CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Avinash Kumar Mishra, a student of B.Tech.

(Electronics & communication Engineering) 7
th
semester has sumitted
his !eminar re"ort entitled #Adaptive Missile Guidance Using GPS$
under our guidance.

!u"ervisor%
Mr. Mehta !ingh Mr. &ogendra Kr
Katiyar
(Assistant 'rofessor) ()*(E+E)



,

i
AKNOWLEGEMENT
This is an great o""ortunity to e-"ress my heartfelt .ords for the "eo"le
.ho .ere "art of this seminar in numerous .ays, "eo"le .ho gave me
.ishful and hel"ful su""ort right from eginning of the seminar.
/ am than0ful to seminar incharge M!" Me#ta$ sing# for giving me
guidelines to ma0e the seminar successful.
/ .ant to give sincere than0s to the %O of the *e"artment, M!" &'gend!a
K!" Kati(a! for his valuale su""ort & co1o"eration.
&ours !incerely,
(Avinash Kumar Mishra)


ii
2


A)STRACT
In the modern day theatre of combat, the need to be able to strike at targets that are on
the opposite side of the globe has strongly presented itself. This had led to the
development of various types of guided missiles. These guided missiles are self
guiding
weapon sin tended to maximize damage to the target while minimizing collateral
damage
. The buzzword in modern day combat is fire and forget. GPS guided missiles, using
the exceptional navigational and surveying abilities of GPS, after being launched, could
deliver a warhead to any part of the globe via the interface pof the onboard computer in
the missile with the GPS satellite system.
Under this principle many modern day laser weapons were designed. Laser guided
missiles use a laser of a certain frequency bandwidth to acquire their target. GPS/inertial
weapons are oblivious to the effects of weather, allowing a target to be engaged at the
time of the attacker's choosing. GPS allows accurate targeting of various military
weapons including ICBMs, cruise missiles and precision-guided munitions. Artillery
projectiles with embedded GPS receivers able to withstand accelerations of 12,000 G
have been developed for use in 155mm. GPS signals can also be affected by multipath
issues, where the radio signals reflect off surrounding terrain; buildings, canyon walls,
hard ground , etc. These delayed signals can cause inaccuracy. A variety of techniques,
most notably narrow correlator spacing, have been developed to mitigate multipath
errors.
Multipath effects are much less severe in moving vehicles. When the GPS antenna is
moving, the false solutions using reflected signals quickly fail to converge and only the
direct signals result in stable solutions... In summary, GPS-INS guided weapons are not
affected by harsh weather conditions or restricted by a wire, nor do they leave the
gunner
vulnerable for attack. GPS guided weapons with their technological advances over
previous, are the superior weapon of choice in modern day warfare.
3

iii
LIST OF FIGURES* Page n'"
+"+"C'ncept ', -issile Guidance .+
+"/"Missile guidance using !ada! signal .0
+"0"Missile guidance using 1i!e .2
+"2"Missile guidance using lase! .3
+"3"GPS satellite +.
+"4" G!'und -'nit'! stati'n +3
+"5"Seg-ent ', GPS +5
+"6"W'!7ing ', GPS +6
+"8"Satellite guided 1eap'ns /+
4

iv
5

CONTENTS
+" CERTIFICATE i
/" Ac7n'1ledg-ent ii
0" A)STRACT iii
2" LIST OF FIGURES iv
3" INTROUCTION +
3"+ CONCEPT OF MISSILE GUIANCE +
3"/ T&PES OF MISSILE GUIANCE /
4" INTROUCTION TO GPS 4
4"+" MEANING OF GPS 4
5"/" ELEMENTS OF GPS 6
5"/ WORKING OF GPS +6
5"0 WORKING OF INERTIAL NA9IGATION
S&STEM +8
6" ROLE OF SATELLITE IN MISSILE
GUIANCE /.
6"+" SATELLITE GUIE WEAPONS /.
6"/" MISSILE GUIANCE USING GPS //
8" APPLICATIONS /0
4 E9ELOPMENT /3
5 CONCLUSION /6
6 REFERENCES /8
6

INTROUCTION
1). Introduction to missile guidance :
Guided missile systems have evolved at a tremendous rate over the past four decades,
and recent breakthroughs in technology ensure that smart warheads will have an
increasing role in maintaining our military superiority. On ethical grounds, one prays that
each warhead deployed during a sortie will strike only its intended target, and that
innocent civilians will not be harmed by a misfire. From a tactical standpoint, our
military desires weaponry that is reliable and effective, inflicting maximal damage on
valid military targets and ensuring our capacity for lighting fast strikes with pinpoint
accuracy. Guided missile systems help fulfill all of these demands.
1.1). Concept of missile guidance :
Missile guidance concerns the method by which the missile receives its commands to
move along a certain path to reach a target. On some missiles, these commands are
generated internally by the missile computer autopilot. On others, the commands are
transmitted to the missile by some external source.

