"res 1* <i)e 1 200** #hre) ,c!*/acte)-
#!2n) 3arriers 20%000 t"res 1 9* 1 3* hih #hre)
J 0he techn!l!ies here /resente) are n!t rec!**en)ati!ns .!r the E#M !. t"res. F!r s2re% the n2*3er !. t"res
2se) <ill )e/en) !n the s/eci.icati!ns !. the /r!Bect.
Source: ylands and S$ulman 2((*
i0 Bandfill Engineering
(//licati!ns .!r <aste t"res in lan).ill enineerin incl2)e:
,ii- =eachate c!llecti!nS
,iii- 6r!tecti$e la"er .!r the e!te1tileS
,i$- Drainae la"er in lan).ill c!$erS
,$- Fill .!r lan).ill as )rainae s"ste*sS
,$i- Dail" c!$er .!r lan).illsS
,$ii- 0e*/!rar" r!a)sS
,$iii- 0"re 3ales in lan).ill ha2l r!a)s.
0hese a//licati!ns 2se <h!le t"res% c2t t"res ,2/ t! 300**-% t"re shre)s ,A0** t! 300**-%
an) t"re chi/s ,10** t! A0**-. 0he ch!ice !. t"re ra)in <ill )e/en) 2/!n the c!sts .!r r233er /r!cessin an)
trans/!rtati!n% their a$aila3ilit"% as <ell as en$ir!n*ental re?2ire*ents at the .acilit" site. It als! )e/en)s !n the t"/e
!. lan).ill /r!Bect an) its leal re?2ire*ents.
ii0 Bight Weight -ill and %oil Enfor&e!ent
0"res are 2se) as liht<eiht .ill in a <i)e $ariet" !. enineerin /r!Bects% s2ch as liht<eiht
.ill .!r 2se 3ehin) retainin str2ct2res an) in e*3an9*ents% 3ac9.ill t! interal 3ri)e a32t*ents an) sl!/e re/air an)
sta3ili5ati!n% an) sl!/e sta3ili5ati!n% /artiall" re/lacin ?2arrie) areate% ra$el an) areate .ille) a3i!ns%
)e/en)e) !. the /r!Bect.
0hese a//licati!ns 2se <h!le t"res% c2t t"res ,2/ t! 300**-% t"re shre)s ,A0** t! 300**-%
an) t"re chi/s ,10** t! A0**-.
iii0 Erosion Control
0he )2ra3ilit" an) sta3ilit" !. t"res /r!$i)es the* <ith i)eal /r!/erties .!r 2se in <!r9s
/r!Bect .!r er!si!n c!ntr!l. t"res ha$e 3een 2se) 3!th .!r c!astal an) .l2$ial er!si!n c!ntr!l /r!Bects% .!r the /2r/!se !.
a3s!r3in the ener" create) 3" *!$in <ater% either ti)al !r .l2$ial .l!<s% as <ell as that )eri$e) .r!* rain<ater.
Waste t"res ha$e als! 3een 2se) in the en$ir!n*ental recla*ati!n !. er!)e) 2llies an) s*all
can"!ns thr!2h .illin% as <ell as in the c!nstr2cti!n !. er!si!n c!ntr!l 3arriers% th2s 3ec!*in /art !. the er!)e)
lan)sca/e% <hich <ill 3e later re/lante) <ith $eetati!n.
iv0 Noise Barriers
N!ise 3arriers 32ilt <ith t"res are 2se) t! alle$iate n!ise le$els at hih<a"s. N!ise 3arriers are
32ilt 2sin <h!le t"res% shre))e) t"res !r *ats an) s/ecial *ats *a)e !. r233er ran2late. #e$eral t"/es !. 3arriers are
c2rrentl" 3ein )e$el!/e) .!r this /2r/!se.
v0 Ther!al /nsulation
0ie c2ts% shre)s an) chi/s are 2se) a ther*al ins2lati!n *aterial. 0he ther*al resisti$it" !.
t"res is ar!2n) se$en !r eiht ti*es as hih as that !. ra$el. In c!2ntries <ith a te*/erate cli*ate an) $er" l!<
te*/erat2res% the" can 3e 2se) t! ins2late r!a) an) street str2ct2res% incl2)in 3el!< as/halt t! re)2ce crac9in .r!*
.r!st% an) as .ill in /i/eline c!nstr2cti!n% es/eciall" .!r <ater /i/e. Hih<a" e)e )rains 32ilt <ith t"res ha$e 3een
sh!<n t! resist .ree5in )2rin $er" c!l) <inters.
e2 /ndustrial and Consu!er Produ&ts
0he in)2strial an) c!ns2*er *ar9ets .!r r233er /!<)er an) ran2late ha$e !$er the last "ears
increase) )ra*aticall". ( <i)e an) r!<in rane !. a//licati!ns are in 2se% a*!n !thers arti.icial t2r.% /la"r!2n)s
an) s/!rts s2r.aces% as/halt an) 3it2*en *!)i.icati!n% in)!!r sa.et" .l!<in% shi//in c!ntainer liners% c!n$e"!r 3elts%
a2t!*!3ile *ats% .!!t<ear% car/et 2n)erla"% r!!. tiles% .l!!rin% acti$ate) car3!n% li$est!c9 *attresses an)
ther*!/lastic elast!*ers. 0he *!st i*/!rtant a//licati!ns% arti.icial t2r.% /la"r!2n)s an) s/!rts s2r.aces as <ell as
as/halt an) 3it2*en *!)i.icati!n .!r r!a) a//licati!ns% <ill 3e 3rie.l" )escri3e) in the .!ll!<in.
i0 )rtifi&ial turf
:233er ran2late in arti.icial t2r. is 2se) in t<! <a"s: as .iller in arti.icial s/!rts.iel)s an) in the
*an2.act2rin !. the elastic /a)% <hate$er it is 32il) 2/ !n the s/!t ,in;sit2- !r .r!* /re.a3 *ats. ( stan)ar) arti.icial
t2r. /itch c!ntains 100;130 t!nnes !. r233er ran2late in.ill *aterial. I. an elastic /a) is a))e) an!ther +0;E0 t!nnes !.
r233er ran2late is c!ns2*e).
When 2se) as in.ill *aterial% the r233er ran2late is s23stit2tin $irin *aterials s2ch as E6DM
an) 06E. It is 2se) in t2r.s .!r all 9in) !. c!ntact s/!rts li9e s!ccer% (*erican .!!t3all an) h!c9e". 0he l!3al% "earl"
r!<th rates ha$e 3een a3!$e 2A I since 2001 an) are e1/ecte) t! c!ntin2e <ith )!23le )iit r!<th rates.
(rti.icial s!ccer t2r. is hihl" rec!**en)e) 3" e.. FIF( 3eca2se !. its hih /er.!r*ance <ith
res/ect t! !!) 3all 3eha$i!2r% !!) *aintenance ec!n!*"% lac9 !. <ater )e/en)enc" an) !!) s!cial /r!.ile as these
t2r.s can 3e 32il) at a *!)est /rice thr!2h!2t the 3r) <!rl).
ii0 Playgrounds and sports surfa&es
0he elastic an) n!ise re)2cin /r!/erties !. the r233er ran2late is 2se) <hen 32il)in
/la"r!2n)s .!r chil)ren an) athletic trac9s as <ell as !ther s/!rt s2r.aces. 0he r233er ran2late is *i1e) <ith
/!l"2rethane an) the t!/ la"er !.ten )"e). E8 has iss2e) stan)ar)s ,EN 1177- .!r the elasticit" !. the s2r.ace that
/23lic /la"r!2n)s ha$e t! c!*/l" <ith.
iii0 )ppli&ations in (ubber-!odified Con&rete
:233er;*!)i.ie) c!ncrete i*/r!$es the a3s!r/ti!n !. i*/act ener" an) the !cc2rrence !. crac9s.
W!r9 in 4ra5il has c!ncentrate) !n the 2se !. r233er;*!)i.ie) c!ncrete in the c!nstr2cti!n !. hih<a" 3arriers an)
!ther /r!)2cts <ith a *i1t2re !. c!n$enti!nal c!ncrete% r233er areate an) .i3er lass.
(oad )ppli&ations
Gran2late) *aterials !3taine) .r!* <aste t"res ha$e 3een 2se) in the )e$el!/*ent !. r233er;
*!)i.ie) as/halt in the 8nite) #tates% Western E2r!/e an) 4ra5il. 0here are t<! *ain /r!cesses .!r /r!)2cin r233er
as/halt ,Caltrans%
31
H"lan)s an) #h2l*an-% i.e. the <et /r!cess an) the )r" /r!cess.
In the )r" /r!cess% cr2*3e) r233er is a))e) )irectl" int! the as/halt an) there is s!*e reacti!n
3et<een the r233er an) the 3it2*en. 0his /r!cess% h!<e$er% is li*ite) t! the a//licati!n .!r h!t *i1 /a$in /r!Bects%
an) is n!t a s2ita3le *eth!) .!r s2r.ace treat*ents.
In the tra)iti!nal <et /r!cess% cr2*3e) r233er is 2se) as a 3it2*en *!)i.ier. Cr2*3e) r233er is
3len)e) <ith 3it2*en 3e.!re the 3in)er is a))e) t! the areate. 0he i)eal /article si5e .!r the <et /r!cess ranes
.r!* 0.+ an) 0.1A **. Material sh!2l) 3e heate) t! 3et<een 1'9;190TC 3e.!re c!*/acti!n. 0his *a9es the /r!cess
*!re e1/ensi$e than c!n$enti!nal as/halt an) there is the /r!3a3ilit" !. e*issi!ns !. t!1ic s23stances% 3!th )2rin
/r!)2cti!n an) a//licati!n. 0he <et /r!cess% h!<e$er% has )e*!nstrate) t! ha$e 3etter /h"sical /r!/erties.
:233er as/halt is still n!t <i)el" acce/te)% an) its en$ir!n*ental i*/acts ha$e n!t 3een .2ll"
anal"5e). It als! re?2ires hiher initial in$est*ents. In E2r!/e% !nl" !ne /ercent !. r233er ran2lates is 2se) .!r
hih<a" s2r.acin. 0his c!ntri32tes t! the )is/!sal !. B2st a little !$er !ne .!2rth !. !ne /ercent !. the <aste t"res
E2r!/e enerates. 0he 8.#. C!nress 3ean t! re?2ire the 2se !. r233er as/halt .!r .e)erall" .2n)e) /r!Bects in 1991%
32t en$ir!n*ental an) /23lic health c!ncerns lea) t! its <ith)ra<al .i$e "ears later.
32
While se$eral states in the 8.#.
2se r233er as/halt in their hih<a" /r!Bects% research relate) t! its i*/acts !n the en$ir!n*ent an) health !. <!r9ers is
!n!in.
33
0!)a"% r233er as/halt a//licati!ns acc!2nt .!r the )is/!sal !. t<! /ercent !. t"re <astes.
3'
In the 8.#% the Nati!nal Instit2te .!r Occ2/ati!nal #a.et" an) Health ,!r NIO#H- re/!rt cite)
c!ncl2)es that r233eri5e) as/halt )!es n!t c!ntri32te .2*es that e1cee) e1/!s2re li*its esta3lishe) 3" sa.et" an)
health re2lat!r" aencies.
