Am S Sediments

Magnetic fabrics of soft-sediment folded strata within a
neogene accretionary complex, the Miura group,

central Japan
Toshiya Kanamatsu
a
, Emilio Herrero-Bervera
b;
*, Asahiko Taira
c
a
Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, JAMSTEC, 2-15 Natsushima-Cho, Yokosuka 237, Japan
b
Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, School of Ocean Earth Science and Technology,
Paleomagnetic and Petrofabrics Laboratory, University of Hawaii, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA
c
Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 1-15-1 Minami-dai Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164, Japan
Received 8 November 2000; accepted 22 February 2001
Abstract
Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) on the middle Miocene^Pleistocene sedimentary sequence in the Boso
and Miura Peninsulas of central Japan was used to study 18 sites in the northern tectonic setting and 37 sites in the
southern setting. This sequence is associated with abundant synsedimentary deformation structures of folding and
faulting generated in accretionary tectonics. AMS results in different deformation settings such as the forearc, the
accretionary prism and the trench were analyzed. The shapes of the dissimilar magnetic fabrics are compared using the
shape parameter (T) and the corrected anisotropy degree (PP) in the so-called T^PP diagrams. Our results have implied
that the oblate fabric of the trench sediments can be regarded as the result of depositional and compactional processes
alone. The AMS shape parameters obtained from the northern sequence (forearc) closely resemble an indication of
undeformed trench sediments. In contrast, a different pattern is observed in the highly prolate-shaped AMS results of
the southern sequence. The difference apparently reflects the degree of deformation in the three tectonic provinces. In
order to understand the deformation mechanism of the sedimentary fabric, a detailed AMS study was made on one
anticline system. An AMS evolution from an oblate fabric to a prolate fabric in the anticline system was observed. We
also found that an AMS tectonic fabric occurred in the center of the anticline. Thickness correlations of the strata under
study indicate that strained sediments formed in the central portion of the fold. As a consequence, one can say that this
mechanism can modify the magnetic fabric from the sedimentary form to the tectonic form in a compressional
regime. 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: magnetic susceptibility; petrofabrics; soft sediment deformation; accretionary wedges; Japan
1. Introduction
The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility
(AMS) measurement is a powerful method in pet-
rofabric analysis because of the non-destructive-
ness of the sample and its rapid operation as com-
0012-821X/ 01 / $ ^ see front matter 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 0 1 2 - 8 2 1 X ( 0 1 ) 0 0 2 9 2 - 8
* Corresponding author. Tel. : +1-808-956-6192;
Fax: +1-808-956-3188; E-mail : herrero@soest.hawaii.edu
EPSL 5808 26-4-01 Cyaan Magenta Geel Zwart
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 187 (2001) 333^343
www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl
pared with other types of procedures including
thin-section analysis [1,2]. It provides the shape
characteristics and orientations of the magnetic
susceptibility ellipsoid, which have been proven
to be suitable for the study of rock formation
and subsequent deformation (e.g. [3^6]).
Several recent studies have examined the sen-
sitivity of AMS in weakly deformed sediments
from environments in dierent parts of the world
(e.g. [7^13]). In those studies it has been estab-
lished that it is possible to distinguish important
features of their magnetic fabrics corresponding
to certain tectonic processes which record the sys-
tematic reorientation of the original sedimentary
fabric. In those cases the magnetic lineations are
often perpendicular to the compressional direc-
tion.
The AMS method is now considered to be a
useful marker in structural analysis of syn-to-
post depositional weakly deformed sediments in
which conventional strain markers cannot be
easily applied, although the mechanism making
such a magnetic fabric is still unclear and under
current debate. Various mechanisms of fabric de-
velopment have been proposed at various stages
of rock deformation. The magnetic fabric can be
physically modied by internal changes and the
reorientation of the magnetic grains. The internal
changes arise from magnetostriction, growth or
dissolution, and brittle or plastic deformation of
the magnetic grains (e.g. [14]). Grain rotation can
occur in various modes of shear or ductile defor-
mation. Wet sediment deformation accompanied
by dehydration may cause grain rotation rather
than physical changes of the grains.