Fig +"+ c'ncept ', -issile guidance
The missile sensor or seeker, on the other hand, is a component within a missile that
generates data fed into the missile computer. This data is processed by the computer and
used to generate guidance commands. Sensor types commonly used today include
7

infrared, radar, and the global positioning system.
1
Based on the relative position between the missile and the target at any given point in
flight, the computer autopilot sends commands to the control surfaces to adjust the
missile's course.
1.2). Types of missile guidance :
Many of the early guidance systems used in missiles where based on gyroscope
models. Many of these models used magnets in their gyroscope to increase the sensitivity
of the navigational array. In modern day warfare, the inertial measurements of the
missiles are also controlled by a gyroscope in one form or another ,but the method by
which missile approaches the target bears a technical edge. On the battlefield of today,
guided missiles are guided to or acquire their targets by using:
Radar signal
Wires
Lasers (or)
ost recently !"#
1.2.1)issile guidance using radar signal:
Many machines used in battle, such as tanks, planes, etc. and targets, such as buildings,
hangers, launch pads, etc. have a specific signature when a radar wave is reflected off of
it. Guided missiles that use radar signatures to acquire their targ ets are programmed with
the specific signature to home in on. Once the missile is launched, it then uses its
onboard navigational array to home in on the preprogrammed radar signature. Most radar
guided missiles are very successful in acquiring their targets, however, these missiles
need a source to pump out radar signals so that they can acquire their target. The ma7or
"rolem .ith these missiles in today8s battlefield is that the countermeasures used
against these missiles work on the same principles that these missiles operate under. The
countermeasures home in on the radar signal source and destroy the antenna array,
9

2
Fig+"/* -issile guidance using !ada! signal
:

0
which essential shuts down the radar source, and hence the radar guided missiles cannot
acquire their targets.
1.2.2). issile guidance using $ires :
Wire guided missiles do not see the target. Once the missile is launched, the missile
proceeds in a linear direction from the launch vehicle. Miles of small, fine wire are
wound in the tail section of the missile and unwind as the missile travels to the target.
Along this wire, the gunner sends navigational signals directing the missile to the target.
If for some reason the wire breaks, the missile will never acquire the target. Wire guided
missiles carry no instrument array that would allow them to acquire a target. One strong
downside to wire guided missiles is the fact that the vehicle from which the missile is
fired must stay out in the open to guide the missile to its target. This leaves the launch
vehicle vulnerable to attack, which on the ba ttlefield one wants to avoid at all costs.
,;


Fig+"0* -issile guidance using 1i!e"
2
1.2.%). issile guidance using lasers :
In modern day weaponry the buzzword is fire and forget. Under this principle many
modern day laser weapons were designed. Laser guided missile use a laser of a certain
frequency bandwidth to acquire their target. The gunner sights the target using a laser;
this is called painting the target. When the missile is launched it uses its onboard
instrumentation to look for the heat signature created by the laser on the target. Once the
missile locates the heat signature, the target is acquired, and the missile will home in on
the target even if the target is moving. Despite the much publicized success of laser
guided missiles, laser guided weapons are no good in the rain or in weather conditions
where there is sufficient cloud cover. To overcome the shortcomings of laser guided
missiles presented in unsuitable atmospheric conditions and radar guided missiles
entered GPS as a method of navigating the missile to the target. So, before going to GPS
guided missile we will have an introduction to GPS.
,,

Fig+"2* -issile guidance using lase!"
3

INTROUCTION TO GPS*
2.1). W&at is meant 'y !"# (
GPS, which stands for Global Positioning System,
is
the only system today able to show us our exact position on the Earth anytime, in any
weather, anywhere. GPS satellites, 24 in all, orbit at 11,000 nautical miles above the
Earth. Ground stations located worldwide continuously monitor them. The satellites
transmit signals that can be detected by anyone with a GPS receiver. Using the receiver,
you can determine your location with great precision. The <'! "ro7ect .as develo"ed in
,:73 to overcome the limitations of "revious navigation systems, integrating ideas
from several "redecessors, including a numer of classified engineering
design studies from the ,:6;s. <'! .as created and reali=ed y the >.!. *e"artment of
*efense (*o*) and .as originally run .ith 24 satellites. /t ecame fully o"erational in
,::4. Bradford 'ar0inson, ?oger @. Easton, and /van A. <etting are credited .ith
,2