3A
0he c!*/!siti!n !. the e*issi!ns an) .2*e *a" $ar"% 32t it is s!2rce) .r!* the 3ase
as/halt% n!t .r!* the r233er. In all cases% e*issi!ns an) .2*e are <ithin the li*its !. e$er" 8# /er*ittin an)
re2lat!r" a2th!rit".
( recent% /eer;re$ie<e)% li.e c"cle assess*ent st2)" has .2rther )!c2*ente) that a scenari!
<here t"res are rec"cle) an) 2se) .!r the ne< enerati!n 3it2*en *!)i.icati!n c!*/are) t! a scenari! <here the t"res
are c!;incinerate) in ce*ent 9ilns sh!<s sini.icant an) c!nsi)era3le en$ir!n*ental 3ene.its in i*/act cate!ries li9e
l!3al <ar*in /!tential% aci)i.icati!n an) c2*2lati$e ener" )e*an) ,D0C ^ IFE8 200E-
3+
.
0he 2se !. r233er in as/halt is hihl" rei!nal 3ase) c!stl" 2/!n the stan)ar)s )e$el!/e) 3" each
in)i$i)2al state in the 8#(. #!*e states ha$e n!t "et )e$el!/e) stan)ar)s .!r the 2se !. tire r233er in as/halt. In
states <here r233eri5e) as/halt is r!2tinel" 2se)% the /ercent !. tire 3ein 2se) in the a//licati!n ranes .r!* 10;
EAI. 0he 2se !. <aste tires in r!a) /a$in a//licati!ns is a c!st e..ecti$e 3ene.icial 2se .!r an en) !. li.e tire an) an
e1tre*el" $ia3le *ar9et. 0ire r233er is an e1cellent a))iti$e t! as/halt *aterial t! re)2ce the ae har)enin !. as/halt
*aterial an) t! re)2ce crac9in t! /r!l!n /a$e*ent ser$ice li.e.
Other a//licati!ns t! /r!)2ce in)2strial an) c!ns2*er /r!)2cts are a))resse) in <!r9s 3" H"lan)s an)
#h2l*an ,see .!!tn!te 3'- an) 3" the >2est!r Centre.
37
0he" incl2)e the .!ll!<in:
,i- #/!rts s2r.aces
31
Caltrans. (s/halt :233er 8sae G2i)e. FMaterials Enineerin an) 0estin #er$ices;M# gA.G O..ice !. Fle1i3le
6a$e*ent Materials. Oan2ar" 2003.
32
Inter*!)al #2r.ace 0rans/!rtati!n E..icienc" (ct !. 1991% d 103E,)-% 623. =. 102;2'0% 10A #tat. 191' ,1991-S NH#
Desinati!n (ct !. 199A% d 20A,3-% 623. =. 10';A9% 109 #tat. AEE ,199A-
33
8# De/art*ent !. 0rans/!rtati!n% Fe)eral Hih<a" ()*inistrati!n% Cr2*3 :233er M!)i.ier.
3'
O!hn #heerin% Chair !. #cra/ t"re C!**ittee !. :233er Man2.act2rers (ss!ciati!n% FMar9ets ^ 0ren)s in the 8#
#cra/ t"re In)2str"%G /resentati!n at a *eetin !. the Cana)ian :233er (ss!ciati!n% 20 Oct!3er 200'% at sli)es 13%
23
3A
Nati!nal Instit2te .!r Occ2/ati!nal #a.et" an) Health ,NIO#H-% De/art*ent !. Health an) H2*an #er$ices%
FCr2*3;:233er M!)i.ie) (s/halt 6a$in: Occ2/ati!nal E1/!s2res an) (c2te Health E..ectsG $i ,2001-
3+
D0C ^ IFE8 200E: C!*arati$e li.e c"cle assess*ent !. t<! !/ti!ns .!r <aste t"re treat*ent: rec"clin in as/halt
an) incenerati!n in ce*ent 9ilns. E1ec2ti$e s2**ar".
37
>2est!r Centre & FNe< 6r!)2cts Inc!r/!ratin 0"re Materials%G In$est*ent 4el.ast% 200A
,ii- In)!!r sa.et" .l!!rin
,iii-6la"r!2n) s2r.aces
,i$-#hi//in c!ntainer liners
,$- C!n$e"er 3elts
,$i-(2t!*!3ile *ats
,$ii-F!!t<ear
,$iii- Car/et 2n)erla"
,i1-:!!. tiles
,1- Fl!!rin
,1i-(cti$ate) car3!n ,Car3!n 3lac9-
,1ii-=i$est!c9 *attresses
,1iii- 0her*!/lastic elast!*ers
f2 Co-pro&essing
0he ter* [c!;/r!cessin[ re.ers t! the 2se !. <aste *aterials in in)2strial /r!cesses% s2ch as ce*ent% li*e
!r steel /r!)2cti!n an) /!<er stati!ns !r an" !ther lare c!*32sti!n /lant. 0he *ain !3Becti$e is n!t the .inal )is/!sal !.
<aste 32t rather the s23stit2ti!n !. /ri*ar" .2el an) ra< *aterial 3" <aste.
#t2)ies !n the 2se !. t"res in ce*ent 9ilns )! n!t /resent c!nsistent res2lts a3!2t the i*/acts !. c!;
incinerati!n !n the )etecta3le le$els !. )aner!2s s23stances. 0h2s% the c!n$enience !. a2th!ri5in the c!;incinerati!n !.
t"res in ce*ent 9ilns nee)s t! 3e c!nsi)ere) !n a case 3" case 3asis as its sa.et" is )e/en)ent !n !!) !/eratin /ractice as
<ell as the /artic2lar characteristics !. the t"res 2se) an) the 9iln.
i0 Co-pro&essing in the Ce!ent /ndustry
It is a <a" t! rec!$er ener" an) *aterial .r!* re.2se% <hen 2se) t! /artiall" re/lace .2el an) ra<
*aterial in the /r!)2cti!n !. ce*ent. 4asicall"% characteristics !. the clin9er 32rnin /r!cess itsel. all!<
en$ir!n*entall" 3ene.icial <aste;t!;ener" an) *aterial rec"clin a//licati!ns. 0he essential /r!cess characteristics
.!r the 2se !. <aste can 3e s2**arise) as .!ll!<s:
*a1i*2* te*/erat2res !. a//r!1. 2000 TC ,*ain .irin s"ste*% .la*e te*/erat2re- in r!tar" 9ilnsS
as retenti!n ti*es !. a3!2t E sec!n)s at te*/erat2res a3!$e 1200 TC in r!tar" 9ilnsS
*aterial te*/erat2res !. a3!2t 1'A0 TC in the sinterin 5!ne !. the r!tar" 9ilnS
!1i)isin as at*!s/here in the r!tar" 9ilnS
as retenti!n ti*e in the sec!n)ar" .irin s"ste* !. *!re than 2 sec!n)s at te*/erat2res a3!$e EA0 TCS
in /recalciner% the retenti!n ti*es are c!rres/!n)inl" l!ner an) te*/erat2res are hiherS
s!li)s te*/erat2res !. EA0 TC in the sec!n)ar" .irin s"ste* an)/!r the calcinerS
2ni.!r* 32rn!2t c!n)iti!ns .!r l!a) .l2ct2ati!ns )2e t! the hih te*/erat2res at s2..icientl" l!n
retenti!n ti*esS
)estr2cti!n !. !ranic /!ll2tants )2e t! the hih te*/erat2res at s2..icientl" l!n retenti!n ti*esS
s!r/ti!n !. ase!2s c!*/!nents li9e HF% HCl% #O2 !n al9aline reactantsS
hih retenti!n ca/acit" .!r /article;3!2n) hea$" *etalsS
sh!rt retenti!n ti*es !. e1ha2st ases in the te*/erat2re rane 9n!<n t! lea) t! M)e;n!$!;s"nthesisN !.
6CDD/FS
c!*/lete 2tilisati!n !. .2el ashes as clin9er c!*/!nents an) hence% si*2ltane!2s *aterial rec"clin ,e..
als! as a c!*/!nent !. the ra< *aterial- an) ener" rec!$er"% rear)less !. the cal!ri.ic $al2eS
/r!)2ct s/eci.ic <astes are n!t enerate) )2e t! a c!*/lete *aterial 2tilisati!n int! the clin9er *atri1%
h!<e$er% s!*e ce*ent /lants in E2r!/e )is/!se !. 3"/ass )2st che*ical;*ineral!ical inc!r/!rati!n !.
n!n;$!latile hea$" *etals int! the clin9er *atri1.
ii0 Huality reIuire!ents
Waste *aterials 2se) as ra< *aterials an)/!r as .2els in ce*ent 9ilns ha$e t! reach )i..erent
?2alit" stan)ar)s 3eca2se the .2el ashes are .2ll" ca/t2re) in the clin9er an) in !r)er t! *ini*ise neati$e e..ects !n
clin9er c!*/!siti!ns an) air e*issi!ns. ( c!nstant <aste ?2alit" is essential. 0! 2arantee the characteristics !. the
<aste .2el a ?2alit" ass2rance s"ste* is re?2ire). (s a 3asic r2le% <astes acce/te) as .2els an)/!r ra< *aterials *2st
i$e the .!ll!<in a))e) $al2e t! the ce*ent 9iln:
cal!ri.ic $al2eS
*aterial $al2e.
0here.!re% the hih heat $al2e ,32.+ MO/9- !. t"res as c!*/are) t! c!al ,1E/+ t! 27.9 MO/9- is
?2ite attracti$e. H!<e$er% )e/en)in !n *ar9et circ2*stances% c!sts !. 2sin t"res as .2el can 3e hiher than th!se .!r
.!ssil .2els. In a))iti!n% there are c!sts relate) t! shre))in in th!se 9ilns 2na3le t! 32rn <h!le t"res% an) c!sts arisin
.r!* the i*/le*entati!n !. s/eci.ic e*issi!nsN c!ntr!ls .!r the /!ll2tants release) in t"resN incinerati!n.
iii0 E!issions
(nne1 C% /art II !. the #t!c9h!l* C!n$enti!n% lists ce*ent 9ilns .irin ha5ar)!2s <astes as an
in)2strial s!2rce <ith /!tential .!r the .!r*ati!n an) li3erati!n !. c!*/arati$el" hih a*!2nts !. /!l"chl!rinate)
)i3en5!;/;)i!1ins ,6CDD-% )i3en5!.2rans ,6CDF-% he1achl!r!3en5ene ,HC4- an) /!l"chl!rinate) 3i/hen"ls ,6C4-
int! the en$ir!n*ent.
