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Term
Acoustic trauma
Action level
Definition
A single incident which produces an abrupt hearing loss
The sound level which when reached or exceed necessitates
implementation of activities to reduce the risk of noiceinduced hearing loss. OSHA currently uses an 8- hour time
weighted average of 85 dBA as the criterion for implementing
an effective hearing conservation program
Noise
Any unwanted sound
Noise- induced hearing loss A sensorineural hearing loss that is attributed to noise and for
which no other etiology can be determined.
Permissible Exposure Limit OSHA-permissible limits: presently 90 dBA. A time-weighted
(PEL)
average exposure that must not be exceeded during any 8hour work shift of a 40- hour work week.
Presbycusis
The gradual increase in hearing loss that is attributable to the
effects of aging, and not related to medical causes or noise
exposure.
Sensorineural hearing loss A hearing loss resulting from damage to the inner ear (from
any source).
Threshold Limit Value
A guideline provided by the American Conference of
(TLV)
Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) to denote the
exposure, which when reached or exceeded, may be
hazardous. For noise the TLV is 85 dBA and the exchange
rate is 3 dB.
20
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Cyril M. Harris. (1972). Handbook of Noise Control. Mc. Grawhill Com.

Franks JR, Stephen MR, Merry CJ. (1996). Preventive occupational hearing loss: a practical guide.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH); Available at < http: // www.
cdcgov/niosh/homepage.html>
Frederic N Martin. (1992). Introduction to Audiology. Newjersy : Englewood Cliffs.
**************************************************
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23
2.2. Lung volumes

,: NIOSH Spirometry training guide, 2003

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29
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31
3.11 ,%%
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32
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33
2.10 _ (unacceptable curve)

2.11 _ -6c5 G- (unacceptable curve)

34
2.12 _ " (unacceptable curve)

2. Reproducibility criteria
#$[, acceptability
3 [/": "$ reproducibility
criteria #$ FVC ,, " FVC #
200 C.C. #$
FEV1 H#)

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FVC FEV1 ,##:!
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FVC (lit)
FEV! (lit)
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3.30
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35
2.13 _ -6c 3 "# -

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3.33
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36
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1. The best FVC #$"[, FVC , the best FEV1 H#)

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60 - 70
45 _ 59
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50 - 65
35 _ 49
-
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(severe)
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< 50
< 45
< 35
, : Ref. Murry JF. Pulmonary Function Testing. Textbook of Respiratory Medicine 1994: 789 - 893
")
, 2543 : 64
86
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37
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5 j
Obstruction
FEV1
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40
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Term
Acceptable spirogram
ATS
ATPS
Best curve
Definition
A forced expiratory maneuver, after a maximal inhalation, that
is free from hesitation or false starts, cough, early termination,
variable effort, or baseline errors. Three acceptable maneuver
should be obtained before evaluating excessive variability.
The American Thoracic Society promotes the improvement of
spirometry through the use of their recommendation.
The letters stand for ambient temperature and pressure
saturated with water vapor. Volumes measured directly from
the spirogram of a volume type spirometer (not yet adjusted
for BTPS) are at ATPS.
An acceptable spirogram that has the largest sum of the FEV1
and the FVC
42
<"F (
5)
Term
BTPS
Definition
The letters stand for body temperature and pressure saturated
with water vapor. A volume of gas will shrink when cooled.
The volume of air exhaled into a spirometer from the lungs
will contract because the lungs are warmer than the
spirometer. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the recorded
values with a BTPS conversion factor to determine the actual
volume of air exhaled before it contracted. This corrects the
volume of air saturated with water vapor to body temperature
for various spirometer temperatures.
Obstructive lung diseases Disease that reduce flow from the lungs. These diseases
include asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema.
Predicted normal values Expected values for various lung volumes and flow rates,
derived from healthy non-smoking populations. The values
are adjusted for sex, age, height, and race.
Reproducibility
The ability of a test to obtain the same result from an
individual when it is repeated several times. Reproducibility is
determined by checking for excess variability between the two
largest values for FVC and FEV1 obtained from three
acceptable spirograms.
Restrictive lung diseases Diseases that reduce the ability of the lungs to expand fully
but do not necessarily affect air flow. Asbestosis and silicosis,
two of the most common of the occupationally caused
restrictive diseases, are caused by the development of fibrotic
tissue in the lungs.
Spirogram
A single tracing or graphic recording of breathing maneuvers.
Given as volume/time or flow/volume tracings depending on
the type of spirometer used.
43
-
)
.(2543). 5.
6- . 6M -
F (Spirometer)
,. : )