inventing it. Advances in technology and ne. demands on the e-isting system have no.
led to efforts to moderni=e the <'! system and im"lement the ne-t generation of <'! ///
satellites and Ae-t <eneration )"erational +ontrol !ystem ()+B). Announcements
from Cice 'resident Al <ore and the Dhite (ouse in ,::9 initiated these changes. /n
2;;;, the >.!. +ongress authori=ed the moderni=ation effort, <'! ///.
/n addition to <'!, other systems are in use or under develo"ment. The ?ussian <loal
Aavigation !atellite !ystem (<@)AA!!) .as develo"ed contem"oraneously .ith <'!,
ut suffered from incom"lete coverage of the gloe until the mid12;;;s.

4
The design of <'! is ased "artly on similar ground1ased radio1navigation systems,
such as @)?AA and the *ecca Aavigator, develo"ed in the early ,:4;s and used during
Dorld Dar //.
The first satellite navigation system, Transit, used y the >nited !tates Aavy, .as first
successfully tested in ,:6;. /t used a constellation of five satellites and could "rovide
a navigational fi- a""ro-imately once "er hour. /n ,:67, the >.!. Aavy develo"ed the
Timation satellite that "roved the aility to "lace accurate cloc0s in s"ace, a technology
reEuired y <'!. /n the ,:7;s, the ground1ased )mega Aavigation !ystem, ased on
"hase com"arison of signal transmission from "airs of stations, ecame the first
.orld .ide radio navigation system. @imitations of these systems drove the need for a
,3

more universal navigation solution .ith greater accuracy. Dhile there .ere .ide needs
for accurate navigation in military and civilian sectors, almost none of those .as seen as
7ustification for the illions of dollars it .ould cost in research, develo"ment,
e"loyment, and o"eration for a constellation of navigation satellites. *uring the +old
Dar
arms race, the nuclear threat to the e-istence of the >nited !tates .as the one need that
did 7ustify this cost in the vie. of the >nited !tates +ongress. This deterrent effect is
.hy
<'! .as funded. /t is also the reason for the ultra secrecy at that time. The nuclear triad
consisted of the >nited !tates AavyFs sumarine1launched allistic missiles (!@BMs)
along .ith >nited !tates Air Gorce (>!AG) strategic omers and intercontinental
allistic missiles (/+BMs). +onsidered vital to the nuclear deterrence "osture, accurate
5
determination of the !@BM launch "osition .as a force multi"lier.
'recise navigation .ould enale >nited !tates sumarines to get an accurate fi- of their
"ositions efore they launched their !@BMs. The >!AG, .ith t.o thirds of the
nuclear triad, also had reEuirements for a more accurate and reliale navigation system.
The Aavy and Air Gorce .ere develo"ing their o.n technologies in "arallel to solve
.hat
.as essentially the same "rolem. To increase the survivaility of /+BMs,
there .as a "ro"osal to use moile launch "latforms (such as ?ussian !!124 and !!125)
and so the need to fi- the launch "osition had similarity to the !@BM situation.
/n ,:6;, the Air Gorce "ro"osed a radio1navigation system called M)!A/+ (M)ile
,4

!ystem for Accurate /+BM +ontrol) that .as essentially a 31* @)?AA. A follo.1on
study, 'ro7ect 57, .as .or0ed in ,:63 and it .as Hin this study that the <'! conce"t .as
ornH. That same year, the conce"t .as "ursued as 'ro7ect 62,B, .hich had Hmany of the
attriutes that you no. see in <'!H and "romised increased accuracy for Air Gorce
omers as .ell as /+BMs. >"dates from the Aavy Transit system .ere too slo. for the
high s"eeds of Air Gorce o"eration. The Aaval ?esearch @aoratory continued
advancements .ith their Timation (Time Aavigation) satellites, first launched in ,:67,
and .ith the third one in ,:74 carrying the first atomic cloc0 into orit.
/"/:"Ele-ents ', GPS*
GPS has three parts: the space segment, the user segment, and the control segment.
(a)Space segment: The s"ace segment (!!) is com"osed of the oriting <'! satellites,
or
!"ace Cehicles (!C) in <'! "arlance. The <'! design originally called for 24 !Cs,
eight
6
each in three a""ro-imately circular orits, ut this .as modified to si- orital "lanes
.ith four satellites each. The si- orit "lanes have a""ro-imately 55I inclination (tilt
relative to EarthFs eEuator) and are se"arated y 6;I right ascension of the ascending
node
(angle along the eEuator from a reference "oint to the oritFs intersection). The orital
"eriod is one1half a sidereal day, i.e., ,, hours and 59 minutes so that the satellites "ass
over the same locations or almost the same locations every day. The orits are
arranged so that at least si- satellites are al.ays .ithin line of sight from almost
,5

