Examples of Footnote Formats for Frontiers

Please follow the notes-and-bibliography style described in the Chicago

Manual of Style; see especially chapter 16 (Documentation I: Basic
Patterns) and chapter 17 (Documentation II: Specific Content). Do
not use in-text citation with a reference list.

The notes-and-bibliography style uses a superscript number to mark a
citation in the text, and then enters the citation at the end of the
paper as an endnote. In the endnote itself, the number is set on the
line with a period after it, not as superscript. The first reference to a
work contains the entire bibliographical information; subsequent
references to the same work use a short form.

Please remember, also, that a quoted or paraphrased passage requires
a reference to a specific page, rather than inclusive page numbers for
an entire article or chapter.

Here are a few examples showing frequently used reference formats.

Books: Print

Book

13. James George Frazer, The Golden Bough (New York:
Macmillan, 1922).
Article in an anthology

45. Kevin B. Wamsley, The Public Importance of Men and
the Importance of Public Men: Sport and Masculinities in 19
th

Century Canada, in Sport and Gender in Canada, ed. Paul White
and Kevin Young (Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press, 1999),
2439.
A translation

12. Roland Barthes, The Pleasure of the Text, trans.
Richard Miller (New York: Hill and Wang, 1975), 17.

An edition or anthology cited under editors name
21. Holly Stevens, ed., The Palm at the End of the Mind:
Selected Poems and a Play (New York: Vintage, 1972), 157.
Reprints, editions

1. Alice Walker, The Third Life of Grange Copeland (1970;
repr., New York: Washington Square, 2000), 32.
2. Audrey Smedley, Race in North America: Origin and
Evolution of a World View, 2nd ed. (Boulder, CO: Westview
Press, 1999).
Example of a short form for subsequent references

15. Adelman, Women and Men, 116.


Books: Online
Please remember to include date accessed as well as publication date.

22. National Commission on Excellence in Education, A
Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1983)
http://www.ed.gov/pubs/NatAtRisk/index.html (accessed
November 16, 2004).

Periodicals: Print

J ournal articles

12. Janann Sherman, They Either Need These Women or
They Do Not: Margaret Chase Smith and the Fight for Regular
Status for Women in the Military, Journal of Military History 54,
no. 1 (January 1990): 4778.
18. Rhonda Pettit, Material Girls in the Jazz Age: Dorothy
Parkers Big Blonde as an Answer to Anita Looss Gentlemen
Prefer Blondes, Kentucky Philological Review 12 (March 1997):
53.
Example of a short form for subsequent references
21. Watson and Brown, Partheneia, 367.
Newspaper

26. Ruth Ferla, Bringing Home Lots of More Gold, New
York Times, January 27, 2002.
Popular magazine
21. Robert Sullivan, Goodbye to Heroin Chic: Now Its
Sexy to be Strong, Time, July 19, 1999, 62.
Book review
64. Laura Shapiro, Demons in the Family, review of Just
an Ordinary Day by Shirley Jackson, Newsweek, January 13,
1997, 70.

Periodicals: Online
Please remember to include the date accessed as well as the date of
publication.

J ournal article posted online

43. Delia Douglas, To Be Young, Gifted, Black and
Female, Sociology of Sport Online 5, no. 2 (2002),
http://physed.otago.ac.nz/sosol/v5i2/v5i2.html (accessed
August 4, 2003).
Online publication
41. Joey Berlin, Hollywoods Hottest Leading Ladies,
http://www.eonline.com/Features/Specials/Beauty/ (accessed
July 31, 2006).

Multiple Authors

Two authors

29. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi and Barbara Schneider,
Becoming Adult: How Teenagers Prepare for the World of Work
(New York: Basic Books, 2000).
More than three authors

37. Susan E. Beren et al., Body Dissatisfaction among
Lesbian Students: The Conflict of Straddling Mainstream and
Lesbian Cultures, Psychology of Women Quarterly 21 (1997):
431445.