In order to understand the deformation mech-
anism of the sedimentary fabrics, a useful ap-
proach is to make a comparison between the de-
formed and undeformed fabrics. The sedimentary
sequence distributed in the Boso and Miura Pen-
insulas of central Japan provides an ideal oppor-
tunity for this purpose. The sequence is generally
similar in lithology (characterized by hemipelagic
siltstones), and has experienced contrasting syn-
chronous deformation in a convergent tectonic
setting. It has been demonstrated that there is a
clear distinction in magnetic fabric characteristics
in the tectonic settings of the deformed accretion-
ary prism sequences versus those of the unde-
formed forearc basin sequences [15].
This study focuses on the results of an AMS
study on folded strata within an accretionary
prism sequence, because it is possible to consider
the fabric evolution with information of the spe-
cic evolution of a folded system.
2. Geological setting
The middle Miocene^Pleistocene sedimentary
sequence in Boso and Miura Peninsulas of central
Japan is characterized by a thick accumulation of
alternating clastic and hemipelagic rocks with
abundant synsedimentary deformation structures
associated with tight folding and faulting. These
lithologies are regarded to be formed by a con-
vergent tectonic setting [16,17].
The distribution of the sedimentary sequence is
separated by the Mineoka^Hayama uplift zone
(HUMZ) into the southern and the northern
areas (Fig. 1). The geology of the HMUZ is com-
posed of the Mineoka (EoceneÔligocene; ophio-
litic rocks) and the Hayama^Hota groups (lower^
middle Miocene; siliclastics) and has been inter-
preted as an ancient trench-slope break since the
middle Miocene. The sedimentary sequence in the
southern and the northern areas is chronologically
subdivided into the Miura group (middle Mio-
cene^Pliocene) and the post-Miura group (Plio^
Pleistocene Kazusa and Chikura^Toyofusa
groups). The sedimentation continued up to 0.5
Ma, and was uplifted during the Pleistocene.
The Miura group was focused upon in this
study because of its wider distribution and variety
of tectonic settings. The sedimentation of the
Miura group had occurred in the lower bathyal
zone to the lower part of the middle bathyal zone
interpreted to be 1000^2000 m to 2000^3000 m in
water depth judging from the assemblages of
benthic foraminifera [18,17]. Two distinct clastic
components are observed: volcaniclastics derived
from submarine volcanoes of the IzuÔgasawara
arc, and terrigenous clastics derived from the
Honshu arc transported by turbidity currents.
The HMUZ has restricted the supply of terrige-
nous clastics from the northern area to the south-
T. Kanamatsu et al. / Earth and Planetary Science Letters 187 (2001) 333^343 334
ern area, making the southern sequence more en-
riched in volcaniclastics. There is also a lateral
variation superimposed on the north^south varia-
tion. The strata of the western peninsula (the
Miura Peninsula) includes more coarse-grained
volcaniclastics than the eastern peninsula (the
Boso Peninsula) due to its proximity to the Izu^
Ogasawara volcanic arc [19].
The structure of the southern sequence is char-
acterized by a pervasive synsedimentary deforma-
tion including dehydration veins, clastic dikes,
healed thrust faults and ductile folds, whereas
the northern sequence shows a more gentle struc-
ture. The southern sequence is subdivided into
several discrete tectonic units by east^west trend-
ing thrust faults. The sequence within these tec-
tonic units shows an upward coarsening sedimen-
tary cycle. This sequence is interpreted to be the
result of sedimentation of the southern sequence
occurring in a trough-to-slope basin environment
subsequently forming an accretionary complex
[17]. On the other hand, the sedimentation of
the northern sequence was continuous from the
middle Miocene to the middle Pliocene, and the
sedimentary environment was interpreted to be a
forearc basin.
3. Sample preparation
Sampling was conducted mainly in the coastal
areas of both peninsulas. For the Miura group
there were 18 sites drilled in the northern tectonic
setting and 37 sites in the southern setting (Fig.
1). Hemipelagic layers were chosen for this study
and no coarse-grained layers were sampled. The
hemipelagite was considered to be uniform in lith-
ology, more susceptible to tectonic deformation,
and more suitable for AMS and paleomagnetic
studies. The layer containing deformation struc-
tures such as synsedimentary veins [20,21] and
faults were avoided in this study because they
tended to show localized eects [22]. Samples
were collected using a portable gasoline-powered
drill and oriented by means of a magnetic com-
pass and also by hand sampling methods from
Fig. 1. The distribution of the sampling sites in the Miura and Boso peninsulas and position of DSDP site 582B. Rectangular
box in the Miura Peninsula denotes an area of more details in Fig. 4.