0he re$ise) )ra.t 2i)elines !n 3est a$aila3le techni?2es ,4(0- an) /r!$isi!nal 2i)ance !n 3est
en$ir!n*ental /ractices ,4E6- rele$ant t! (rticle A an) (nne1 C !. the #t!c9h!l* C!n$enti!n !n /ersistent !ranic
/!ll2tants% a)!/te) at the C!n.erence !. the 6arties t! the #t!c9h!l* C!n$enti!n in (/ril;Ma" 2007% a))ress this iss2e
an) /resent $al2a3le in.!r*ati!n. 0he 4(0/4E0 2i)elines state the .!ll!<in:
F0he c!*32sti!n /r!cess in the 9iln% has the /!tential t! res2lt in the .!r*ati!n an)
s23se?2ent release !. che*icals liste) in (nne1 C !. the #t!c9h!l* C!n$enti!n. In
a))iti!n% releases .r!* st!rae sites *a" !cc2r. Well;)esine) /r!cess c!n)iti!ns% an) the
installati!n !. a//r!/riate /ri*ar" *eas2res% sh!2l) ena3le ce*ent 9ilns .irin ha5ar)!2s
<aste t! 3e !/erate) in s2ch a *anner that the .!r*ati!n an) release !. che*icals liste) in
(nne1 C can 3e *ini*i5e) s2..icientl" t! achie$e c!ncentrati!ns !. 6CDD an) 6CDF in
.l2e ases !. C 0.1 n I;0E>/N*3 ,!1"en c!ntent 10I-% )e/en)in !n s2ch .act!rs as the
2se !. clean .2els% <aste .ee)in% te*/erat2re an) )2st re*!$al. Where necessar"%
a))iti!nal sec!n)ar" *eas2res t! re)2ce s2ch e*issi!ns sh!2l) 3e a//lie).G
H!<e$er% .in)ins .r!* the F!2n)ati!n .!r #cienti.ic an) In)2strial :esearch% 3ase) !n 1700
6CDD/F *eas2re*ents .r!* 1990 t! 200'% )e*!nstrate that *!st ce*ent 9ilns can *eet an e*issi!n le$el !. 0.1 n
0E>/N*
3
. 0he )ata re/resent e*issi!ns .r!* ce*ent 9ilns in )e$el!/e) an) )e$el!/in c!2ntries% an) 2sin a <i)e
rane !. .2el s!2rces% incl2)in ha5ar)!2s <astes an) 0DF
3E
. 0he Cana)ian C!2ncil !. Ministers !. the En$ir!n*ent
)re< a si*ilar c!ncl2si!n% statin Fa$aila3le test )ata .r!* the ce*ent sect!r in)icate releases !. )i!1ins an) .2rans
.r!* ce*ent 9ilns are 3el!< E0 //*
3
% <ith !ne e1ce/ti!n. 0! )ate% E0 //*
3
is the l!<est e*issi!n li*it esta3lishe)
3" a Cana)a;<i)e #tan)ar) 3ase) !n a$aila3le techn!l!" an) .easi3ilit"G
39
.
( set !. )ata !n )i..erent e*issi!n le$els 3" 2sin <astes as ra< *aterials an)/!r .2els ,incl2)in
the 2se !. <aste /ne2*atic t"res as .2el- al!n <ith 3est a$aila3le techni?2es .!r e*issi!ns re)2cti!n are a$aila3le
.r!* the :e.erence D!c2*ent !n the 4est ($aila3le techni?2es in the ce*ent in)2str".
H!<e$er% .r!* se$eral researches an) st2)ies )ata !n the e*issi!ns )2rin c!;incinerati!n !.
t"res in ce*ent 9ilns is c!ntr!$ersial.. In ter*s !. e*issi!ns .!r*ati!n /r!/!nents !. 0DF ar2e that% 3" 2sin /r!cess
!/ti*isati!n *eas2res al!n <ith an a//licati!n !. i*/r!$e) an) !/ti*ise) 9iln s"ste*s an) a s*!!th an) sta3le 9iln
/r!cess the c!;incinerati!n !. t"res an) !ther ha5ar)!2s <astes is n!t )i..erent t! c!n$enti!nal c!al c!*32sti!n.
F2rther*!re% it is essential .!r e*issi!ns re)2cti!n t! a//l" *!)ern% <ell )esine) an) <ell *aintaine) e*issi!n
re)2cti!n techni?2es.
3E
F!2n)ati!n .!r #cienti.ic an) In)2strial :esearch ,#IN0EF-. ,200+-. F!r*ati!n an) :elease !. 6O6s in the Ce*ent
In)2str": 2
n)
E)iti!n. 6re/are) .!r the W!rl) 42siness C!2ncil .!r #2staina3le De$el!/*ent & Ce*ent #2staina3ilit"
Initiati$e. ($aila3le !n;line at:
htt/://<<<.<3cs).!r/D!c:!!t//iFArUB22l</F/a:MIEU/.!r*ati!nPreleaseP/!/sPsec!n)Pe)iti!n./)..
39
Cana)ian C!2ncil !. Ministers !. the En$ir!n*ent. ,200'-. #tat2s !. (cti$ities :elate) t! Di!1ins an) F2rans
Cana)a;<i)e #tan)ar)s. <<<.cc*e.ca/assets//)./)P.P200'Psect!rPstat2sPr/tPe./)..
0he st2)" t! assess the i*/act !. the 2se !. '0I <aste t"res t! re/lace c!al !n the health
!. <!r9ers <as c!n)2cte) in :23"%
'0
Enlan)% in 2002 an) the res2lts <ere the .!ll!<in:
1. E*issi!ns .r!* the /lant )e/en) !n the c!ntent !. the .2el 2se)% the c!ntents !. ra< *aterials 2se) in
ce*ent /r!)2cti!n% the )etails a3!2t the /lant c!nstr2cti!n an) h!< it is !/erate).
2. 0"res c!ntain *2ch *!re 5inc than c!al an) e*issi!ns .r!* this <ill increase% 32t are n!t e1/ecte) t!
/!se an" sini.icant health ha5ar). E*issi!ns !. *!st !ther trace *etals are /re)icte) t! 3e 2nchane)
!r t! .all.
3. Meas2rin )i!1ins is )i..ic2lt an) le$els c2rrentl" e*itte) .r!* the /lant are ar!2n) the )etecti!n
thresh!l). Di!1ins are 3i!l!icall" acti$e% an) are ass!ciate) <ith cancer an) !ther a)$erse e..ects.
E1/erience at !ther /lants s2ests that 32rnin t"res )!es n!t /r!)2ce a *eas2ra3le chane in )i!1in
e*issi!n. ())iti!nal i*/acts .r!* chanin .2el are n!t e1/ecte).
'. 6artic2lates are /r!)2cts !. c!*32sti!n. 0h!se !. health i*/!rt ha$e a )ia*eter less than 10D* ,6M10-.
:aise) a*3ient 6M10 le$els ha$e a)$erse e..ects !n health. 0he e..ect !. t"re 32rnin !n /artic2late
e*issi!ns is 2nclear 32t there *a" 3e a s*all increase.
A. Hih NO1 le$els are ass!ciate) <ith <!rsenin !. alrea)" e1istin l2n )isease. t"re 32rnin <ill
/r!3a3l" re)2ce NO1 e*issi!ns <hich <ill c!nstit2te a /!siti$e health i*/act. ,N!te: :e)2cin )!es
*ean eli*inatin. 0here.!re% there is n! /!siti$e i*/act !n health% 32t rather a re)2cti!n in the neati$e
i*/act-.
+. 0here is li9el" t! 3e n! chane in s2l/h2r )i!1i)e e*issi!ns <ith the chane in .2el.
iv0 onitoring and !easures@te&hniIues for e!issions redu&tion
0he *ain en$ir!n*ental iss2es ass!ciate) <ith ce*ent /r!)2cti!n are e*issi!ns t! air an) ener"
2se. E*issi!ns t! air % e.. e*issi!ns !n )2st% NO1% #O1% CO% 0OC% 6CDD/F an) *etals arise in the *an2.act2re !.
ce*ent.
6r!cess c!ntr!l an) *!nit!rin is essential t! 9ee/ e*issi!ns l!<. 0! c!ntr!l e*issi!ns% s!*e
a))iti!nal en$ir!n*ental e?2i/*ent *a" 3e installe). #/ecial c!ntr!l an) /r!cess *eas2res are nee)e) t! *aintain
en$ir!n*ental% sa.et" an) ?2alit" stan)ar)s. De/en)in !n the t"/es !. <aste 2se) an) their characteristics% the .ee)
/!ints int! the 9iln ha$e t! 3e c!nsi)ere). It has t! 3e n!te) that the <a" the .2els are .e) int! the 9iln is $er" i*/!rtant
3eca2se this can ha$e an e..ect !n the e*issi!ns.
0here are se$eral t"/es !. 9ilns that 2se )i..erent techn!l!ies% an) the e1/erience $eri.ie) in !ne
9iln is n!t a relia3le in)icat!r !. h!< an!ther 9iln <ill /er.!r*. It is rec!**en)e) that% in a))iti!n t! e*issi!ns
alrea)" 3ein *!nit!re) ,NO1% #O1% CO% an) /artic2late *atter ; 6M10-% a))iti!nal in.!r*ati!n sh!2l) 3e !3taine)
*!re .re?2entl" a3!2t e*issi!ns !. )i!1ins% trace *etals an) the /r!.ile !. /artic2lates e*issi!ns.
I. *!nit!rin in)icates that stat2t!r" e*issi!ns are 3ein e1cee)e) )2rin test 32rn% the 32rn
sh!2l) 3e st!//e) 2ntil the ca2se !. that insta3ilit" has 3een esta3lishe) an) recti.ie). 0"re 32rnin sh!2l) !nl" 3e
all!<e) !n a /er*anent 3asis i. the )ata .r!* the test 32rn sh!<s that c!;/r!cessin <ill n!t lea) t! a))iti!nal ris9s t!
the en$ir!n*ent.
General /ri*ar" *eas2res can 3e a//lie) t! *ini*ise 6CDD/F e*issi!ns an) t! c!*/l" <ith an
e*issi!n le$el !. 0.1 n 6CDD/F I;0E>/N*
3
% s2ch as:
a s*!!th an) sta3le 9iln /r!cess% !/eratin cl!se t! the /r!cess /ara*eter set /!ints% is 3ene.icial .!r
all 9iln e*issi!ns as <ell as .!r the ener" 2se. 0his can 3e !3taine) 3" a//l"in:
/r!cess c!ntr!l !/ti*isati!n incl2)in a c!*/2ter;3ase) a2t!*atic c!ntr!l s"ste*S
2se !. *!)ern .2el .ee) s"ste*sS
*ini*isin .2el ener" 2se 3" *eans !. /reheatin an) /recalcinati!n% c!nsi)erin the e1istin 9iln
s"ste* c!n.i2rati!nS
care.2l selecti!n an) c!ntr!l !. s23stances enterin the 9iln: selecti!n an) 2se !. h!*!ene!2s ra<
*aterials an) .2els <ith a l!< c!ntent !. s2l/h2r% nitr!en% chl!rine% *etals an) $!latile !ranic
c!*/!2n)s% i. /ractica3le.
'0
COOU% (n)re<.,2002- Fealt$ 5mpact Assessment Report on proposal to substitute c$opped tyres for some of t$e
coal as fuel in cement kilnG. De/art*ent !. 623lic Health an) E/i)e*i!l!". 8ni$ersit" !. 4ir*inha*.
0! *ini*ise the /!ssi3ilit" !. 6CDD/F re.!r*ati!n% the .!ll!<in /ri*ar" *eas2res are
c!nsi)ere) t! 3e the *!st i*/!rtant:
?2ic9 c!!lin !. 9iln e1ha2st ases t! l!<er than 200 RC in l!n <et an) l!n )r" 9ilns <ith!2t
/reheatin. In *!)ern /reheater an) /recalciner 9ilns% this .eat2re is alrea)" inherentS
li*itin resi)ence ti*e !. .l2e;ases an) !1"en c!ntent in 5!nes <here the te*/erat2res rane
3et<een 300 an) 'A0 TCS
li*itati!n !r a$!i)ance !. <aste 2se) as ra< *aterial .ee) as /art !. the ra< *aterial *i1% i. it
incl2)es !ranic *aterialsS
n!t 2sin <aste .2el .ee)in )2rin start2/ an) sh2t)!<nS
*!nit!rin an) sta3ilisati!n !. critical /r!cess /ara*eters% i.e. h!*!en!2s ra< *i1 an) .2el .ee)%
re2lar )!sae an) e1cess !1"en
'1
.