,Z:.
:/,8!8)/. .(2541). - 6 G M "# - .
6 6M -
F G "-6p"
;5 6 " 31 - 4
" 2541 :/,8!8)/. . (# %#
)
. ,[!!. 5. 2! Pony Graphic (Cosmed) Spirometer . (# %#
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) # ),Z, .(2544). - 6 G M -!6p"
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F 5" 27 ;"JF r 1 2545 8(
!F
Z.)
. (# %#
).
#) 8!,

.(2542).
G !-!<
F #,/a : #" # # //! .
Gregg R. (1994) .Manual of Pulmonary Function Testing 6 th Ed. Philadelphia : Graphic world
printing .
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (2003) Spirometry training guide.
Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2004-154c/ (accessed June, 2009).
***********************************************
44
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Term
Accommodation
Acuity
Astigmatism
Binocular
Color Deficiency
Convergence
Depth Perception
Diopter
Divergence
Far Point
Fusion
Intermediate Vision
Monocular
Near Point
Definition
The ability of the eye to refocus from one distance to another
Clearness or sharpness of images
A mis-shaping of the eye that prevents light rays from coming
to a single focus on the back of the eye
Ability to use two eyes simultaneously to focus on the same
object and to fuse two images into a single image
Diminished ability to perceive differences in certain colors
The process of directing two eyes from far to a near point
The ability to judge distance of objects from each other or
from the observer
A measurement of optical power of lenses
The process of directing two eyes from a neat point to a far
point
Twenty feet to infinity
Power of coordination by which images received by two eyes
become a single image
Vision which focuses at some point beyoud 14 inches (Near
Point) and less than 20 feet (Far Point)
Seeing with only one eye
Fourteen to sixteen inches
102
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5)
Term
Peripheral Vision
Phoria
Stereopsis
Definition
Ability to perceive the presence motion, or color of objects
outside the direct line of vision
Root word denoting a latent deviation in which the eyes have a
constant tendency to turn from the normal position for binocular
vision
The ability to perceive depth
103
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Instruction manual: vision screening with the VS-V vision screener model 1155 . ,##
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Bausch & Lomp Master Ortho-Rator and Modified Ortho-Rator Rochester. Newyork.
OPTEC 2500 Vision Tester Training Manual
TITMUS 2a Vision Tester Training. Manual Occupational Model. Peterburg, Virginia
23804
****************************************
104
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0.66 - 0.69
0.56 - 0.65
0.51 - 0.55
0.50

/ )

%
%
0.67
+
0.62 - 0.66
0.52 - 0.61
0.47 - 0.51
0.46
. (../..
") -<9
; 10 - 12 6
0.67
+
0.61 - 0.66
0.45 - 0.60
0.38 - 0.44
0.37

/ )

%
%

/ )

%
%
; 13 r 16 6
0.70
+
0.63 - 0.69
0.48 - 0.62
0.41 - 0.47
0.40

/ )

%
%
; 17 - 19 6
0.67
+
0.63 - 0.66
0.52 - 0.62
0.48 - 0.51
0.47

/ )

%
%
; 41-50 6
; 51 - 60 6
122
; 20 - 30 6
0.65
+
0.69 - 0.64
0.45 - 0.58
0.39 - 0.44
0.38

/ )

%
%
; 31 - 40 6
0.55
+
0.51 - 0.54
0.43 - 0.50
0.39 - 0.42
0.38

/ )

%
%
; 41 - 50 6
0.52
+
0.47 - 0.51
0.35 - 0.46
0.30 - 0.34
0.29

/ )

%
%
; 51 - 60 6
0.43
+
0.40 - 0.42
0.32 - 0.39
0.29 - 0.31
0.28

/ )

%
%
123
3. " - (leg strength)
4.6 56 - ." -" -

- .. : #$ #' '#' (back and leg dynamometer)
5" : *
J
1. '&(( $
.
,#,#$
2. #"'
,$

'$#$+' #/$)
3. #,%+: 90 - 110 8 '

4. ".,
,$%'#, 2 " . '/#'
5. #' '#H,
#, #'
'

6. , . 2 #,'
%'

%+#,..
%'. H#
$'
)#$$)
#
.
H#
$
)

&(,+~7'+ '
'$
&(, $ #' #
$'
, .