Table 1
Summary of AMS results
Site Formation Age N K Mean L Mean F mean PP mean T
Slope basin and accretionary prism setting
BO01 Amatsu late Miocene 36 1 558.1 1.01 (0.003) 1.02 (0.006) 1.031 (0.007) 0.338 (0.207)
BO03 Amatsu late Miocene 26 2 007 1.009 (0.003) 1.015 (0.008) 1.025 (0.010) 0.157 (0.337)
BO04 Amatsu late Miocene 27 2 422 1.008 (0.004) 1.011 (0.005) 1.02 (0.005) 0.156 (0.297)
MI20 Misaki late Miocene 30 5 406.2 1.01 (0.008) 1.046 (0.011) 1.064 (0.012) 0.317 (0.490)
MI31 Miaski late Miocene 27 2 569.3 1.008 (0.002) 1.005 (0.003) 1.013 (0.003) 30.284 (0.289)
MI32 Miaski late Miocene 28 1 140.8 1.003 (0.001) 1.002 (0.001) 1.05 (0.001) 30.109 (0.385)
MI29 Hatsuse early Pliocene 32 5 436.2 1.012 (0.005) 1.011 (0.007) 1.023 (0.008) 30.092 (0.382)
MI30 Hatsuse early Pliocene 24 13 007 1.01 (0.006) 1.02 (0.012) 1.032 (0.014) 0.25 (0.445)
RB04 Amatsu late Miocene 26 5 558.3 1.006 (0.002) 1.011 (0.007) 1.018 (0.008) 0.164 (0.374)
BA01 Amatsu late Miocene 19 2 854.4 1.006 (0.002) 1.022 (0.004) 1.03 (0.004) 0.57 (0.149)
BA02 Amatsu late Miocene 16 297.9 1.009 (0.001) 1.015 (0.002) 1.024 (0.003) 0.238 (0.086)
BA06 Amatsu late Miocene 12 564.9 1.006 (0.002) 1.025 (0.002) 1.034 (0.002) 0.591 (0.100)
RM01 Miaski late Miocene 90 8 727.8 1.01 (0.002) 1.012 (0.004) 1.022 (0.004) 0.093 (0.179)
RM15 Miaski late Miocene 15 3 599 1.009 (0.003) 1.01 (0.005) 1.02 (0.004) 30.012 (0.331)
Forearc basin setting
BO14 Amatsu late Miocene 34 812 1.004 (0.002) 1.008 (0.003) 1.012 (0.004) 0.34 (0.031)
BO15 Amatsu late Miocene 34 762 1.007 (0.003) 1.016 (0.005) 1.024 (0.007) 0.399 (0.024)
BO17 Kiyosumi latest Miocene 29 271.3 1.01 (0.006) 1.06 (0.016) 1.079 (0.017) 0.721 (0.145)
CB06 Koyosumi latest Miocene 3 5 370 1.034 (0.004) 1.09 (0.009) 1.127 (0.013) 0.409 (0.044)
CB09 Inagozawa latest Miocene 15 262.6 1.021 (0.003) 1.021 (0.007) 1.043 (0.007) 30.037 (0.034)
CB10 Inagozawa latest Miocene 14 2 532.2 1.015 (0.007) 1.041 (0.009) 1.06 (0.007) 0.44 (0.274)
CB11 Inagozawa latest Miocene 10 2 015.2 1.024 (0.004) 1.093 (0.007) 1.126 (0.010) 0.566 (0.060)
CB12 Kiyosumi latest Miocene 14 382.3 1.009 (0.003) 1.044 (0.008) 1.057 (0.007) 0.644 (0.142)
CB14 Kiyosumi latest Miocene 14 3 761.1 1.01 (0.005) 1.014 (0.004) 1.025 (0.005) 0.179 (0.327)
CB16 Amatsu late Miocene 13 5 883.3 1.003 (0.001) 1.013 (0.006) 1.017 (0.006) 0.529 (0.260)
CB17 Amatsu late Miocene 13 1 502.8 1.011 (0.007) 1.021 (0.006) 1.033 (0.008) 0.335 (0.353)
RB13 Kiyosumi latest Miocene 16 5 182.4 1.006 (0.003) 1.015 (0.007) 1.022 (0.008) 0.389 (0.255)
RB14 Kiyosumi latest Miocene 16 1 634 1.01 (0.002) 1.025 (0.004) 1.037 (0.003) 0.404 (0.154)
RB17 Amatsu late Miocene 11 3 691 1.011 (0.003) 1.036 (0.007) 1.05 (0.008) 0.523 (0.119)
closely spaced (2 or 3 m) layers in each site.