F2rther*!re% )etaile) in.!r*ati!n !n 3est a$aila3le techni?2es .!r e*issi!ns re)2cti!n% e.. .!r
NO1% #O1% CO% 0OC% 6CDD/F an) *etals can 3e .!2n) in the :e.erence )!c2*ent !n the 4est ($aila3le 0echni?2e in
the Ce*ent In)2str".
H!<e$er% this s!l2ti!n has 3een the s23Bect !. )isc2ssi!ns% .!r t<! 3asic reas!ns:
,i- 0he 2se !. t"res .!r ener" enerati!n re)2ces the /!ssi3ilit" !. their 3ein 2se) as a hiher $al2e;
a))e) /r!)2ct in !ther a//licati!ns. 0his sh!2l) 3e assesse) in the c!nte1t !. the <aste treat*ent
hierarch". O3$i!2sl"% <hen t"re re2se !r *aterial rec"clin can 3e /ractice)% these !/ti!ns are
/re.era3le 32t sh!2l) al<a"s 3e assesse) <ith a =i.e C"cle *eth!)!l!" incl2)in the alternati$e
<aste treat*ent r!2tes an) the s23stit2ti!n !. nat2ral res!2rces.
,ii- 0he c!ncern !$er /!tential e*issi!ns )2rin the 32rnin /r!cess. O/eratin <ithin a//r!/riate
c!n)iti!ns% can re)2ce 32t n!t c!*/letel" eli*inate the ris9s t! health an) the en$ir!n*ent.
O$er the last t<! "ears% an increasin acti$e /artici/ati!n !. r!2/s that are !//!se) the licensin
!. t"re c!;/r!cessin in ce*ent 9ilns has res2lte) in the eli*inati!n !. 0DF as alternati$e .2el in .i$e /lants in the
8nite) #tates% an) a halt in the licensin /r!cess !. .!2r !thers.
'2

With rear) t! the E8% the <aste incinerati!n )irecti$e ,2000/7+/EC- esta3lishes l!<er e*issi!n
li*its 3einnin in 200E. 0he c!nse?2ence <!2l) 3e the )eacti$ati!n !. the ce*ent 9ilns that )! n!t reach the l!<
e*issi!n li*its. Ce*ent 9ilns 2sin the <et /r!cess <!2l) 3e /artic2larl" a..ecte) 3" these *!re strinent li*itsG.
0hese 9ilns /r!cess ar!2n) 20I !. scra/ t"res 2se) in the ce*ent in)2str".
(n!ther .act!r that is als! 3einnin t! <eih aainst the 2se !. tra)iti!nal .!ssil .2els li9e /et
c!9e as a .2el is relate) t! car3!n )i!1i)e ,CO2- e*issi!ns. C2rrentl"% the 32rnin !. .!ssil .2els acc!2nts .!r a3!2t
'0I !. the e*issi!ns .r!* the ce*ent in)2str". 4" 2020% /r!Becti!ns in)icate that )e*an) .!r ce*ent <ill rise 1E0I
relati$e t! 1990 le$els.
0he ce*ent in)2str"% as /art !. the FCe*ent #2staina3ilit" Initiati$eG% ai*s t! *aintain e*issi!ns
at 1990 le$els )es/ite this increase in )e*an). 0his *eans a re)2cti!n !. a3!2t '0I in CO2 e*issi!ns.
'3

v0 Co-pro&essing in Plants for Ele&tri& Po7er Generation
(cc!r)in t! Mene5es
''
% incinerati!n is a ther*al !1i)ati!n /r!cess% at hih te*/erat2res% ranin
.r!* E00R C t! 1300R C% 2se) t! eli*inate !ranic <astes% re)2cin $!l2*e an) t!1icit". :ear)less !. the !3Becti$es
.!r <hich the 32rnin is c!n)2cte)% e*issi!n c!ntr!l sh!2l) 3e strictl" en.!rce)% as re?2ire) 3" leislati!n.
It is essential that $aria3les% s2ch as c!*32sti!n te*/erat2re% resi)ence ti*e% t2r32lence
,in)icatin the le$el !. *i1t2re 3et<een !1"en an) the <aste% <hich sh!2l) 3e *a1i*i5e) t! increase *!lec2le
)estr2cti!n- !1"en c!ncentrati!n an) /article )ia*eter% 3e strictl" c!ntr!lle) in the incinerati!n /r!cess.
6lants incineratin elast!*ers% s2ch as t"res !r !ther<ise% sh!2l) 2se state !. the art techn!l!" t!
a$!i) a 3r!a) rane !. e*issi!ns )2e t! the <i)e $ariet" an) c!ncentrati!n !. a))iti$es 2se) in these /!l"*ers. Gases
'1
W!rl) 42siness C!2ncil !n #2staina3le De$el!/*ent / #IN0EF% F2ormation and Release of 414;s in t$e Cement
5ndustryG. Oan2ar"% 200+.
'2
8# #cra/ 0"re Mar9ets 2003 / 200' e)iti!n
'3
Cli*ate Chane /Final :e/!rt E / 2002 /6 2' ; 4attelle Instit2te / W!rl) 42siness C!2ncil .!r #2staina3le
De$el!/*ent
''
MENEKE#% FE!aluation of t$e Emissions from t$e T$ermal ,e3radation of TiresG. 200+ & :i! )e Oaneir!.
)eri$e) .r!* the 32rnin !. elast!*ers /r!)2ce ele*ents <ith a hih le$el !. t!1icit"% there.!re the" re?2ire treat*ent.
Di!1ins% .2rans% /!l"c"clic ar!*atic h")r!car3!ns ,6(Hfs- are all 3" /r!)2cts !. the c!*32sti!n /r!cess% <hich
re?2ire s/ecial c!ntr!ls )2e t! the seri!2s inB2ries t! h2*an health an) the en$ir!n*ent that the" can ca2se. ( n2*3er
!. /!tentiall" har*.2l *aterials can 3e /r!)2ce) .r!* c!*32sti!n !. *an" .2els s2ch as c!al an) !il% as <ell as tires%
s! the c!*32sti!n /r!cess *2st ha$e a//r!/riate c!*32sti!n c!n)iti!ns an) e*issi!n c!ntr!ls t! *eet all a//lica3le
re2lati!ns0
0h2s% incinerati!n is a techn!l!" that re?2ires s23stantial ca/ital in$est*ent an) .aces str!n
/23lic !//!siti!n. #e$eral /lants ha$e e1/erience) !/erati!nal /r!3le*s% <hich ha$e hin)ere) the relia3le s2//l" !.
electric /!<er. C!*32sti!n is ca/ital intensi$e. #23stit2ti!n !. 0DF .!r a /!rti!n !. !ther s!li) .2els in e1istin
c!*32sti!n 2nits enerall" re?2ires li*ite) in$est*ent in a//r!/riate *eterin e?2i/*ent t! c!ntr!l the rate !. 0DF
a))iti!n. 0here are $er" .e< s"ste*s )e)icate) s!lel" t! c!*32sti!n !. <aste tires% an) these are ca/ital intensi$e .!r
/!<er enerati!n )2e /ri*aril" t! c!*/arati$el" s*all ec!n!*ics !. scale. #!*e !. these /lants ha$e enc!2ntere)
ec!n!*ic $ia3ilit" iss2es as ha$e s"ste*s /!<ere) 3" <!!) an) !ther rene<a3le ener" s!2rces.
@ari!2s incinerat!rs% incl2)in /lants s2ch as th!se !. G2**i;Ma"er ,Ger*an"-% #ita;El*
Ener" ,Enlan)- an) M!)est! t"res ,Cali.!rnia. 8.#.- ha$e all 3een cl!se) as a res2lt !. these /r!3le*s. (*!n th!se
that c!ntin2e t! 3e !/erati!nal are E1eter ,8.#.-% Maran!ni ,Ital"-% an) E3ara ,Oa/an-.
)ppendi* / 3 Publi& health literature
Den2e is trans*itte) 3" *!s?2it!es 3ree) in c!ntainers <hich c!llect rain<ater% /artic2larl" 2se) t"res.
'A
( sinle t"re can ser$e as a 3ree)in site .!r th!2san)s !. *!s?2it!es in !nl" !ne s2**er.
'+
0he Center .!r Disease
C!ntr!l an) 6re$enti!n in the 8nite) #tates rec!ni5es that Fin.estati!n *a" 3e c!ntaine) thr!2h /r!ra*s !.
s2r$eillance% re*!$al !. 3ree)in sites ,es/eciall" t"res-% interr2/ti!n !. interstate )is/ersal !. t"res% an) B2)ici!2s 2se
!. insectici)es in 3ree)in sites.G M!s?2it! era)icati!n /r!ra*s are c!stl" an) !nl" *ini*i5e the /r!3le*% rather than
s!l$in it.
One e1a*/le !. this is the s/ecies (e)es al3!/ict2s ,als! 9n!<n as the (sian Ftier *!s?2it!G-. 0his
s/ecies <as acci)entall" trans/!rte) .r!* Oa/an t! the Western He*is/here in the *i);19E0[s in shi/*ents !. 2se)
t"res.
'7

#ince then% the s/ecies esta3lishe) itsel. in $ari!2s states in the 8.#. an) in !ther c!2ntries in the c!ntinent%
incl2)in: 4ra5il% Me1ic!% (rentina% G2ate*ala% C23a an) the D!*inican :e/23lic.
'E
0here.!re% it see*s t! 3e clear
that the s/rea) !. the (sian Ftier *!s?2it!G 3ene.ite) .r!* the *!$e*ent !. 2se) t"res a*!n states an) c!2ntries.
0he ris9s ass!ciate) <ith the trans/!rtati!n !. 2se) an) <aste t"res are <ell 9n!<n% an) s/ecialists an)
en$ir!n*ental a2th!rities in the 8nite) Uin)!*% 8.#. an) Cana)a ha$e )ra<n attenti!n t! these ris9s. ( /23lic health
!..icial in the 8nite) Uin)!* has characteri5e) the trans/!rtati!n /r!3le* as .!ll!<s:
F0hr!2h the internal *!$e*ent !. these t"res% "!2 can *!nit!r the *!$e*ent !. these
*!s?2it!es thr!2h the interstate hih<a" s"ste*s% <hich is /rett" c2nnin reall".G
'9
( Oa/anese st2)" in 2002 )e*!nstrate) that t"res trans/!rte) .!r .inal )is/!sal !/erati!ns ,in this case%
ce*ent 9ilns- c!2l) 3e in.este) <ith *!s?2it!es:
FIn the n!rthern*!st li*it !. the *!s?2it!% Hiashi"a*a l!cate) !n the eastern si)e !. 0!h!92
)istrict% there is a ce*ent /lant in <hich 2se) t"res are 2se) .!r .2el an) ra< *aterials. 0hese
t"res% <hich c!2l) 3e in.este) <ith *!s?2it!es% are .re?2entl" trans/!rte) .r!* lare cities
near3". It has 3een sh!<n that this 9in) !. ec!n!*ic acti$it" has a str!n c!nnecti!n t! the
s/rea) !. (e. al3!/ict2s.G
A0
( st2)" .r!* the Centers .!r Disease C!ntr!l an) 6re$enti!n in the 8nite) #tates re/!rte) the .!ll!<in:
F(e. al3!/ict2s% a *aB!r 3itin /est thr!2h!2t *2ch !. its rane% is a c!*/etent la3!rat!r"
$ect!r !. at least 22 ar3!$ir2ses% incl2)in *an" $ir2ses !. /23lic health i*/!rtance. 0he
/!st2late) relati!nshi/ 3et<een )is/ersal an) *aB!r trans/!rtati!n r!2tes <!2l) 3e e1/ecte)
.!r a s/ecies trans/!rte) larel" 3" h2*an acti$ities s2ch as the c!**ercial *!$e*ent !.
