x →c
sin C
sin x 1
lim
x →0 x
1 − cos x 0
lim
x →0 x
3. lim f ( x) = f (c)
x →c
Critical Numbers, or 1. x in domain of f, and
Critical Points, or either
Critical Values 2. f ' (x) = 0 , or
of f(x) 3. f ' (x) does not exist
Derivative of
f ( x + Δx) − f ( x)
lim y = f(x)
Δx →0 Δx at (x,f(x))
Derivative of
f ( x ) − f (c ) y = f(x)
lim
x →c x−c at (c, f(c))
If a function is continuous on a
closed interval, then the function is
Extreme Value Theorem guaranteed to have an absolute
maximum and an absolute
minimum in the interval.
domain of s(x) > 0
x
domain of
1 s(x) ≠ 0
s( x)
s(x) > 0
domain of ln[s(x)]
definition of n
definite integral lim ∑ f (ci ) Δxi
x →∞
i =1
f(x) increasing f '(x) > 0
Change in concavity;
Point of Inflection
tangent line exists
Acceleration function s"(t) = v'(t) = a(t)
v(t) > 0
Particle moving right
V(t) < 0
Particle moving left
b−a
Trapezoidal Rule [ f (x0 ) + 2 f (x1 ) + 2 f (x2 ) + ...
2n
+ 2 f (xn−1 ) + f (xn )]
1 b
∫
Average Value of f(x) on
[a,b] f ( x)dx
b−a a
1
lim(1 + x) x
x →0
e 1 n
or lim(1 + )
n →∞ n
ln 2
0.693
∫ 0dx C
∫ kf (u )du k ∫ f (u )du
n +1
∫ u du
u
n
+ C , n ≠ −1
n +1
∫ cos udu sin u + C
∫ tan u + C
2
sec udu
sec u + C
∫ sec u tan udu
∫ csc udu
2
-cot u + C
∫ du u+C
du
∫u ln |u| + C
∫ e du eu + C
u
du u
∫ a −u
2 2
arcsin + C
a
du
∫ a2 + u2
1 u
arctan + C
a a
Right Triangle:
opp
sin θ hyp
Right Triangle:
adj
cos θ hyp
Right Triangle:
opp
tan θ adj
Reciprocal Identity:
1
csc θ sin θ
Reciprocal Identity:
1
sec θ cos θ
Reciprocal Identity:
1
cot θ tan θ
1 sin 2 x + cos 2 x =
Pythagorean Identities:
sec 2 x 1 + tan 2 x =
Pythagorean Identities:
csc 2 x 1 + cot 2 x =
Cofunction Identities
Cofunction Identities
Cofunctions of
are equal.
Complementary Angles
Sum/Difference Formulas:
sin u cos v + cos u sin v
sin (u + v) =
Sum/Difference Formulas:
cos u cos v + sin u sin v
cos (u + v) =
Sum/Difference Formulas:
tan u + tan v
tan (u + v) = 1 + tan u tan v
Double angle Formula
cos 2u 2 cos 2 u - 1
1 - 2 sin 2 u
Product-to-Sum:
sin u sin v 1
[ cos (u-v) - cos (u+v)]
2
Product-to-Sum:
cos u cos v 1
[ cos (u-v) + cos (u+v)]
2
Product-to-Sum:
sin u cos v 1
[ sin (u+v) + sin (u-v)]
2
Product-to-Sum:
cos u sin v 1
[ sin (u+v) - sin (u-v)]
2