)
""%#+0

:," #' ' H+^.#)
# .#' # #'

124
4.7 " -

-
;
1. #$" '& ,( +G on/c :%
2. #$" ( +Gon/c ,,
"
1. #$) &
#/$
' &(,%, .#'+'
2. $ #' #
$' * ),. % $

%/
3.
'*. /

'* '#H.*,#'$'
#
4. ''
'$/#+X F+X #$
5. '*
'$, 1 ' )
' )
#$#$$
'#'
6. +X #$,' )
#/$$ .#
7. '#H.
,,:'D(( '$ #$,%
'$,,FG
'$
*&
%
125
G
'#$+ '#)H #. 1 &' + ' )
%
.(#)H ' ),
#
!'$6! '$
%,% ,,#+0

&*
# H
67%+8" /%012 944":+%2;:4(5 <
- (../..
")
-<!
; 10 - 13 6 1.95
+
1.65 - 1.94
1.04 - 1.64
0.74 - 1.03
0.73

/ )

%
%
; 14 - 17 6 2.44

+
2.11 - 2.43
1.44 - 2.10
1.11 - 1.43
1.10

/ )

%
%
; 18 - 19 6 2.31

+
2.11 - 2.30
1.70 - 2.10
1.50 - 1.69
1.49

/ )

%
%
; 20 - 30 6 2.42

+
2.21 - 2.41
1.79 - 2.20
1.58 - 1.78
1.57

/ )

%
%
126
; 31 - 40 6 2.11
+
1.90 - 2.10
1.44 - 1.89
1.22 - 1.43
1.21

/ )

%
%
; 41 - 50 6 1.84

+
1.64 - 1.83
1.24 - 1.63
1.04 - 1.23
1.03

/ )

%
%
; 51 - 60 6 1.84

+
1.66 - 1.83
1.28 - 1.65
1.09 - 1.27
1.08

/ )

%
%
- (../..
") -<9
; 10 - 12 6 1.32
+
1.11 - 1.31
0.70 - 1.10
0.49 - 0.69
0.48

/ )

%
%
; 13 r 16 6 1.47

+
1.28 - 1.46
0.90 - 1.27
0.71 - 0.89
0.70

/ )

%
%
127
; 17 - 19 6 1.70
+
1.40 - 1.69
1.10 - 1.39
0.90 - 1.09
0.89

/ )

%
%
; 20 - 30 6 1.51

+
1.28 - 1.50
0.81- 1.27
0.58 - 0.80
0.57

/ )

%
%
; 31 -40 6 1.20

+
1.03 - 1.19
0.68 - 1.02
0.52 - 0.67
0.51

/ )

%
%
; 41 - 50 6 1.09

+
0.95 - 1.08
0.65 - 0.94
0.51 - 0.64
0.50

/ )

%
%
; 51 - 60 6 1.25

+
1.03 - 1.24
0.57 - 1.02
0.35 - 0.56
0.34

/ )

%
%
128
4. "5
"
4.8 56 - ."5

"
5
" (Flexibility)
- .. : (wells sit and reach test)
5" : #
#
J
1. 0 #$$
2. &((, . #,
2 #' /$
3. % #'
$ 2

*
'+

#$
+'

, #,,",% (',#$
)
4. , . 2 #, +#,..
-
; #$" ( +G on/c ,,
"
1. F#' #
$' * ,
./$
+#,
+X #$,' )
#/$$
.#
2. '#H.
,,:'D(( '$ #$,%
'$,,FG
'$
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%
129
3. '( '$ 'FG
"..#:#$
4.'#$
#$
#/) #[i"#' ' )

4.9 " 5

"
G
'#$+ '#)H #. 1 &' + ' )
%
.(#)H ' ),
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%,% ,,#+0

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# H
67%+8" /%012 944":+%2;:4(5 <
5
" (H..) -<!
; 10 - 13 6
11
+
9 - 10
4-8
2-3
1

/ )

%
%
; 14 - 17 6
16
+
13 - 15
6 - 12

/ )
130
3-5
2
19
+
16 - 18
8 - 15
5-7
4

%
%

/ )

%
%
; 20 - 30 6
16
+
12 - 15
3 - 11
0-2
1

/ )

%
%
; 31 - 40 6
13
+
9 - 12
0-8
-1 - (-4)
-5

/ )