A total of 1157 specimens were measured for
AMS studies. The AMS was measured using a
KLY-3 Kappabridge susceptibility instrument lo-
cated at the Paleomagnetic and Petrofabrics Lab-
oratory of the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and
Planetology (HIGP) of the University of Hawaii
at Manoa, HI, USA, and also at the Ocean Re-
search Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Ja-
pan.
3.1. Magnetic mineralogy studies
The bulk susceptibilities of the Miura group
ranges from 10
32
to 10
34
SI units (Table 1).
This indicates a very high magnetic susceptibility
range for these sedimentary rocks. This maximum
susceptibility reaches the same range as that of
volcanic rocks (in the 10
32
order). AMS of high
magnetic susceptibility (greater than 10
33
SI) arise
from the ferrimagnetic fraction alone. Magnetic
susceptibilities less than 3U10
34
SI involve eects
of the paramagnetic fabrics [6,12]. Most sites of
the Miura group depict magnetic susceptibilities
greater than 10
33
SI (see Table 1), but the AMS
of several sites in which magnetic susceptibilities
are less than 3U10
34
SI probably indicates the
presence of paramagnetic minerals. Further mag-
netic mineralogic studies were performed on at
least one sample per site. The Curie points of
the samples from dierent localities were deter-
mined using low-eld susceptibility measurements
[23,24]. Most of the samples exhibited a simple
thermomagnetic behavior characterized by nearly
reversible k^T curves with a single Hopkinson
peak and a sharp drop in susceptibility indicating
the reaching of a Curie point in the range of 560^
580C, which is characteristic of nearly pure mag-
netite and also of ne grains of single domain
material (Fig. 2A).
The second rock magnetic experiment per-
formed was the determination of the magnetic
hysteresis parameters on small rock chips with
an alternating gradient force magnetometer (the
Micromag 2900). The slope at high magnetic
elds, which represents the paramagnetic contri-
bution, is calculated after removal of this compo-
nent. The saturation remanent magnetization
(M
r
), saturation magnetization (M
s
), and coercive
force (H
c
) were calculated after removal of this
component. By applying progressively increasing
back elds after saturation, we determined the
coercivity of the remanence (H
cr
). Relatively low
values of H
c
and H
cr
have indicated that a very
large fraction of the NRM was carried by low-
coercivity minerals, which is in agreement with
the presence of a high proportion of magnetite.
The ratios of the hysteresis parameters plotted as
a Day diagram [25] in Fig. 2B show that the grain
size of magnetite is characterized by signicant
dispersion in the pseudosingle domain range for
the Boso and Miura Peninsulas samples. These
experiments indicate that magnetite is the carrier
of the magnetic susceptibility of the Miura group.
4. Results
4.1. The general trend of fabric shape
The shape of magnetic fabric from the forearc
basin (northern area) and the slope basin and ac-
cretionary complex (southern area) is represented
by the shape parameter (T) and the degree of
anisotropy parameter (PP) in the so-called T^PP
plots [26]. Fig. 3 is a combination of earlier results
Table 1 (continued)
Site Formation Age N K Mean L Mean F mean PP mean T
MI25 Zushi early Pliocene 29 358 1.016 (0.010) 1.032 (0.015) 1.05 (0.019) 0.302 (0.286)
MI26 Zushi early Pliocene 34 2 738.8 1.03 (0.006) 1.048 (0.011) 1.081 (0.011) 0.217 (0.165)
MI28 Zushi early Pliocene 33 370.4 1.005 (0.003) 1.018 (0.006) 1.027 (0.008) 0.532 (0.197)
MI27 Ikego middle Pliocene 25 1 096.4 1.003 (0.001) 1.004 (0.002) 1.007 (0.002) 0.234 (0.346)
N: number of specimens, K: mean bulk magnetic susceptibility of site, L: K
max
/K
int
; (standard deviation), F: K
int
/K
min
; (standard
deviation), PP: exp{sqr[2U((R
1
3R
m
)
2
+(R
2
3R
m
)
2
)+(R
3
3R
m
)
2
)]}; (standard deviation), T: (2R
2
3R
1
3R
3
)/(R
1
3R
3
); (standard devia-
tion) where R
1
=ln K
max
, R
2
=ln K
int
, R
3
=ln K
min
, R
m
=

R
1
UR
2
UR
3
3
p
.