Unpublished Material

1. Kate Graves Family Papers, authors possession.
2. Mabel Dodge Luhan to John Collier, Nov. 30, 1933, John
Collier Papers, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library,
New Haven, CT, Microfilm Edition (Sanford, ND: Microfilming
Corporation of America, 1980), (hereafter Collier Papers), Reel
15.
6. Kay Kelleywood [Bennett] Personnel File, Civilian
Personnel Records, National Personnel Records Center, National
Archives and Records Administration, St. Louis, Missouri.
8. Photograph of recent arrivals in Golden Gate Park,
1900, Issei Project, box 4, folder Ogata, Shizuye, National
Japanese American Historical Society, San Francisco.

Thesis or Dissertation

21. Martine Tremblay, La reprsentation de lidal
fminine en milieu rural qubcois au XIXe sicle (masters
thesis, Universit de Qubec Trois-Rivires, 1987).
22. Mary Elizabeth Aub, Mes entretiens avec Memre
(PhD diss., Brown University, 1985), 201202, 301.

Material Published Informally Online

15. Charlie McDowell, Linda Werner, Heather Bullock, and
Julian Fernald, The Impact of Pair Programming on Student
Performance, Perception and Persistence, Proceedings of the
25
th
International Conference on Software Engineering, Portland,
Oregon: May 2003, 602607.
http://www.cse.ucsc.edu/~charlie/pubs/ icse2003.pdf (accessed
April 10, 2006).

Material Published at an Organization or Business Web Site

19. Richard A. Tapia and Cynthia Lanius,
Underrepresented Minority Achievement and Course Taking:
The Kindergarten-Graduate Continuum,
http://ceee.rice.edu/Books/DV/continuum/ (accessed July 27,
2006).

Interviews & Personal Communication

Letters

14. Marilyn Hacker, letter to author, J uly 18, 2000.
I nterview ( i.e., primary source obtained by author)
1. Avis Hatlelid Frank interview, December 29, 2003; Enid
Wallace Kolskog interview, August 1314, 1998.

Scripture
Please note that the version used is also required. See Chicago 15, p.
580, for a list of standard abbreviations.

5. 2 Chron. 23:7 (AV).

Public Documents
What follows are only a few examples, as it is impossible to cover this
topic fully here. Please see Chicago 15, Section 17.298 and following.

Census report ( Canadian)

1. Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Seventh Census of
Canada, 1931, Volume III: Ages of the People (Ottawa: Kings
Printer, 1935), 11217.
Public records

1. Rural Municipality of Waverley, Glentworth,
Saskatchewan, Minutes of Council Meetings, 193042.
Associations, municipal groups, etc.
2. North East Victoria Women on Farms Gathering
Committee, North East Victoria Women on Farms Gathering
Proceedings, 2022 April 2001; Ararat Women on Farms
Gathering Committee, Ararat Women on Farms Gathering
Proceedings, 1719 May 1996; Warragul Women on Farms
Gathering Committee, Warragul Women on Farms Gathering
Proceedings, 12 May 1999.
19. National Research Council, Computer Science and
Telecommunications Board, Being fluent with information
technology, (Washington, DC: National Academy).
United Nations entities
12. World Summit on the Information Society, Catalysing
Development Communication Through ICT: Innovations and
Challenges, ICT for Development Platform, World Summit on
the Information Society, December 913, 2003, http://www.ict-
4d.org/documents/session_4.3.pdf (accessed July 31, 2006).

Online Sites & Multimedia

15. Darren Rovell, Are Venus and Serena Bad for Tennis?
ESPN Sports Business,
http://www.espn.go.com/sportsbusiness/s/2003/0202/1503084.
html (accessed August 1, 2003).

Narrative notes

22.

I received the following statistical breakdown of women
and men plastic surgeons from the media department of the
American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery: As of December
30, 2001 (the most recent information available), the American
Board of Plastic Surgery (ABPS) had certified approximately 481
female plastic surgeons out of a total of 6,125 surgeons certified.
That is approximately 7 percent. According to the American
Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS), as of February 26,
2004, approximately 96 female plastic surgeons are Active
Members of ASAPS, out of 1,633 active members in the United
States and Canada. That is approximately 6 percent. Thanks to
Adeena Colbert, Manager of ASAPS Media Relations, for this
information.