%
%
; 41 - 50 6
11
+
7 - 10
(-2) - 6
-3 - (-6)
-7

/ )

%
%
; 51 - 60 6
11
+
9 - 10
2-8
0-1
-1

/ )

%
%
; 18 - 19 6
131
5
" (H..) -<9
; 10 - 12 6
10
+
8-9
3-7
1-2
0

/ )

%
%
; 13 - 16 6
16
+
13 - 15
6 - 12
3-5
2

/ )

%
%
; 17 r1 9 6
17
+
14 - 16
6 - 13
3-5
2

/ )

%
%
; 20 - 30 6
12
+
10 - 11
7-9
4-6
3

/ )

%
%
; 31 - 40 6
15
+
13 - 14
8 - 12
6-7
5

/ )

%
%
132
; 41 - 50 6
12
+
10 - 11
3-9
0-2
-1

/ )

%
%
; 51 - 60 6
12
+
10 - 11
3-9
0-2
-1

/ )

%
%
5. " 2 2!H-
4.10 56 " "
133
4.11 67 -

5j "
- ..
1. "

(Bicycle Ergo meter)
2. '([~
".#
-

"8
1.
)/":/
2. #$&,#' .D/8 D/
3. ,%, .',
'$'

2 )*
4. F'$%'

., .
2 )*
5./&
#//
,%, .
6.

, .'
'$
1 #)
) [ #' .' ("%#+0

'.
, )
2 %'.&(., .,
1. /,!
7 '%#
+
2. )/"#
#H#
100 /
, ./&
#//
3.
*'( 140/100 #+,
134
4. +#+0
*' " )/"#
%#
5. #+0
' '$

5 j 52 " "
1. +. (adjustable stage) 1-4
,
2. (steady stage) 5-9
, "
%#"
)

"
+:#"
+: 70-85 % +: )#"
(
:
%

."
.+: 6
, #/$ ' +:#"
( :%
3. [i
(recovery stage) 10-15
, #+0
&
%'
#/$ '+.#
(D/#
,#(
#H"[X&(,#(
)
Work load " "
1 Kp (kilo pound)= 300 Kpm/min (Kilo pound meters/min) = 50 watts
',,%
%'
1 * ,#, ( *
2 Kp
= 600 Kpm/min = 100 watts
3 Kp
= 900 Kpm/min = 150 watts
2 Work load 2;5
5 j M"6 G"#
5
+))
,+ ('7)
+))
,+ ())
('7)
())
Kp
1
1.5 - 2
1.5 - 2
2-3
kpm/min
300
450 - 600
450 - 600
600 - 900
55 ;

1. #"H.'
"

+, '
:, .
2. #'
$'. ' ",
3. )/"#H ( 170 /

,) '$)
Watt
50
75 - 100
75 - 100
100 - 150
135
4. ' "#
& "'
5. + 8 #+0

J
1. +G reset #/$#'
+~ #,'
+~
2.+. .
'/#'.(&(., .
( .
#,. .
*/) :,.$ #"#H
/,Z.

'&(., .,.
3. +. .$". '".,

4. '&(., .. '#+0
"'%# 50 - 55 ./
, *
%'
(warm up) #+0
# 1
,
5. #$
%'

(. #/8 D/&(., . %
15 +l '$( 50 +l ',%, . &(,%%#
%'

'&(,%
6. #".##$&(., . #H ,
%'
,%'

7.
.#
' ", 1 1
,*
.' "#
30 ".# )##,
#".#
' "
,, 1 #$#&
+ 45
, (
."
,, 45
, , 60)
* )'([~[~,.#: apex
'$+~"".

)+:! #
' "* +:!
.#:'
#
' ""
&
+ ,'
+~ "
8.
%#,". +#+0
1
, .
,
,, 2 #
' "
120 '#/
%'
1/2 Kp #/# 1
,
9. ,%#)
# . 7 #/$".
,, 2 -6
10. .
,#
' ", "
. 6
, * ##9
,, 5 6 (
#

,, 5 6
#
5
, ) #+X +: )#"
,'"#
' ":,%* "

(max VO2) '
#+0
/
,
#/8
%'
, ' #/$%
:'+: )#"
( :
%
-
; #
' "
,, 5 6

#
5 /
,
D Steady state #/#, .+
,, 7
%
,, 6

,, 7 '#9#/$
%+#+X #,. * )
%'
,,#/ '
136
11.
% +: )#"
( (Max VO2 ) ,#+X +(:. Age factor