<aste t"res .!r retrea)in% rec"clin% !r !ther /2r/!ses. #e$eral !. the 2E *!s?2it!;in.este)
sites n!t l!cate) !n the interstate s"ste* <ere *aB!r t"re retrea)in c!*/anies% !ther
32sinesses that )eal <ith lare n2*3ers !. 2se) !r <aste t"res% !r illeal t"re )2*/s.G
A1
#eri!2s e/i)e*ics% s2ch as )en2e% are cl!sel" ass!ciate) <ith this /r!cess !. s/rea)in the $ect!rs that
)isse*inate the*. 0he n2*3ers ass!ciate) <ith the )en2e e/i)e*ic are sini.icant% i.e. a//r!1i*atel" A0 *illi!n
/e!/le <!rl)<i)e are in.ecte) e$er" "ear 3" the )isease% <ith A00%000 h!s/itali5ati!ns an) 12%000 )eaths.
A2
0he W!rl)
Health Orani5ati!n ,WHO- rec!ni5e) that )en2e is Fthe *!st i*/!rtant e*erin tr!/ical $iral )iseaseG an) Fa
'A
#ee WHO Den2e Fact #heet
'+
Ohi! De/art*ent !. Nat2ral :es!2rces% :ec"clin 0"res : 6r!3le*s <ith <astin scra/ t"res: Disease Center .!r
Disease C!ntr!l an) 6re$enti!n% Aedes albopictus 5nfestation 0 <nited States' +ra:il' M!r3i)it" an) M!rtalit"
Wee9l" :e/!rt% E (22st 19E+
'7
a(M(G8CHI% E. F%aste Tyre Recyclin3G% Master !. Enineerin 6r!Bect% 8ni$ersit" !. Illin!is% 8r3ana;
Cha*/ane % Oct!3er 2000 %
'E
4O:GE#% #!nia Marta )!s (nB!s (l$es% F5mport=ncia Epidemiol>3ica do Aedes albopictus nas Am?ricasG%
MasterNs 0hesis% Fac2l)a)e )e #ah)e 623lica% #i! 6a2l!% 2001.
'9
F+itin3 +ackG% En$ir!n*ental Health 6ractiti!ner% Dece*3er 200'% at 3+E;371 ,?2!tin O!l"!n Me)l!c9% Health
6r!tecti!n (enc"% 8U% <hen re.errin t! the )isse*inati!n !. Aedes albopictus in the 8nite) #tates-.
A0
UO4(a(#HI% M. et al.% FAnalysis of #ort$ern ,istribution of Aedes albopictus -,iptera culidae. in 9apan by
@eo3rap$ical 5nformation SystemG% O!2rnal !. Me)ical Ent!*!l!"% @!l2*e 39% N!. 1% at 9 ,2002-.
A1
CHE#0E:% G. M!!re ^ Carl O. Mitchell% F(e)es al3!/ict2s in the 8nite) #tates: 0en;aear 6resence an) 623lic
Health I*/licati!nsG% E*erin In.ecti!2s Diseases% @!l2*e 3% N!. 1 ,1997-.
A2
0EbEI:(% Maria )a Gljria. FDen2e an) )en2e he*!rrhaic .e$er e/i)e*ics in 4ra5il: What research is nee)e)
3ase) !n tren)s% s2r$eillance an) c!ntr!l e1/eriences%G Cadernos de SaAde 4Ablica% :i! )e Oaneir!% 1A% 6 1307
;131A% 200A
*aB!r internati!nal /23lic health c!ncern.G
A3
Its s"*/t!*s rane .r!* hih .e$er% se$ere hea)aches an) *2sc2lar /ain
t! he*!rrhae% .re?2entl" .!ll!<e) 3" s<ellin !. the li$er an) /!!r circ2lati!n.
A'
C!*/licati!ns ass!ciate) <ith the
)isease% )en2e he*!rrhaic .e$er ,DHF-% has a )eath rate !. AI t! 1AI <hen le.t 2ntreate).
AA
He*!rrhaic )en2e
.e$er is !ne !. the *ain ca2ses !. in.ant *!rtalit" in $ari!2s (sian c!2ntries% <here it !riinate).
0he case !. 4ra5il is ill2strati$e in this res/ect. Den2e% <hich <as !nce c!nsi)ere) t! 3e era)icate)% re;
e*ere) )2rin the 1990s an)% acc!r)in t! the WHO% has n!< reache) le$els !. an Fe1/l!si$e e/i)e*ic.G
A+
0he
c2rrent )en2e e/i)e*ic in 4ra5il <!rsene) .r!* 199' thr!2h 2002% reachin a /ea9 !. 79'%000 cases in 2002.
8nli9e /re$i!2s l!cali5e) <a$es !. the )isease% the c2rrent e/i)e*ic s/rea) thr!2h!2t the c!2ntr".
A7
Cases !.
he*!rrhaic )en2e increase) 'A ti*es .r!* 2000 thr!2h 2002
AE
reachin the hih *!rtalit" rate !. '.3I% al*!st
eiht ti*es as hih as the rate in #!2th East (sia.
A9
4ra5il acc!2nte) .!r 70I !. re/!rte) cases in the (*ericas .r!*
199E thr!2h 2002.
+0
0!)a" three !2t !. the .!2r ser!t"/es !. )en2e c!;circ2late in 22 !. the 27 states in 4ra5il
+1
% a
)ist2r3in .act% since the c!*3inati!n !. ser!t"/es increases the /r!3a3ilit" !. c!*/licati!ns an) )eath. 0he
intr!)2cti!n !. a .!2rth ser!t"/e ,DEN;'- is i**inent% as a res2lt !. air an) *ariti*e trans/!rt 3et<een 4ra5il an)
!ther c!2ntries. F!ll!<in an intense a<areness ca*/ain in 4ra5il% 2E0%A11 cases !. )en2e% <ith +1 )eaths% <ere
re/!rte) .r!* Oan2ar" thr!2h Oct!3er 200+.
E$en .2*iati!n is n!t .2ll" e..icient in eli*inatin the es an) lar$ae in t"re /iles. 0he s2//ressi!n !.
a)2lt *!s?2it!es re?2ires the 2se !. a)2ltici)es% t!1ic che*icals that are n!t en$ir!n*entall" 3enin. In a))iti!n% it is
2s2all" )i..ic2lt .!r the* t! /enetrate the /ile s2..icientl" t! reach the *!s?2it!es.
+2
When .2*iatin t"re /iles% the
*!s?2it!es ten) t! c!ncentrate at the 3!tt!* !. the /ile% <here .2*iati!n )!es n!t reach the* in hih en!2h
c!ncentrati!ns. 0here.!re% it is n!t 2nc!**!n .!r the* t! 3ec!*e resistant t! insectici)es. (cc!r)in t! #!lari
,2002-%
+3
the 2se !. .2*iati!n is c!stl" an) ine..ecti$e in c!*3atin )en2e. FF2*iati!n is ass!ciate) <ith
!$ern*ent res/!nsi$eness% e$en th!2h it !nl" 9ills a)2lt *!s?2it!es an) <ithin a <ee9 the lar$ae ha$e *at2re) an)
<e are 3ac9 t! s?2are !ne.G
0here.!re% the )is/!sal !. 2se) t"res c!nstit2tes a ris9 .act!r .!r the s/rea) !. *!s?2it! $ect!rs% in a))iti!n
t! har3!rin r!)ents% an) is c!nsi)ere) a /r!3le* .r!* a /23lic health /ers/ecti$e% es/eciall" in tr!/ical c!2ntries.
In a))iti!n t! the /r!/aati!n !. *!s?2it!es an) r!)ents% an!ther ris9 t! /23lic health is the !/en
2nc!ntr!lle) 32rnin !. t"res% <hich enerate e*issi!ns !. che*ical c!*/!2n)s that are )etri*ental t! h2*an health%
s2ch as car3!n *!n!1i)e% s2l.2r !1i)es% nitr!en !1i)es% /!l"n2clear ar!*atic h")r!car3!ns ,6(Hs-% an) 6O6#
,/ersistent !ranic /!ll2tants-% i.e. 6!licl!r! )i3en5!;/;)i!1ins an) /!licl!r! )i3en5!.2rans ,6CDD/6CDF-%
he1acl!r!3en5ene ,HC4- an) 6!licl!r3i.enils ,6C4-% a*!n !thers. 0he re)2cti!n !r eli*inati!n !. n!n;intenti!nal
e*issi!ns !. s2ch s23stances is re2late) 3" (rticle A an) (nne1 C !. the #t!c9h!l* C!n$enti!n.
A3
W!rl) Health Orani5ati!n% F@uidelines for Treatment of ,en3ue aemorr$a3ic 2e!er in Small ospitalsG i1
,1999-
A'
WHO Den2e Fact #heet
AA
D!nal) Uenne)" ^ MarB!rie =2c9s% FRubber' +li3$t' and MosBuitoes: +io3eo3rap$y Meets t$e @lobal Economy&%
En$ir!n*ental Hist!r"% @!l2*e ' at 3+9 ,1999-
A+
#ee W!rl) Health Orani5ati!n% FDen2e an) Den2e He*!rrhaic Fe$er ,2002-G ,FWHO Den2e Fact #heetG-
A7
#ee #I>8EI:(% O!i! 4!sc! et al.% F,en3ue and ,en3ue emorr$a3ic 2e!er' +ra:il' )7C)-2((2G% E*erin
In.ecti!2s Diseases% Center .!r Disease C!ntr!l an) 6re$enti!n ,8#-% @!l2*e 11% N!. 1 ,200A-
AE
5bidem.
A9
#ee FIG8EI:EDO% =2i5 0a)e2 M!raes% F,en3ue in +ra:il: 4ast' 4resent and 2uture 4erspecti!eG% Den2e
42lletin% W!rl) Health Orani5ati!n% @!l2*e 27% /. 2A% at 29 ,2003-S W!rl) Health Orani5ati!n% Case Fatalit"
:ate ,I- !. DF/DHF in the #!2th;East (sia :ei!n ,19EA&200'- ,200'-
+0
#ee #i?2eira% a3!$e.
+1
5bidem
+2
8ni$ersit" !. :h!)e Islan)% O..ice !. M!s?2it! (3ate*ent C!!r)inati!n% M!s?2it!es% Disease an) #cra/ t"res
+3
#!lari% (l.re)!. 4ID (*Lrica.