every.here on EarthFs surface. The result of this o7ective is that the four satellites
are not evenly s"aced (:; degrees) a"art .ithin each orit. /n general terms, the angular
difference et.een satellites in each orit is 3;, ,;5, ,2;, and ,;5 degrees a"art .hich
sum to 36; degrees. )riting at an altitude of a""ro-imately 2;,2;; 0m (,2,6;; mi)J
orital radius of a""ro-imately
26,6;; 0m (,6,5;; mi), each !C ma0es t.o com"lete orits each sidereal day, re"eating
The same ground trac0 each day. This .as very hel"ful during develo"ment ecause
even .ith only four satellites, correct alignment means all four are visile from one s"ot
for a fe. hours each day. Gor military o"erations, the ground trac0 re"eat can e used to
ensure good coverage in comat =ones.
As of *ecemer 2;,2,K63L there are 32 satellites in the <'! constellation. The additional
satellite im"rove the "recision of <'! receiver calculations y "roviding redundant
measurements.

8
availaility of the system, relative to a uniform system, .hen multi"le satellites fail.K64L
Aout nine satellites are visile from any "oint on the ground at any one time (see
animation at right), ensuring considerale redundancy over the minimum four satellites
needed for a "osition.
,6


Fig/"+* A visual e;a-ple ', a /2 satellite GPS c'nstellati'n in -'ti'n 1it# t#e Ea!t#
!'tating" N'tice #'1 t#e nu-$e! ', satellites in view ,!'- a given p'int 'n t#e Ea!t#<s su!,ace= in t#is
e;a-ple at 23>N= c#anges 1it# ti-e"
Fig/"/* A!tist<s c'ncepti'n ', GPS )l'c7 II?F satellite in Ea!t# '!$it"

+.
,7

Fig/"0* 9e#icles using gps ,'! getting -ap t' g' t#!'ug#"
++
,9

@$:c'nt!'l seg-ent*
The control segment is com"osed of
,. a master control station (M+!),
2. an alternate master control station,
3. four dedicated ground antennas and
4. si- dedicated monitor stations.
The M+! can also access >.!. Air Gorce !atellite +ontrol Aet.or0 (AG!+A) ground
antennas (for additional command and control ca"aility) and A<A (Aational
<eos"atial1
/ntelligence Agency) monitor stations. The flight "aths of the satellites are trac0ed y
dedicated >.!. Air Gorce monitoring stations in (a.aii, K.a7alein Atoll, Ascension
/sland, *iego <arcia, +olorado !"rings, +olorado and +a"e +anaveral, along .ith
shared
A<A monitor stations o"erated in England, Argentina, Ecuador, Bahrain, Australia and
Dashington *+.K65L The trac0ing information is sent to the Air Gorce !"ace +ommand
M+! at !chriever Air Gorce Base 25 0m (,6 mi) E!E of +olorado !"rings, .hich is
o"erated y the 2nd !"ace )"erations !Euadron (2 !)'!) of the >.!. Air Gorce.
Then 2 !)'! contacts each <'! satellite regularly .ith a navigational u"date using
dedicated or shared (AG!+A) ground antennas (<'! dedicated ground antennas are
located at K.a7alein, Ascension /sland, *iego <arcia, and +a"e +anaveral). These
u"dates synchroni=e the atomic cloc0s on oard the satellites to .ithin a fe.
nanoseconds
of each other, and ad7ust the e"hemeris of each satelliteFs internal orital model. The
u"dates are created y a Kalman filter that uses in"uts from the ground monitoring
stations, s"ace .eather information, and various other in"uts.K66L !atellite maneuvers are
,:

+/
not "recise y <'! standards. !o to change the orit of a satellite, the satellite must e
mar0ed unhealthy, so receivers .ill not use it in their calculation. Then the maneuver can
e carried out, and the resulting orit trac0ed from the ground. Then the ne. e"hemeris
is
u"loaded and the satellite mar0ed healthy again. The )"eration +ontrol !egment ()+!)
currently serves as the control segment of record. /t "rovides the o"erational ca"aility
that su""orts gloal <'! users and 0ee"s the <'! system o"erational and "erforming
.ithin s"ecification. )+! successfully re"laced the legacy ,:7;s1era mainframe
com"uter at !chriever Air Gorce Base in !e"temer 2;;7. After installation, the
system hel"ed enale u"grades and "rovide a foundation for a ne. security architecture
that su""orted the >.!. armed forces. )+! .ill continue to e the ground control system
of record until the ne. segment, Ae-t <eneration <'! )"eration +ontrol !ystem
()+B), is fully develo"ed and functional. The ne. ca"ailities "rovided y )+B .ill e
the cornerstone for revolutioni=ing <'!Fs mission ca"ailities, and enaling Air
Gorce !"ace +ommand to greatly enhance <'! o"erational services to >.!. comat
forces, civil "artners and myriad domestic and international users.
The <'! )+B "rogram also .ill reduce cost, schedule and technical ris0. /t is designed
to "rovide 5;M sustainment cost savings through efficient soft.are architecture and
'erformance1Based @ogistics. /n addition, <'! )+B e-"ected to cost millions less than
the cost to u"grade )+! .hile "roviding four times the ca"aility.
The <'! )+B "rogram re"resents a critical "art of <'! moderni=ation and "rovides
significant information assurance im"rovements over the current <'! )+! "rogram.
2;