12.
%,(: ,%#+0
/
%'
/
, (
)#"
:
%'
#+0

%'
1 *
# 1
,) * (: 1,000 '

%'

%, +#+X
"5

#/8) 40 +l
%'
50 * ."
,
%'
600
kpm/min #
' "
,, 5 #,. 140
,
,, 6 #,. 144 #9
#
' "#,. 142 /
,
% 142 #+X
- +: )#"
( /.#,. 2.5 /
,
%, +(:. age
factor = 2.5 X 0.83 = 2.075
-
%, ,%#+0
/
%'
/
,
= 2.075X1,000/50 = 41.5 /
%'
/
,
68
".#"
):% 41.5
%'
1 *
# 1
,
%, +#+X #,..
/.(
.
-
; ,.##+0
#

#$",% '[
#+
.#
'
G
1. ' '#$$& " '$
.#:,
(
2. ' )
% 1 #)H #! )& #,

"? %7$,% '

%
'( #)H
#$
%

#+0
+"%
".( '

##/$,

#$
5
5 j 2!6 G@2 2!" "
1.+#,".
.#
' ""%

30 #+0
"%
/
, (: )'([~#/$
.#
' "#)
137
4.1 +#,".

.#
' ""%

30
'
#+0
"%

/
,
"#
"#
"#
22.0
21.9
21.8
21.7
21.6
21.5
21.4
21.3
21.2
21.1
21.0
20.9
20.8
20.7
20.6
20.5
20.4
20.3
20.2
20.1
20.0
19.9
19.8
19.7
19.6
19.5
19.4
19.3
19.2
19.1
19.0
18.9
18.8
18.7
18.6
18.5
18.4
18.3
18.2
18.1
18.0
17.9
17.8
17.7
17.6
17.5
17.4
82
82
83
83
83
84
84
85
85
85
86
86
87
87
87
88
88
89
89
90
90
90
91
91
92
92
95
93
94
94
95
95
96
96
97
97
98
98
99
99
100
101
101
102
102
103
103
17.3
17.2
17.1
17.0
16.9
16.8
16.7
16.6
16.5
16.4
16.3
16.2
16.1
16.0
15.9
15.8
15.7
15.6
15.5
15.4
15.3
15.2
15.1
15.0
14.9
14.8
14.7
14.6
14.5
14.4
14.3
14.2
14.1
14.0
13.9
13.8
13.7
13.6
13.5
13.4
13.3
13.2
13.1
13.0
12.9
12.8
12.7
104
105
105
106
107
107
108
108
109
110
110
111
112
113
113
114
115
115
116
117
118
118
119
120
121
122
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
140
141
142
12.6
12.5
12.4
12.3
12.2
12.1
12.0
11.9
11.8
11.7
11.6
11.5
11.4
11.3
11.2
11.1
11.0
10.9
10.8
10.7
10.6
10.5
10.4
10.3
10.2
10.1
10.0
9.9
9.8
9.7
9.6
9.5
9.4
9.3
9.2
9.1
9.0
8.9
8.8
8.7
8.6
8.5
8.4
8.3
8.2
8.1
8.0
143
144
145
146
148
149
150
151
153
154
155
157
158
159
161
162
164
165
167
168
170
171
173
175
176
178
180
182
184
185
188
189
191
194
196
198
200
202
205
207
209
212
214
217
220
222
225
138
4.2 +: )#"

,'"#
' ":,%* )"

(bicycle ergometer)
-<!
Maximal Oxygen Uptake
Working
Working
Liters/min
Liters/min
Pulse 300 600 900 1200 1500 Pulse 300 600 900 1200 1500
kpm/ kpm/ kpm/ kpm/ kpm/
min min min min min
min min min min min
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.4
4.4
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.1
4.0
4.0
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.8
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.3
6.0
5.9
5.8
5.7
5.6
5.6
5.5
5.4
5.3
5.3
5.2
5.1
5.0
5.0
4.9
4.8
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.5
4.4
4.4
6.0
5.9
5.8
5.7
5.7
5.6
5.6
5.5
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
4.3
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.1
4.1
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.8
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.4
Modified from Astrand's Acta Physiol. Scand.49(supl.169), 1960 by P.O. Astrand in Work
Test with the Bicycle Ergometer. Varberg.Sweden: Monark,1965
5.4
5.4
5.3
5.2
5.2
5.1
5.1
5.0
5.0
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.4
4.4
4.3
4.3
139
4.3 +: )#"