[15] together with the remeasured data from
DSDP site 582B characterized by undeformed
sediment used as a reference. This site was drilled
from the bottom oor of the Nankai Trough dur-
ing DSDP Leg 87 [27]. The fabric of Site 582B
(Fig. 3A) is oblate and is characterized by a
slightly scattered degree of anisotropy (PP). This
reference can be regarded as constructed by dep-
ositional and compactional processes alone.
The shape parameters obtained from the north-
ern sequence (forearc basin, Fig. 3B) show scat-
tering in the area corresponding to the oblate fab-
rics similar to that of the Site 582B (Fig. 3B),
although it shows a biased behavior towards the
low-PP areas, especially around the 1.02 values.
In contrast, a dierent pattern is observed in
the southern sequence (slope basin and accretion-
ary prism) showing a clear concentration of the
data around the same 1.02 area in PP and a large
variation in the values of T (Fig. 3C).
Overall, the dierence apparently reects the
degree of deformation in three tectonic provinces.
Based on these results we chose the southern se-
quence for a detailed AMS investigation, where a
more severely modied fabric was obtained. At
this point it is important to consider the relation-
ship between the deformation structure of the
southern sequence and the evolution pattern of
the fabric in order to understand the fabric defor-
mation mechanism.
Fig. 2. (A) Typical examples of low-eld magnetic susceptibility versus temperature dependencies. (B) Plot of the hysteresis pa-
rameters, M
rs
/M
s
(ratio of remanent saturation moment M
rs
, to saturation moment M
s
) against H
cr
/H
c
(ratio of remanent coer-
cive force, H
cr
, to coercive force H
c
). Single domain (SD), multi-domain (MD), after [25].
Fig. 3. The correlation of shape susceptibility ellipsoid using the T^PP diagram. (A) Shape of sediments of trench ll and hemipe-
lagite (undeformed setting). (B) Shape of forearc sediments (gently deformed setting). (C) Shape of sediments of slope basin and
ACCRETIONARY prism (highly deformed setting).
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4.2. Fabric changes in a fold
A study was made on the Tsurugizaki anticline,
within the Miura Peninsula, which has a north-
west to southeast trend fold axis. The bedding in
the northern wing gently dips (ca. 25), whereas in
the southern wing it dips steeply (ca. 80) (see Fig.
4). A microfault analysis [28] reveals that the an-
ticline system was formed by northeast-southwest
horizontal compression. A detailed stratigraphic
study of the anticline showed that the thickness
of the strata varies from the wings to the center of
the anticline. The bed thickness of each of the
correlated layers around the axis is about 10^
20% thicker than those around the wings (Fig.
4). This thickness change is accommodated mostly
by hemipelagic silty layers (these layers have been
dened as incompetent layers) and not by coarse-
grained volcaniclastic layers (dened as the com-
petent layer). This indicates that the vertical ex-
tension of the strata around the axis occurred by
the lateral shortening of the horizontal compres-
sion accompanied with the fold formation.
Foliated fabrics are recognized in the northern
wing sites (Sites RM 07, RM 08, RM 09 and RM
12) with characteristic T values around 0.7^0.5.
The K
max
and K
int
axes form a girdle plane
around the K
min
axis. The foliation closer to the
bedding plane suggests that the alignment was
due to compaction after deposition. Therefore,
slightly oblique southwestward (K
min
) inclinations
of the northern wing of 60^70 to the southwest
suggest a smaller degree of alteration of the fabric
after the tilting of the strata.
Sites RM 13 and RM 14 are distinguished by
the fact that the K
min
axis directions are grouped
perpendicular to the bedding plane, and K
int
and
K
max
axes cluster parallel to the bedding plane
forming a triaxial distribution. T values show
less oblate fabric than sedimentary fabric.