+0
)+B .ill have the aility to control and manage <'! legacy satellites as .ell as the ne-t
generation of <'! /// satellites, .hile enaling the full array of military signals.
Built on a fle-ile architecture that can ra"idly ada"t to the changing needs of todayFs
and
future <'! users allo.ing immediate access to <'! data and constellations status
through secure, accurate and reliale information.
Em"o.ers the .arfighter .ith more secure, actionale and "redictive information to
enhance situational a.areness. Enales ne. moderni=ed signals (@,+, @2+, and @5) and
has M1code ca"aility, .hich the legacy system is unale to do.
'rovides significant information assurance im"rovements over the current "rogram
including detecting and "reventing cyer attac0s, .hile isolating, containing and
o"erating during such attac0s. !u""orts higher volume near real1time command and
control ca"ailities and ailities.
)n !e"temer ,4, 2;,,,the >.!. Air Gorce announced the com"letion of <'! )+B
'reliminary *esign ?evie. and confirmed that the )+B "rogram is ready for the ne-t
"hase of develo"ment.
The <'! )+B "rogram has achieved ma7or milestones and is on trac0 to su""ort the
<'!
///A launch in May 2;,4.
2,

1)
22

Fig/"2* G!'und -'nit'! stati'n used ,!'- +862 t' /..5= 'n displa( at t#e Ai! F'!ce
Space A Missile Museu-"
current <'! )+! "rogram. )+B .ill have the aility to control and manage <'! legacy
satellites as .ell as the ne-t generation of <'! /// satellites, .hile enaling
the full array of military signals.
Built on a fle-ile architecture that can ra"idly ada"t to the changing needs of todayFs
and
future <'! users allo.ing immediate access to
<'! data and constellations status through secure, accurate and reliale information.
Em"o.ers the .ar fighter .ith more secure, actionale
and
"redictive information to enhance situational a.areness. Enales ne. moderni=ed
signals (@,+, @2+, and @5) and has M1code ca"aility, .hich the legacy system is
unale
to do.
'rovides significant information assurance im"rovements over the current "rogram
including detecting and "reventing cyer attac0s, .hile isolating, containing and
23

o"erating during such attac0s.
!u""orts higher volume near real1time command and control ca"ailities and ailities.
+3
)n !e"temer ,4, 2;,,,K6:L the >.!. Air Gorce announced the com"letion of <'! )+B
'reliminary *esign ?evie. and confirmed that the )+B "rogram is ready for the ne-t
"hase of develo"ment.
The <'! )+B "rogram has achieved ma7or milestones and is on trac0 to su""ort the
<'!
///A launch in May 2;,4.
@c:Use! seg-ent*
The user segment is com"osed of hundreds of thousands of >.!. and allied military users
of the secure <'! 'recise 'ositioning !ervice, and tens of millions of civil, commercial
and scientific users of the !tandard 'ositioning !ervice. /n general, <'! receivers are
com"osed of an antenna, tuned to the freEuencies transmitted y the satellites, receiver1
"rocessors, and a highly stale cloc0 (often a crystal oscillator). They may also include a
dis"lay for "roviding location and s"eed information to the user. A receiver is often
descried y its numer of channels% this that, as of 2;;7, receivers ty"ically have
et.een ,2 and 2; channels.KL <'! receivers may include an in"ut for differential
corrections, using the ?T+M !+1,;4 format. This is ty"ically in the form of an ?!1232
"ort at 4,9;; itNs s"eed. *ata is actually sent at a much lo.er rate, .hich limits the
accuracy of the signal sent using ?T+M.Kcitation neededL ?eceivers .ith internal *<'!
receivers can out"erform those using e-ternal ?T+M data.Kcitation neededL As of 2;;6,
even lo.1cost units commonly include Dide Area Augmentation !ystem (DAA!)
24

receivers.
+4
Many <'! receivers can relay "osition data to a '+ or other device using the AMEA
;,93 "rotocol. Although this "rotocol is officially defined y the Aational Marine
Electronics Association (AMEA),K7;L references to this "rotocol have een com"iled
from "ulic records, allo.ing o"en source tools li0e g"sd to read the "rotocol .ithout
violating intellectual "ro"erty la.s. )ther "ro"rietary "rotocols e-ist as .ell, such as the
!i?G and MTK "rotocols. ?eceivers can interface .ith other devices using methods
including a serial connection, >!B or Bluetooth.