,'"#
' ":,%* )"

(bicycle ergometer)
-<9
Working
Working
Liters/min
Liters/min
Pulse 300 450 600 750 900 Pulse 300 450 600 750 900
min min min min min
min min min min min
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
4.1
4.0
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
4.8
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.5
4.4
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.1
4.0
4.0
3.9
3.8
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.1
4.8
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.5
4.4
4.4
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.1
4.0
4.0
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.8
3.7
3.7
3.6
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
1.6
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.1
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
Modified from Astrand's Acta Physiol. Scand.49(supl.169), 1960 by P.O. Astrand

in Work Test with the Bicycle Ergometer. Varberg.Sweden: Monark,1965
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
140
2. age factor
4.4 age factor #/8

Age (year)
Factor for male
Factor for female
15
25
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
1.10
1.00
0.87
0.83
0.78
0.75
0.71
0.68
0.65
1.12
1.00
0.93
0.83
0.75
0.69
0.64
-
67%+8" /%012 944":+%2;:4(5 <

2!H- (.H../..
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; 10 - 13 6
65
+
59 - 64
46 - 58
40 - 45
39

/ )

%
%
; 14 - 17 6
56
+
51 - 55
40 - 50
35 - 39
34

/ )

%
%
; 18 - 19 6
55
+
50 - 54

141
39 - 49
34 - 38
33
/ )

%
%
; 20 - 30 6
52
+
48 - 51
35 - 47
31- 34
30

/ )

%
%
; 31 - 40 6
44
+
40 - 43
31 - 39
27 - 30
26

/ )

%
%
; 41 - 50 6
41
+
37 - 40
28 - 36
24 - 27
23

/ )

%
%
37
+
33 - 36
24 - 32
20 - 23
19
2!H- (.H../..
"/) -<9
; 51 - 60 6
; 10 - 12 6
56
+
52 - 55
43 - 51
39 - 42

/ )

%
%

/ )

%
142
38
%
; 13 - 16 6
49
+
45-48
36-44
32-35
31

/ )

%
%
; 17 - 19 6
55
+
50 - 54
39 - 49
34 - 38
33

/ )

%
%
; 20 - 306
47
+
43 - 46
34 - 42
30 - 33
29

/ )

%
%
; 31 - 40 6
43
+
39 - 42
30 - 38
26 - 29
25
40
+
36 - 39
27 - 35
23 - 26
22

/ )

%
%

/ )

%
%
36
+
33 - 35

; 41 - 50 6
; 51 - 60 6
143
26 - 32
/ )
23 - 25

%
22
%
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144
<"F
Term
Body composition
Cardiorespiratory endurance
Exercise
Muscular endurance
Muscular strength
Physical activity
Physical fitness
Definition
A health related component of physical fitness that relates to the
relative amount of muscle, fat, bone, and other vital parts of the
body
ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply fuel
during sustained physical activity and to eliminate fatigue product
after supplying fuel.
A subset of physical activity that is planned, structured, and
repetitive and has as a final or an intermediate objective the
improvement or maintenance of physical fitness.
ability of physical fitness that relates to the ability of muscle
groups to exert external force for many repetitions or successive
exertions.
amount of external force that a muscle can exert.
Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results
in energy expenditure. Physical activity in daily life can be
categorized into occupational, sports, household or other
activities.
A set of attributes that people have or achieve that relates to the
ability to perform physical activity. The degree to which people
have these attributes can be measured with specific tests.
145
-
)
(2542) <>?"- . 5-Q " .(# %#
)
)
(2540) - 6 - . 2!- ..!-!<
F G "2
M <F/M "6/M !;! '
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,! (# %#
).
8
! '7
! (2539) . #,/a : :/,8!8)
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8
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Z! : 8(
!FZ.)
(#
%#
)
Caspersen CJ, Powell KE and Christenson GM. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness:
definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health report. 1985; 100: 126131.
Vivian HH. Avance (1997) Fitness Assessment Exercise Prescription. 3 rd Ed. USA:
Burgess Publishing Company.
******************************************

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

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! $% &'()!*  &   

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   

"#" .'( #+0

,' )'(#$." (+

 1.1   5 !"# -.  !"# !"#2

'&#  + (7# 

- Steady - state noise #)

(continuous noise) ",%+,.# 

 1.2  - . 