)ppendi* // 3 Bea&hate literature
Part )' %u!!ary of revie7ed field trials on tyre lea&hate
Paper $ate Pla&e ethod Bea&hate Chara&teristi&s
H2*/hre" 1997 8#
0"re chi/s a3!$e GW0 in
Maine%
GW !r leachate c!llecte)
.!r 2.A "ears% c!ntr!l <ell.
#23stances C 6DW#. #23stances C #DW#
e1ce/t Fe an) Mn.
Oranics n!t )etecte).
H!rner 199+ 8U
#!il sa*/les ta9en .r!* 10;
"ear;!l) t"re )2*/ in West
=!n)!n.
Ele$ate) s!il C)% 63 an) Kn at 3ase !. )2*/%
le$els )ecrease) e1/!nentiall" <ith )istance.
ON#ha2hness" 2000 C(
0"re rein.!rce) earth.ill%
leachate c!llecte) .!r t<!
"ears% n! c!ntr!l <ell.
Fiel) *!nit!rin !. the /r!t!t"/e test
e*3an9*ent c!nstr2cte) <ith t"res a3!$e the
<ater ta3le in)icates that insini.icant a)$erse
e..ects !n r!2n)<ater ?2alit" ha) !cc2rre) !$er
a /eri!) !. 2 "ears
+'
.
H2*/hre" 2001 8# 0"re shre)s 3el!< GW0 in
Maine% leachate an)
)!<nstrea*
GW c!llecte) .!r 2.A "ears%
c!ntr!l <ell.
Hihest le$el !. c!nta*inati!n seen at site% <ith
c!nta*inati!n )ecreasin t! near 3ac9r!2n) 3
* )!<nstrea*. #23stances C 6DW# at site.
#23stances C #DW# at site e1ce/t Fe% Mn% Kn
an) s!*e !ranics.
H2*/hre" 2000 8# 0"re chi/s a3!$e GW0 in
Maine%
leachate c!llecte) .!r .i$e
"ears% c!ntr!l <ell.
#23stances <ith 6DW# n!t altere). (l% Kn% Cl
an) #O' n!t increase) at site.
Fe an) Mn increase) at site.
Nelii3le le$el !. !ranics at site.
:ia5
+A
2001 C(
#hre))e) t"res in 3asela"er
!. r!a) in Manit!3a% GW
c!llecte)% n! c!ntr!l <ell.
#23stances C 6DW# 3el!< site. #23stances C
#DW# 3el!< site e1ce/t (l% Fe an) Mn.
Oranics n!t )etecte).
Reference: End of life tyre Mana3ement 0 M%' #eD Eealand' 2((8
N!tes:
1. (33re$iati!ns 2se) in ta3le .!r /lace na*es: C(% Cana)aS 8U% 8nite) Uin)!*S 8#% 8nite) #tates !.
(*erica.
2. General a33re$iati!ns 2se) in ta3le: 6DW#% 8nite) #tates /ri*ar" ,health- )rin9in <ater stan)ar)S
#DW#% 8nite) #tates sec!n)ar" ,aesthetic- )rin9in <ater stan)ar)sS GW0% r!2n)<ater ta3leS GW%
r!2n)<ater.
(s /resente) in #ecti!n I/D/2.% the se$eral .act!rs that *a" a..ect the rate !. leachin an)/!r the
c!ncentrati!n !. t"re leachate c!*/!2n)s in s!il% s2r.ace <ater an) r!2n)<ater are /resente) 3el!<
++
:
,a- tyre si#e' leachin .r!* <h!le t"res is li9el" t! 3e sl!<er than leachin .r!* t"re chi/s !r
shre)s. 0his is 3eca2se !. the )i..erences in the s2r.ace area t! $!l2*e rati!S
,3- a!ount of e*posed steel' i. steel is e1/!se) ,in the case !. t"re chi/s an) shre)s-% there is a
li9elih!!) that the leachin !. *ananese an) ir!n <ill 3e .aster than that .r!* <h!le t"res in
<hich the steel is n!t e1/!se)S
,c- &he!i&al environ!ent' leachin !. *etals is li9el" t! 3e *!re ra/i) 2n)er aci)ic c!n)iti!ns%
<hile leachin !. !ranic c!*/!2n)s is li9el" t! 3e *!re ra/i) 2n)er 3asic c!n)iti!nsS
+'
O[#ha2hness" @O% Gara @U. ,2000- t"re;:ein.!rce) Earth.ill. 6art 3: En$ir!n*ental (ssess*ent. Cana)ian
Ge!technical O!2rnal 37: 117;131.
+A
:ia5 (U% (h*e) #. ,2001- FRecyclin3 of S$redded Rubber Tires as Road +ase in Manitoba: A Case StudyG. 2001
(n Earth O)"sse". 8ni$ersit" !. Manit!3a% Cana)a
++
#ee FMWH. O2l" 200'.G 5bid.
,)- per!eability of soil' leachin is li9el" t! 3e .aster <hen s!ils are /er*ea3leS
,e- distan&e fro! ground7ater table' the reater the $ertical )istance .r!* the r!2n)<ater
ta3le% the less li9el" the c!nta*inati!n !. r!2n)<aterS
,.- distan&e fro! tyre storage site' the .2rther the )!<nstrea* )istance .r!* the t"re st!rae site%
the l!<er the c!nta*inant c!ncentrati!n in the s!il an) r!2n)<aterS
,- &onta&t ti!e 7ith 7ater' the l!ner the t"res are in c!ntact <ith <ater% the reater the ris9 !.
r!2n)<ater c!nta*inati!nS
,h- verti&al 7ater flo7 through soil' the reater the <ater .l!< thr!2h the s!il ,e..% .r!*
rain.all-% the reater the )il2ti!n !. c!nta*inantsS
,i- hori#ontal ground7ater flo7' the reater the r!2n)<ater .l!<% the reater the s/rea) !. the
c!nta*inant /l2*eS an)
,B- lea&hed &o!pounds at site' le$els !. *ananese an) ir!n are hiher in r!2n)<ater <hen
steel is e1/!se). =e$els !. al2*in2*% 5inc an) !ranic c!*/!2n)s *a" 3e hih in
r!2n)<ater% an) le$els !. 5inc% ca)*i2* an) lea) *a" 3e hih in s!il.
( st2)" !. #heehan% 6.O. et all ,200+-
+7
has /er.!r*e) t!1icit" testin% t!1icit" i)enti.icati!n e$al2ati!n
,0IE-% an) r!2n)<ater *!)elin <ere 2se) t! )eter*ine the circ2*stances 2n)er <hich tire shre)s c!2l) 3e 2se) as
r!a)3e) .ill <ith nelii3le ris9 t! a?2atic !ranis*s in a)Bacent <ater 3!)ies. Ele$ate) le$els !. ir!n% *ananese% an)
se$eral !ther che*icals <ere .!2n) in tire shre) leachates. H!<e$er% the res2lts <ere )i..erent .!r the leachates
c!llecte) .r!* tire shre)s installe) a3!$e the <ater ta3le an) 3el!< !. it. It c!ncl2)es that% .!r settins <ith l!<er
)iss!l$e) !1"en c!ncentrati!ns !r l!<er /H% res2lts !. r!2n)<ater *!)elin in)icate that a reater 32..er )istance
,S11 *- is nee)e) t! )il2te the leachate t! n!nt!1ic le$els 2n)er $ari!2s s!il an) r!2n)<ater c!n)iti!ns s!lel" thr!2h
a)$ecti!n an) )is/ersi!n /r!cesses.
0he .!ll!<in st2)ies !n 2se !. t"re ran2late in arti.icial s/!rt .iel)s re$ie<e) the i*/acts !. leachate .r!*
these ran2lates !n the en$ir!n*ent:
Table += 3 %tudies on use of tyre granulate in artifi&ial sport fields
)uthor Con&lusion
(=I(68: et al.
,2007-
+E
6h"sic!che*ical res2lts !. the /erc!lates sh!< .!r /!tentiall" /!ll2tin s23stances a 9inetic
in)e/en)ent .r!* the t"/e !. ran2lates 2se) 3!th in;sit2 an) in;la3 tests. (nal"ticall"
)etecta3le trace s23stances/c!*/!2n)s are )iss!l$e) .r!* the s2r.ace an) .r!* the /!l"*er
*atri1 !. the ran2les in a c!ncentrati!n <hich .alls !$er ti*eS
(cc!r)in t! c2rrent research% a.ter a "earNs e1/eri*entati!n% the res2lts !n the '2
/h"sic!che*ical /ara*eters i)enti.ie) an) !n the ec!t!1ic!l!ical tests sh!< that <ater
/assin thr!2h arti.icial t2r. 2sin as .illin either $irin elast!*ers ran2late) !r
ran2lates .r!* 2se) t"res are n!t li9el" t! a..ect <ater res!2rces in the sh!rt an) *e)i2*
ter*.
IN0:ON et al.
,2007-
+9
=eachin !. hea$" *etals an) !ranics che*icals s2ch as 6hthalates an) 6ahNs% .r!* rec"cle)
car t"res as in.ill in arti.icial t2r. s"ste*s sta"s <ell <ithin the D2tch li*it $al2es .!r s!il
an) s2r.ace <ater ?2alit". =eachin !. 5inc is an e1ce/ti!n 32t is n!t e1/ecte) t! e1cee)
li*its $al2es <ithin 10 "ears.
MZller% E.
,2007-
70
Diss!l$e) Oranic Car3!n an) the !ranic nitr!en )ecrease $er" ra/i)l" initiall"%
s23se?2entl" sl!<in )!<n t! a *ini*2* in a ti*e;)e/en)ent% s23stance;s/eci.ic *anner
3!th in the l"si*eter trials an) the el2ate tests. 0!<ar)s the en) !. the trial /eri!)% a.ter a
"ear% $al2es ha$e alrea)" .allen 3el!< the li*it !. )eter*inati!n .!r *!st !. the in)i$i)2al
s23stancesS
0he $er" l!< 6(H c!ncentrati!ns .r!* the ran2les <ere .!2n) at an i)entical le$el in the
3lan9 sa*/le ,ra$el la"er <ith!2t s2r.ace-S the" c!rres/!n) t! a*3ient ,23i?2it!2s-
c!nta*inati!n le$els.
IN0:ON 200E
71
0he i*/act !. <eatherin !. the r233er cr2*3 .!r the technical li.eti*e !. an arti.icial t2r.
+7
#heehan% 6.O. et all ,200+- ; "E!aluatin3 T$e Risk To ABuatic Ecosystems 4osed +y Leac$ate 2rom Tire S$red 2ill 5n
Roads <sin3 ToFicity Tests' ToFicity 5dentification E!aluations' And @roundDater Modelin3&.
+E
#ee .!!tn!te 12
+9
#ee .!!tn!te 1'.
70
#ee .!!tn!te 13.
.iel) ,a//r!1. 10 t! 1A "ears- )!es n!t ca2se the leachin !. 5inc .r!* the r233er cr2*3
*a)e .r!* rec"cle) car t"res t! e1cee) the thresh!l) $al2es .!r )iss!l$e) 5inc in s2r.ace
<ater !r the )eri$e) thresh!l) $al2e .r!* the Decree !n #!il >2alit" .!r the e*issi!n !. 5inc
int! the s!il.