25

Fig/"3 *seg-ent ', GPS
+5
/"0"+:" Wor*ing of +!"# :
1.) Technique called differential correction can yield accuracies within 1 -5 meters,
or even better, with advanced equipment.
2.) Differential correction requires a second GPS receiver, a base station, collecting
data at a stationary position on a precisely known point (typically it is a surveyed
benchmark).
3.) Because physical location of base station is known, a correction factor can be
computed by comparing known location with GPS location determined by using
satellites.
4.) Differential correction process takes this correction factor and applies it to GPS data
collected by the GPS receiver in the field. -- Differential correction eliminates
most of the errors.
26


Fig/"3* 1'!7ing ', dgps
+6
%.1). Wor*ing ,f inertial -a.igation system:
Inertial navigation relies on devices onboard the missile that senses its motion and
acceleration in different directions. These devices are called gyroscopes and
accelerometer.
27


/ig %.1. ec&anical0 fi'er optic0 and ring laser gyroscopes
The purpose of a gyroscope is to measure angular rotation, and a number of different
Methods to do so have been devised. A classic mechanical gyroscope senses the stability
of a mass rotating on gimbals. More recent ring laser gyros and fiber optic gyros are
based on the interference between laser beams. Current advances in Micro-Electro-
Mechanical Systems (MEMS) offer the potential to develop gyroscopes that are very
small and inexpensive While gyroscopes measure angular motion, accelerometers
measure linear motion. The accelerations from these devices are translated into electrical
signals for processing by the missile computer autopilot. When a gyroscope and an
accelerometer are combined into a single device along with a control mechanism, it is
called an inertial measurement unit (IMU) or inertial navigation system(INS).
+8
29


/ig.%.2. Inertial na.igation concept
The INS uses these two devices to sense motion relative to a point of origin Inertial
navigation works by telling the missile where it is at the time of launch and how it should
move in terms of both distance and rotation over the course of its flight. The missile
computer uses signals from the INS to measure these motions and insure that the missile
travels along its proper - programmed path. Inertial navigation systems are widel y used
on all kinds of aerospace vehicles, including weapons, military aircraft, commercial
airliners, and spacecraft. Many missiles uses inertial methods for guidance including
AMRAAM ,storm shadow and tomahawk.
R,L1 ,/ #2T1LLIT1 I- I##IL1 !3I+2-C1 :
).1). #atellite guided $eapons:
The problem of poor visibility does not affect
satellite-guided weapons such as JDAM (Joint +irect 2ttac* unitions) , which uses
satellite navigation systems, specifically the GPS system. This offers improved accuracy
compared to laser systems, and can operate in all weather conditions, without any need
for ground support. Because it is possible to jam GPS, t&e 'om' re.erts to inertial
na.igation in t&e e.ent of losing t&e !"# signal. Inertial navigation is
significantly less accurate; JDAM achieves a CEP of 13 m under GPS guidance, but
20
2:

typically only 30 m under inertial guidance. Further, the inertial guidance CEP increases
as the dropping altitude increases, while the GPS CEP does not.The precision of these
weapons is dependent both on the precision of the measurement system used for location
determination and the precision in setting the coordinates of the target. The latter
critically depends on intelligence information, not all of which is accurate. However, if
the targeting information is accurate, satellite-guided weapons are significantly more
likely to achieve a successful strike in any given weather conditions than any other type
of precision guided munition .


Fig4.1: Satellite guided weapons.
/+
3;

).2 I##IL1 !3I+2-C1 3#I-! !"# :
The central idea behind the design of DGPS/GPS/inertial guided weapons is that of using
a 3-axis gyro/accelerometer package as an inertial reference for the weapon's autopilot,
and correcting the accumulated drift error in the inertial package by using GPS PPS/P-
code. Such weapons are designated as "accurate" munitions as they will offer CEPs
(Circular Error Probable) of the order of the accuracy of GPS P -code signals, typically
about 40ft.