 1.3  - . 

organ of corti (D

"?@! -6  - .-. - "

,& * aa

 1.4   - . !"   

 1.5 "?@ audiogram 6

, 4  :[(+ "' + #+0

+,'(#$, 1 + $  : sloping curve .[~#/( H ) #"

*  : audiogram , 4    D/, 1.6

 1.6  "?@ 86  - .-. - "

 ANSI S3.6-1969 #+0

, 2000, 3000, 4000, 6000, 8000 ., 500 "

1.4 +&#,,# "

 1.7  ">

4) #", 1000 #6!

 4  &(." 

 '+^.#,  5 - 7

 15 # #. '$

  G--KL  "M 6  - .-. - "

+:,, .7)( +  :! .( 2538).

Cyril M. Harris. (1972). Handbook of Noise Control. Mc. Grawhill Com.

 2.2. Lung volumes

#$.+ +"..#H #$  ,#$

 2.3 Normal volume time curve

2. Normal flow volume curve 

 2.4 Normal flow volume curve

6. #/ .& ) ,

  H ->#

 calibrate  2!- . spirometer ;5 Pony graphic spirometer

#+.#,., ." syringe *  FVC ,#$

8. : calibrate &

 2.6 chin and neck position  G spirometry

3.7 +G#$, . FVC

 2.7   _ -6c

 2.8   _-6c5

 2.9   _-6c5

 2.10   _  (unacceptable curve)

 2.11   _ -6c5 G-  (unacceptable curve)

 2.12   _ "  (unacceptable curve)

 2.13   _  -6c 3  "# -

 2.14   _  -6c 3  "# 5-

FEF 25 - 75% " '$+

 2.15  "?@ _ 86

2. & +..'  

 2.16  "?@ _ 86

3. & +.. mixed #+0

 2.17  "?@ _ 86

  2.2  "%

 2.18  "?@ _86

  ;;@2 G spirometry

1.1 8 ($ )

!"#$"#

! $%&'()!* &

& &' !' $ :

. !' * ' !"#<

"#" .'( #+0

,' )'(#$." (+

1.1 5!"# -. !"# !"#2

'&# + (7#

- Steady - state noise #)

(continuous noise) ",%+,.#

1.2 - .

1.3 - .

organ of corti (D

"?@! -6 - .-.- "

,& * aa

1.4 - . !"

1.5 "?@ audiogram 6

, 4 :[(+ "'+ #+0

+,'(#$, 1 + $ : sloping curve .[~#/( H) #"

* : audiogram , 4 D/, 1.6

1.6 "?@ 86 - .-.- "

ANSI S3.6-1969 #+0

, 2000, 3000, 4000, 6000, 8000 ., 500 "

1.4 +&#,,# "

1.7 ">

4) #", 1000 #6!

4 &(."

'+^.#, 5 - 7

15 # #. '$

G--KL "M 6 - .-.- "

+:,, .7)( + :! .( 2538).

2.2. Lung volumes

#$.+ +"..#H #$ ,#$

2.3 Normal volume time curve

2. Normal flow volume curve

2.4 Normal flow volume curve

6. #/ .& ) ,

H->#

calibrate 2!- . spirometer ;5 Pony graphic spirometer

#+.#,., ." syringe * FVC ,#$

8. : calibrate &

2.6 chin and neck position G spirometry

3.7 +G#$, . FVC

2.7 _ -6c

2.8 _-6c5

2.9 _-6c5

2.10 _ (unacceptable curve)

2.11 _ -6c5 G- (unacceptable curve)

2.12 _ " (unacceptable curve)

2.13 _ -6c 3 "# -

2.14 _ -6c 3 "# 5-

FEF 25 - 75% " '$+

2.15 "?@ _86

2. & +..'

2.16 "?@ _86

3. & +.. mixed #+0

2.17 "?@ _86

2.2 "%

2.18 "?@ _86

;;@2 G spirometry

1.1 8 ($ )

Glutaraldehydes (Cidex) #

3.1

!"#

1.2.2 . #"H., (penetrating injuries) #)

1.2.3 . #"H.)

+~7'& +, #+0

#',/.., ,,% ' .#'H

3.2 "?@

3.3 "?@

3.4 "?@

62

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3.5 &((

(reflection) /. (flickering)

4. +."/#! '(% . 15-20 8 #/#+0

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3.8 - . TITMUS 2 a VISION TESTER