The fabrics in the sites closer to the axis of the
anticline (sites MI 31, RM 10 and RM 15) show a
clear `tectonic fabric', whereby K
int
and K
min
axes
form a girdle around clustered K
max
axes. The
shape parameters, T, of these sites appear more
prolate (negative value). The K
max
directions are
perpendicular to the NE^SW direction of the di-
rection as suggested by microfault analysis [28].
The fabric is considered to be tectonically con-
structed.
The K
max
orientations of sites in the anticline
are mostly normal to the compressional direction
and mostly parallel, but slightly clockwise in ro-
tation with respect to the axis direction of the
anticline. The shape factor T shows the highly
modied fabric around the center. On the other
hand, the T values in the wings show more oblate
patterns (see Fig. 5).
5. Discussion and conclusions
The striking result of the AMS study of this
Fig. 5. The changes of parameters of ellipsoidal shape
through the anticline and inclination of K
min
axes of each
site. In the hinge portion the ellipsoid shows a prolate shape
whereas on the wings there is an oblate fabric.
area is the clear contrast of fabric styles with re-
spect to specic positions in the fold system. As a
result of our investigation we have obtained three
types of fabrics in three specic settings in the
anticline.
A fabric evolution is observed within the Tsu-
rugizaki anticline for a length of several hundred
meters. This evolution starts from a foliated fab-
ric, with no magnetic lineation, to an intermediate
fabric, with a lineation normal to compression,
and ends with a tectonic fabric. This pattern of
fabric evolution has been also recognized in other
studies [29,30]. In this study, dierent types of
fabrics are obtained in a variety of settings in a
one-fold system. Thickness correlations within the
anticline suggest that much lateral shortening and
vertical extension had occurred in the central por-
tion of the fold axes during anticline formation.
The bed thickness of each of the correlated layers
in the center is thicker than in the wings. This
strain potentially can be the possible mechanism
that modied the magnetic fabric from a sedimen-
tary to a tectonic fabric in the center of the anti-
cline (Fig. 6). The obliqueness of the magnetic
foliation perpendicular to the bedding plane in
the northern wing suggests that there is an eect
of horizontal shortening after tilting. The K
min
inclinations of the northern wing and around
the axis are very similar in the in situ attitude.
K
min
axes in the northern wing are towards the
horizontal direction as well as towards the central
axis. But such oblique characteristics of the mag-
netic foliation are not present in the southern
wing. This asymmetric pattern of magnetic fabric
suggests that inhomogeneous shortening formed
this anticline system.
If one assumes that such an internal change
occurred in the sediment due to lateral shortening,
the model of fabric changes of unconsolidated
sediment and the relationship between grain align-
ment and shortening must be considered. At the
early stage and during shortening, when the com-
paction is superior to lateral shortening in the
sedimentary pile, the maximum axis of the grains
will tend to align perpendicular to the shortening
direction due to horizontal constriction. Subse-
quently, after the maximum axis alignment is
completed, and if shortening still proceeded, the
minimum axis has to align parallel to the short-
ening direction because the minimum axis of ro-
tation is an eective way of accommodating lat-
eral shortening. This model, however, has to be
conrmed by an experimental approach. Never-
theless, the systematic trend of fabric change rec-
ognized in the shape of the ellipsoid suggests the
presence of a dominant mechanism of magnetic
fabric development within a highly strained soft-
sediment deformation environment such as the
toe of an accretionary prism.
Acknowledgements
This work beneted from discussions with
many colleagues: Drs. Juichiro Ashi, Saneatsu
Saito and Hidekazu Tokuyama of the University
of Tokyo. We also would like to thank Mr. James
Lau for his laboratory work during the length of
this project. We would like to acknowledge the
careful reviews of Professors C. Aubourg and L.
Sagnotti as well as the very constructive com-
ments of Professor D.H. Tarling and Professor
J.-P. Valet that helped us greatly to improve our
manuscript with their expertise and criticisms. Fi-
nancial support for this study was provided by
SOEST-HIGP to E.H.-B. and also from a Na-
tional Science Foundation-IF EAR-9706997
Grant to E.H.-B. This is SOEST contribution
5350 and HIGP contribution 1138.[AC]
Fig. 6. Progressive deformation of fabric of sediments and
changing of thickness during a fold formation.
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