/ig.).2. !lo'al "ositioning #ystem used in ranging na.igation guidance .
The next incremental step is then to update the weapon before launch with a DGPS
derived position estimate, which will allow it to correct its GPS error as it flies to the
target, such weapons are designated "precise" and will offer accuracies greater than laser
or TV guided weapons, potentially CEPs of several feet. For an aircraft to support such
munitions, it will require a DGPS receiver, a GPS receiver and interfaces on its multiple
ejector racks or pylons to download target and launch point coordinates to the weapons.
The development of purely GPS/inertial guided munitions will produce substantial
changes in how air warfare is conducted.
22
3,

Unlike a laser-guided weapon, a GPS/inertial weapon does not require t hat the launch
aircraft remain in the vicinity of the target to illuminate it for guidance - GPS/inertial
weapons are true fire-and-forget weapons, which once released, are wholly autonomous,
and all weather capable with no degradation in accuracy. Existing precision weapons
require an unobscured line of sight between the weapon and the target for the optical
guidance to work.
APPLICATIONS OF GPS*
Many civilian a""lications use one or more of <'!Fs three asic com"onents% asolute
location, relative movement, and time transfer.
Astronomy% Both "ositional and cloc0 synchroni=ation data is used in Astrometry and
+elestial mechanics calculations. /t is also used in amateur astronomy using small
telesco"es to "rofessionals oservatories, for e-am"le, .hile finding e-trasolar "lanets.
Automated vehicle% A""lying location and routes for cars and truc0s to function .ithout
a
human driver.
+artogra"hy% Both civilian and military cartogra"hers use <'! e-tensively.
+ellular tele"hony% +loc0 synchroni=ation enales time transfer, .hich is critical for
synchroni=ing its s"reading codes .ith other ase
stations to facilitate inter1cell handoff and su""ort hyrid <'!Ncellular "osition detection
for moile emergency calls and other a""lications. The first handsets .ith integrated
<'!
launched in the late ,::;s. The >.!. Gederal +ommunications +ommission (G++)
mandated the feature in either the handset or in the to.ers (for use in triangulation) in
32

/0
+loc0 synchroni=ation% The accuracy of <'! time signals (O,; ns)K7,L is second only to
the atomic cloc0s u"on .hich they are ased.
*isaster reliefNemergency services% *e"end u"on <'! for location and timing
ca"ailities.
Gleet Trac0ing% The use of <'! technology to identify, locate and maintain contact
re"orts .ith one or more fleet vehicles in real1time.
<eofencing% Cehicle trac0ing systems, "erson trac0ing systems, and "et trac0ing systems
use <'! to locate a vehicle, "erson, or "et. These devices are attached to the vehicle,
"erson, or the "et collar. The a""lication "rovides continuous trac0ing and moile or
/nternet u"dates should the target leave a designated area.
<eotagging% A""lying location coordinates to digital o7ects such as "hotogra"hs (in e-if
data) and other documents for "ur"oses such as
creating ma" overlays .ith devices li0e Ai0on <'1, <'! Aircraft Trac0ing
<'! for Mining% The use of ?TK <'! has significantly im"roved several mining
o"erations such as drilling, shoveling, vehicle trac0ing,
and surveying. ?TK <'! "rovides centimeter1level "ositioning accuracy.
Milita!(
Target trac0ing% Carious military .ea"ons systems use <'! to trac0 "otential ground
and
air targets efore flagging them as hostile. These .ea"on systems "ass
33

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target coordinates to "recision1guided munitions to allo. them to engage targets
accurately. Military aircraft, "articularly in air1to1ground roles, use <'! to find targets
(for e-am"le, gun camera video from A(1, +oras in /raE sho. <'! co1ordinates that
can e vie.ed .ith s"eciali=edsoft.are).
Missile and "ro7ectile guidance% <'! allo.s accurate targeting of various military
.ea"ons including /+BMs, cruise missiles, "recisionguide.
E9ELOPMENT
Dith these "arallel develo"ments in the ,:6;s, it .as reali=ed that a su"erior system
could e develo"ed y synthesi=ing the est technologies from 62,B, Transit, Timation,
and !E+)? in a multi1service "rogram.
*uring @aor *ay .ee0end in ,:73, a meeting of aout ,2 military officers at the
'entagon discussed the creation of a Defense Navigation Satellite System (DNSS). /t .as
at this meeting that Hthe real synthesis that ecame <'! .as created.H @ater that year, the
*A!! "rogram .as named Navstar, or Aavigation !ystem >sing Timing and
?anging.K,:L Dith the individual satellites eing associated .ith the name Aavstar
(as .ith the "redecessors Transit and Timation), a more fully encom"assing name .as
used to identify the constellation of Aavstar satellites, Navstar-GPS, .hich .as later
shortened sim"ly to <'!.K2;L After Korean Air @ines Glight ;;7, a Boeing 747 carrying
26: "eo"le, .as shot do.n in ,:93 after straying into the >!!?Fs "rohiited airs"ace,
K2,L
in the vicinity of !a0halin and Moneron /slands, 'resident ?onald ?eagan issued a
34