71
#ee .!!tn!te 31
Part B' Bea&hability deter!inants for use of !aterials intended for
engineering purposes 1appli&able in the United Eingdo!2
)ppli&ation

Che!i&al property

Bi!iting values
,D / l% 2nless state)-J
; =an).ill enineerin
; =iht<eiht .ill an) s!il
; :ein.!rce*ent
; 4ri)e a32t*ents
; Drainae a//licati!ns
; In r!2n) 3arriers
; N!ise 3arriers
; 0her*al ins2lati!n
; 0"re /r!)2cts an) s2r.acins
/H A%A ; 9%A
C!n)2cti$it" 1000 Ds/c*
COD 30 */l
(**!nia 0%A */l
(rsenic 10
Ca)*i2* 1
Chr!*i2* ,t!tal- A0
=ea),t!tal- A0
Merc2r" 1
#eleni2* 10
4!r!n 2000
C!//er 20
NYc9el A0
Kinc A00
C"ani)e ,.ree- A0
#2l/hate ,#O'- 1A0 */l
#2l.i)e 1A0
#2l.2re ,.ree- 1A0
6hen!l 0%A
Ir!n 100
Chl!ri)e 200 */l
6(H 0%2
; Er!si!n c!ntr!l
,.l2$ial ^ *ariti*e- (s a3!$e ,i. necessar"- (s a3!$e ,i. necessar"-
; (rti.icial ree.s
JV=i*itin $al2es relate t! the acce/ta3le c!ncentrati!ns !. *aterials int! 2nline) lan).ill sites 3ase) 2/!n the 8U
En$ir!n*ental (enc"Ns !<n internal 2i)ance.
,En$ir!n*ental (enc" & <<<.en$ir!n*ent;aenc".!$.29-
Notes'
=i*itin $al2es .!r che*ical /r!/erties !. *aterials 2se) in enineerin a//licati!ns are )e/en)ant 2/!n
site s/eci.ic .act!rs an) the t"/e !. c!ntain*ent s"ste* 2se) !n site.
( ris9 3ase) a//r!ach <ill 3e a)!/te) 3" the re2lat!rs. In eneral% the c!ncentrati!ns !. c!nta*inants
sh!2l) .all <ithin the re?2ire*ents !. l!cal re2lat!r" 2i)ance. 0he li*itin $al2es /r!$i)e) are 3ase) 2/!n th!se
/r!)2ce) 3" the En$ir!n*ent (enc" t! )eter*ine acce/ta3ilit" !. c!nta*inate) *aterials int! 2nline) lan).ill sites.
It is the leacha3le c!ncentrati!ns <hich <ill /la" a /art in )eter*inin <hether t"res /r!$e s2ita3le .!r 2se
in .2t2re enineerin a//licati!ns. In a))iti!n% <here che*ical anal"sis !. a *aterial .alls 3el!< these thresh!l)s% it can
3e reas!na3l" 3e ass2*e) that the *aterial <ill 3e s2ita3le .!r the inten)e) 2se an) /r!$i)e n! ris9s t! h2*an health !r
the en$ir!n*ent. H!<e$er this *2st 3e aree) <ith the re2lat!r 3e.!re an" <!r9 ta9es /lace% an) is s23Bect t! the
c2rrent <aste *anae*ent licensin sche*e.
6!ll2ti!n !. c!ntr!lle) <aters .alls 2n)er the c!ntr!l !. the 8U en$ir!n*ental re2lat!rs. H!<e$er% .2rther
licensin *a" 3e re?2ire) .r!* DEF:( .!r the /lace*ent !. <aste *aterials in the sea. 0he re2lat!rs *a" re?2ire that
leacha3ilit" testin !. the c!*/!2n)s liste) a3!$e 3e carrie) !2t !n an" *aterial /r!/!se) .!r 2se in a?2e!2s
a//licati!ns /ri*aril" as a sa.e2ar) that the *aterial )! n!t ca2se har* t! r!2n)<ater% s2r.ace <ater !r *arine
<aters. C!ncerns a//l" t! /!tential t! i*/act )rin9in <ater s2//lies.
)ppendi* /// 3 Tyre fires do&u!ented in the literature
Location Year
Duration Approx. no.
of tyres
Incident manaement
Ad!erse
En!ironmenta"
effects
Cause
Rochdale,
%ngland
-.,/
0pril -.,+
1uly -.,+
- day
23 days
-3 days
.,333
4one reported
)ater supply
reser"oir still closed
0rson
suspected
Rhinehart
)inchester,
5irginia,
U&0
-.62
7la8ed for
. months,
smoldered
for -6 months
9-. million 4one reported
633,333 gallons of
pyrolytic oil
reclaimed. &oil
contamination to
reported depth of
-33ft. &moke plume
rose to 2333 ft and
fallout reported in 2
states
0rson
suspected
&elby,
%ngland
-.6, 63 days :-,333 4one reported
/- gallons of oily
leachate remo"ed
from site-drinking
$ater in-take closed
for / days as
precaution.
0rson
suspected
!o$ys,
)ales
-.6. -* years -3 million 4one reported
#onitoring of 8inc,
iron and phenol
le"els in nearby
stream. ;e"els
increase $ith
rainfall. Thick black
smoke releasing
ben8ene, dio<ins
and particulates.
0rson
suspected
=agers"ille
(ntario, >anada
,
Feb .3 -, days -/.9 million
,/
-,33 people e"acuated
,2
;ong term monitoring
ongoing
,33,333 liters run-off
of oil into soil.
>reek $ater
contaminated !0=
?s@
0rson
suspected
&aint 0mable,
Auebec,
>anada ,
#ay .3 9 days
,*
2.+ million
,+
-+3 people e"acuated
-/ million >anadian for site
decontamination and
restoration costs.
,9
!ossible
contamination of soil
and $ater by oil
released from the
burning tyres.
0rson a
potential
cause
Bork,
%ngland
-..-
4o data
a"ailable
: -,333 4one reported
;o$ le"els of
phenols entered into
local stream.
4o data
a"ailable
>orn$all,
%ngland
-../ - day
4o data
a"ailable
4one reported
!henol and !0=?s
detected in runoff
$ater.
0rson
suspected
)ashington,
!ennsyl"ania,
U&0
Feb ., -* days -., million
%"acuation of +33 residents
and closing of t$o schools
4one reported
0rson
suspected
Cila Ri"er
Reser"ation,
0ri8ona , U&0
0ug ., , days
2 million
shredded
#onitoring for ground
contamination
4one reported
0rson
suspected
72
#!2rce ,JJ- #cra/ t"re :ec"clin in Cana)a : Fr!* #cra/ t! @al2e/:ec"clae )es /ne2s h!rs )N2sae a2 Cana)a :
=a trans.!r*ati!n )es /ne2s h!rs )N2sae en /r!)2its k $ale2r aB!2tLe.
73
5bid *
7'
:ec"c;>2e3ec. 2001;200E 6r!ra* .!r the E*/t"in !. #cra/ 0ire #t!rae #ites in >2L3ec ; N!r*ati$e
Fra*e<!r9.
7A
5bid /
7+
5bid 6
>heshire,
%ngland
-... 4ot clear +33,333 4one reported
Run off oil
contaminating site
0rson
suspected
Source: C$emical a:ards and 4oisons Report 2rom t$e C$emical a:ards and 4oisons ,i!ision'
,ecember 2((*
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111 5bidem.
111 #ee FIG8EI:EDO% =2i5 0a)e2 M!raes% FDen2e in 4ra5il: 6ast% 6resent an) F2t2re 6ers/ecti$eG% Den2e
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111 5bid )2
111 5bid )8.
111 5bid )*.
111 5bid *)
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$/%)$C)NT)GE%4 P(ECENT/ON )N$ CONT(OB
)ppli&ation @
Produ&t
Benefits $isadvantages
(lternati$e F2el
,Ce*ent 9ilns !r
/!<er stati!ns-
C!nser$e nat2ral res!2rcesS
Hih cal!ri.ic $al2eS
=are $!l2*e /!tential
Mes2rin e?2i/*ent re?2ire) t! c!ntr!l e*issi!ns
Nee)s enerall" shre))e) t"resS
C!stl" t! install an) !/erate.
#teel electric arc
.2rnace an)
.!2n)er" 9ilns
0!tal an) c!*/lete rec!$er"
!. t"re c!*/!nents: car3!n%
steel% r233er
:e/lace hih c!st car3!n
Mes2re e?2i/*ent re?2ire) t! c!ntr!l e*issi!ns
Nee)s enerall" shre))e) t"res
C!stl" t! !/erate.
=an).ill
Enineerin
=iht<eiht% l!< )ensit" .ill
*aterialS
G!!) l!a) 3earin ca/acit"S
=!<er c!st c!*/are) t!
ra$elS
D!es n!t nee) a <ell
?2ali.ie) la3!rS
6!tential leachin !. *etals an) h")r!car3!natesS
0he steel c!r) in the t"re c!2l) /2nct2re the
lininS
C!*/ressi3ilit" !. the t"reS
=iht <eiht !r
)rainae .ill
:e)2ce) 2nit <eiht
c!*/are) t! !ther
alternati$esS
Fle1i3le% <ith !!) l!a)
3earin ca/acit"S
G!!) )rainaeS
6!tential leachin !. *etals an) h")r!car3!natesS
De.!r*ati!n 2n)er $ertical l!a)% <hen a /r!/er
s!il c!$er thic9ness is n!t 2se)S
Di..ic2lt" in c!*/acti!n ,nee) t! 2se *!re than
10t!n r!ller% si1 /asses% 300** li.t-
Er!si!n c!ntr!l
=!< )ensit" <hich all!<s
.ree .l!atin str2ct2res t! act
as <a$e 3arriersS
0"re 3ales are liht<eiht
an) eas" t! han)leS
D2ra3ilit"S
0"res sh!2l) 3e sec2rel" anch!re) t! /re$ent
*!3ilit" 2n)er .l!!) c!n)iti!nsS
0"res can tra/ )e3ris% ,nee)s *aintenance- S
(nch!rs can shi.t !$er ti*e )2e t! <a$e acti!n
ren)erin t"re str2ct2res insec2reS
Water acti!n an) t"re 32!"anc" *a9es the
/!siti!nin !. an" /er*anent /r!tecti!n 3el!< the
s2r.ace $er" )i..ic2lt%S
8lti*atel" s2ch t"res t! 3ec!*e aain <aste t!
eli*inate
0her*al Ins2lati!n
=!< ther*al c!n)2cti$it"S
O$erall l!<er c!st than
tra)iti!nal *aterialsS
C!*/ressi3leS
:elati$el" ne< /r!)2ct% /r!)2cers <ill t! nee)
c!n$ince the c!nstr2cti!n in)2str" !. itNs
s2ita3ilit"S
N!ise 4arriers =iht<eiht% an) can
there.!re 3e 2se) in
e!l!icall" <ea9 areas
<here tra)iti!nal *aterials
<!2l) /r!$e t!! hea$"S
Free )rainin an) )2ra3leS
Nee)s *!nit!rin t! a$!i) acc2*2lati!n !.
)e3risS
@is2al i*/actS
:233er *!)i.ie)
as/halt
Increase) )2ra3ilit"
#2r.ace resilience
:e)2ce) *aintenanceS
Increase) resistance t!