directive ma0ing <'! freely availale for civilian use, once it .as sufficiently
develo"ed,
/3
as a common good.K22L The first satellite .as launched in ,:9:, and the 24th satellite
.as
launched in ,::4. The <'! "rogram cost at this "oint, not including the cost of the user
eEui"ment, ut including the costs of the satellite launches, has een estimated to e
aout >!*P5 illion (then1year dollars).K23L ?oger @. Easton is .idely credited as the
"rimary inventor of <'!.
/nitially, the highest Euality signal .as reserved for military use, and the signal availale
for civilian use .as intentionally degraded (!elective Availaility). This changed .ith
'resident Bill +linton ordering !elective Availaility to e turned off at midnight May ,,
2;;;, im"roving the "recision of civilian <'! from ,;; meters (33; ft) to 2; meters (66
ft). The e-ecutive order signed in ,::6 to turn off !elective Availaility in 2;;; .as
"ro"osed y the >.!. !ecretary of *efense, Dilliam 'erry, ecause of the .ides"read
gro.th of differential <'! services to im"rove civilian accuracy and eliminate the >.!.
military advantage. Moreover, the >.!. military .as actively develo"ing technologies to
deny <'! service to "otential adversaries on a regional asis.K24L
)ver the last decade, the >.!. has im"lemented several im"rovements to the <'!
service,
including ne. signals for civil use and increased
accuracy and integrity for all users, all .hile maintaining com"atiility .ith e-isting
<'!
eEui"ment. <'! moderni=ationK25L has no. ecome an ongoing initiative to u"grade the
<loal 'ositioning !ystem .ith ne. ca"ailities to meet gro.ing military, civil, and
commercial needs. The "rogram is eing im"lemented through a series of satellite
35

acEuisitions, including <'! Bloc0 /// and the Ae-t <eneration )"erational +ontrol
/4
!ystem ()+B). The >.!. <overnment continues to im"rove the <'! s"ace and ground
segments to increase "erformance and accuracy.
<'! is o.ned and o"erated y the >nited !tates <overnment as a national resource.
*e"artment of *efense (*o*) is the ste.ard of <'!. Interagency GPS Executive Board
(IGEB) oversa. <'! "olicy matters from ,::6 to 2;;4. After that the Aational !"ace1
Based 'ositioning, Aavigation and Timing E-ecutive +ommittee .as estalished y
"residential directive in 2;;4 to advise and coordinate federal de"artments and agencies
on matters concerning the <'! and related systems.K26L The e-ecutive committee is
chaired 7ointly y the de"uty secretaries of defense and trans"ortation. /ts memershi"
includes eEuivalent1level officials from the de"artments of state, commerce, and
homeland security, the 7oint chiefs of staff, and AA!A. +om"onents of the e-ecutive
office of the "resident "artici"ate as oservers to the e-ecutive committee, and the G++
chairman "artici"ates as a liaison. The *o* is reEuired y la. to Hmaintain a !tandard
'ositioning !ervice (as defined in the federal radio navigation "lan and the standard
"ositioning service signal s"ecification) that .ill e availale on a continuous,
.orld.ide
asis,H and Hdevelo" measures to "revent hostile use of <'! and its augmentations
.ithout unduly disru"ting or degrading civilian uses.H
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37

CONCLUSION
The proliferation of GPS and INS guidance is a double-edged sword. )n the one hand,
This technology "romise in revolution .arfare not seen since the laser guided om,
.ith
!ingle omers eing ca"ale of doing tas0 of multi"le aircraft "ac0ages. /n summary
<'!1/A! guided weapons are not affected by harsh weather conditions or restricted by
a wire, nor do they leave the gunner vulnerable for attack. GPS guided weapons, with
their technological advances over previous, are the superior weapon of choice in modern
day warfare.
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REFERENCES
1) GPS Theory and Practice. B. Hofmann - Wellenhof, H. Lichtenegger, and J. Collins.
Springer-Verlag Wien. NewYork. 1997. Pg [1-17, 76].
2) ttp://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pubs/gps/icd200/icd200cw1234.pdf
3) E.D. Kaplan, Understanding GPS: Principles and Applications.
4)http://www.aero.org/news/current/gpsorbit. html.

5) http://www.trimble.com/gps/
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