)e.!r*ati!n an) crac9inS
M!re resistant t! crac9in at
l!<er te*/erat2resS
(i)s in the re)2cti!n !. r!a)
n!iseS
It is $er" sensiti$e t! chanes in c!n)iti!ns )2rin
*i1in i.e. re?2ires e1/ert 9n!<le)eS
Di..ic2lt t! a//l" in <et <eatherS
N!t a//lica3le <hen a*3ient !r s2r.ace
te*/erat2res are less than 13R CS
6!ssi3le !cc2/ati!nal health /r!3le*s )2e t!
e*issi!nsS
It cann!t 3e re/r!cesse) li9e tra)iti!nal as/halt
:233er *!)i.ie)
c!ncrete
=!<er *!)2l2s !. elasticit"
<hich re)2ces 3rittle .ail2reS
:elati$el" ne< /r!)2ct% /r!)2cers <ill t! nee)
c!n$ince the c!nstr2cti!n in)2str" !. itNs
s2ita3ilit"S
)ppli&ation @
Produ&t
Benefits $isadvantages
Increase) ener"
a3s!r/ti!n *a9in the*
s2ita3le .!r 2se in crash
3arriers etcS
#2ita3le .!r l!< <eiht
3earin str2ct2resS
Can 3e re/r!cesse) 3"
rin)in an) *i1in aain
<ith ce*ent
0rain an) tra* rail
3e)s.
=!ner li.e s/an c!*/are)
<ith ti*3er ,20 "ear .!r
r233er 3e)s an) 3 &' .!r
<!!) !r as/halt-S
En$ir!n*entall" sa.eS
4etter .l2sh <ith r!a)S
8se chi/s/shre)s as
$i3rati!n )a*/in la"er
3eneath s233allas
M!re e1/ensi$e than tra)iti!nal *aterialS
:elati$el" ne< /r!)2ct% /r!)2cers <ill nee) t!
c!n$ince in)2str" !. its s2ita3ilit"S
O2t)!!r s/!rt
s2r.aces
,e?2estrian% h!c9e"
an) s!ccer- !r
(rti.icial t2r.
#9i) resistantS
Hih i*/act resistance
D2ra3leS
Hihl" resilientS
Eas" *aintenanceS
In)e/en)ent !. irriati!nS
6la" r!2n)s an)
s/!rts s2r.aces
#*!!th <ith c!nsistent
thic9nessS
Hih i*/act resistanceS
D2ra3leS
Will n!t crac9 easil"S
($aila3le in $ari!2s c!l!rsS
(s/halt an)
3it2*en
*!)i.icati!n .!r
:!a) a//licati!ns
Increase) )2ra3ilit"
#2r.ace resilience
:e)2ce) *aintenanceS
Increase) resistance t!
)e.!r*ati!n an) crac9inS
M!re resistant t! crac9in at
l!<er te*/erat2resS
(i)s in the re)2cti!n !. r!a)
n!iseS
#23stit2es $irin *aterials%
li9e st"rene;32ta)iene;
st"rene
#ini.icant en$ir!n*ental
3ene.its )!c2*ente) <ith
res/ect t! l!3al <ar*in
/!tential% aci)i.icati!n an)
c2*2lati$e ener" )e*an).
It is $er" sensiti$e t! chanes in c!n)iti!ns )2rin
*i1in i.e. re?2ires e1/ert 9n!<le)eS
Di..ic2lt t! a//l" in <et <eatherS
N!t a//lica3le <hen a*3ient !r s2r.ace
te*/erat2res are less than 13R CS
6!ssi3le !cc2/ati!nal health /r!3le*s )2e t!
e*issi!nsS
It cann!t 3e re/r!cesse) li9e tra)iti!nal as/halt.
In)!!r sa.et"
.l!!rin
#9i) resistantS
Hih i*/act resistanceS
D2ra3le S
($aila3le in $ari!2s c!l!rsS
Eas" *aintenanceS
M!re e1/ensi$e than c!n$enti!nal alternati$esS
C!l!rs *a" 3e li*ite)S
=i*ite) *ar9et.
#hi//in c!ntainer
liners
6!ssi3le 2se <ith !ther
/ac9ain /r!3le*sS
M!re e1/ensi$e than c!n$enti!nal alternati$esS
C!n$e"er 3elts
6!ssi3le 2se as c!n$e"er
3elt at s2/er*ar9et stills S
M!re e1/ensi$e than c!n$enti!nal alternati$esS
Cann!t 3e 2se) <here 3elt is s23Bect t! lare
)ppli&ation @
Produ&t
Benefits $isadvantages
stresses% since it *a" 3e /r!ne t! .ail2reS
F!!t<ear Water resistantS
=!n li.e s/anS
4" $ar"in the thic9ness !.
the s!le the 2se !. the
.!!t<ear can 3e chane)S
C!2l) 3e *!re e1/ensi$e t! *an2.act2re than
c!n$enti!nal /r!)2ctS
Car/et 2n)erla" Eas" t! 2seS
:ec"cla3leS
C!nser$es nat2ral res!2rcesS
=i*ite) in)2strial /r!)2cti!n
:!!. tiles =!!9s li9e tra)iti!nal tileS
D2ra3le ,'0 t! A0 "ears
<arrant" 8# an) Cana)ian
tiles-S
=ihterS
Chea/er l!n ter* c!stS
=i*ite) in)2strial /r!)2cti!n
Fl!!r tiles :esilientS
#9i) resistantS
Hih i*/actS
Eas" *aintenanceS
:ec"cla3leS
=i*ite) in)2strial /r!)2cti!n.
(cti$ate) car3!n
,car3!n 3lac9-
6reser$es $irin *aterialS @er" e1/ensi$e /r!cess as it nee)s /"r!l"sisS
@er" ener" intensi$eS
=!< ra)e acti$ate) car3!nS
#till in the research staeS
=i$e st!c9
*attresses
=!n li.e s/anS
Eas" t! )isin.ectS
:e2sa3leS
In the l!n ter* it is chea/er
than alternati$es
C!2l) 3e *!re e1/ensi$e t! *an2.act2re than
c!n$enti!nal *attressesS
Mar9et /!tential 2n9n!<nS
06E 0her*!/lastic
Elast!*ers
#i*ilar /r!/erties t! t"/ical
elast!*eric *aterialsS
$er" li*ite) e1istin sites.
6"r!l"sis :e2tili5es the s23 /r!)2cts
!. /"r!l"sis ,!il an) as-S
=i*ite) ca/acit" 3eca2se !. !/erati!nal /r!3le*s
ca2se) 3" t"resS
$er" li*ite) e1istin sitesS
0he sl2)e !riinatin .r!* the /r!cess c!ntains
*etals an) !ther <astes% <hich .!r the *!*ent is
)e/!site) in a3an)!ne) *ines% /!ses an
en$ir!n*ental /r!3le*S
Reference: Adapted from t$e Luestor Centre -2((/.' ylands K S$ulman -2((*. and Aliapur -2((8..
Te&hnology Proble!s Prevention and Control
(*3ient/Cr"!enic
rin)in
n!ise% )2st
0! 3e c!*/lete) 3" the intersessi!nal <!r9in r!2/.
De$2lcani5ati!n/:eclai* li?2i) e..l2entsS
air e*issi!ns.
0! 3e c!*/lete) 3" the intersessi!nal <!r9in r!2/.
6"r!l"sis air e*issi!nsS
ha5ar)!2s resi)2esS
li?2i) e..l2ents.
0! 3e c!*/lete) 3" the intersessi!nal <!r9in r!2/.
Ci$il Enineerin lechatinS
air e*issi!nsS
!c2//ati!nal /r!3le*sS
.ires.
0! 3e c!*/lete) 3" the intersessi!nal <!r9in r!2/.
In)2strial an) c!ns2*er enerati!n !. r233er resi)2es. 0! 3e c!*/lete) 3" the intersessi!nal <!r9in r!2/.
/r!)2cts
C!;/r!cessin 0!1ic an) a3!$e li*it air
e*issi!ns ,incl2)in 6CDD
e*issi!ns-.
0he c!ntent !. the .2el 2se) an) the c!ntents !.
ra< *aterials 2se) in ce*ent /r!)2cti!nS
M!nit!rin an) sta3ili5ati!n !. critical /r!cess
/ara*eters% i.e. h!*!en!2s ra< *i1 an) .2el
.ee).
:e2lar )!sae an) e1cess !1"en.
=i*it !r a$!i) alternati$e ra< *aterial .ee) as
/art !. ra<;*aterial;*i1 i. it incl2)es !ranic
*aterials an) .2el <ith l!< c!ntents !. s2l/h2r%
nitr!en% chl!rine% *etals an) @OC.
>2ic9 c!!lin !. 9iln e1ha2st ases t! l!<er than
200TC in l!n <et an) l!n )r" 9ilns <ith!2t
/reheatin.
N! alternati$e .2el .ee) )2rin start;2/ an) sh2t
)!<n.
6r!cess c!ntr!l !/ti*i5ati!n% incl2)in
c!*/2ter;3ase) a2t!*atic c!ntr!l s"ste*sS
0he 2se !. *!)ern .2el .ee) s"ste*sS
Mini*i5in .2el ener" 3" *eans !. /reheatin
an) /recalcinati!n% t! the e1tent /!ssi3le.
6re$enti$e *eas2res in n!n;e1/ecte) sh2t )!<n.
/!portant Observations'
0his list is n!t e1ha2sti$e% 32t ill2strates the *!st i*/!rtant treat*ent !/ti!ns an) a//licati!ns in
2se !r 2n)er )e$el!/*ent.
(ll the a//licati!ns *enti!ne) a3!$e nee) ra< *aterial !3taine) .r!* en) !. li.e t"res either as
chi/s% shre)s !r ran2lates. 0he si5e re)2cti!n an) )is/!sal /r!cesses 2se) .!r this /2r/!se% re?2ire a)e?2ate
installati!ns t! a))ress en$ir!n*ental an) !cc2/ati!nal health /r!3le*s that c!2l) !ther<ise !cc2r. ()e?2ate
sa.et"; an) c!ntr!l e?2i/*ent% sh!2l) 3e installe) <hen re?2ire).
(s a eneral sa.et" rec!**en)ati!n% the 2se !. in)i$i)2al *as9s% /r!tecti$e hea)ear% steel
rein.!rce) 3!!ts% l!$es an) e"e an) ear /r!tecti!n sh!2l) 3e *an)at!r" t! ens2re <!r9er health an) sa.et".
0he stan)ar)s *enti!ne) 3el!<% c!ntain )etaile) in.!r*ati!n !n all a//licati!ns an) !/erati!nal
/r!ce)2res. It is hihl" rec!**en)e) that the" 3e c!ns2lte) t! s23si)i5e an" )ecisi!n.
; (#0M Internati!nal & (*erican #!ciet" .!r 0estin Materials:
; F#tan)ar) 6ractice .!r 8se !. #cra/ t"res in Ci$il Enineerin (//licati!ns & Desinati!n D; +270
& 9EG ,:ea//r!$e)% 200'-S
; CEN & C!*itp E2r!/e2 )e N!r*ali5aqi!.
; FCW( 1'2'3 & 6!st C!ns2*er t"re Materials an) (//licati!nsG% O2ne 2002
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