Study of The Natural Phenomena and The Properties of Matter

JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Students Copy Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics

_________________________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
1.1 Understanding Physics
1
Mechanical Energy
PHYSICS
Study of the natural phenomena and the
properties of matter.
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Mechanical Energy
Heat Energy
Light Energy
Wave Energy
Electrical Energy
Nuclear Energy
hemical Energy
!elationship
"ith
matter
#roperties of
Energy
!elationship
"ith
energy
#roperties of
Matter
forms states
Matter Energy
Mechanics
#roperties
of matter
Heat
Light
Wave
in the fields of
Electricity $
Electromagnetism
%tomic #hysics
$ Nuclear
Electronics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
1.2 PHYSICA !UANTITIES
"ase #$antity
1 % physical quantity is &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&..
' E%a&'(es )* scienti*ic instruments (&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
) % +ase #$antity is a physical quantity "hich cannot *e defined in terms of other physical
quantities.
+ Study the follo"ing picture and list the physical quantities that can *e measured.
, List of , *asic physical quantities and their units.
-ase quantity Sym*ol S... /nit Sym*ol for S... /nit
Length
Mass
0ime
urrent
0emperature
1 0"o quantities that have also identified as *asic quantity. 0here are (
i2 &&&&&&&&&&..unit &&&&.. ii2 &&&&&&&&&. unit
&&&&&..
0he list of physical quantities (
1. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.
'. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.
). &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.
+. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.
,. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.
1. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.
3. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.
4. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.
battery battery
'
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Standard ,)r&
1 Standard form 5 % 6 17
n
8 1 9 % 9 17 and n 5 integer
' Standard form is used to &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&...
) Some physical quantities have e6tremely small magnitudes. Write the follo"ing
quantities in standard form (
a. !adius of the earth 5 1 )37 777 m 5&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.
*. Mass of an electron 5 7.777 777 777 777 777 777 777 777 777 777 :11 ;g 5&&&...
c. Si<e of a particle 5 7.777 7) m 5 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
*. =iameter of an atom 5 7.777 777 73' m 5 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&...
c. Wavelength of light 5 7.777 777 ,, m 5 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&..
Pre*i%es
1. #refi6es are usually used to &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&...
'. .t "ill *e "ritten &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
). 0he list of prefi6es (
+. Some physical quantities have e6tremely large magnitudes. 0hese e6tremely large and
small values can *e "ritten in standard *)r& or using standard 're*i%es. Write the
quantities in standard prefi6es(
a. >requency of radio "ave 5 :1 777 777 H< 5 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.
*. =iameter of the earth 5 1' 477 777 m 5 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
Tera (T)
Giga (G)
Mega (M)
kilo (k)
mili (m)
micro ()
nano (n)
pico (p)
10
12
10
9
10
6
10
3
10
0
10
-3
10
-6
10
-9
10
-12
Hekto (ha)
Deka (da)
desi (d)
centi (s)
10
2
10
1
10
-1
10
-2
Eg (
1 0m 5 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&.
).1 m% 5 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&.
Ho" to change the unit ?
Eg (
1. Mega to nano
'. 0era to micro
). pi;o to Mega
)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
c. =istance *et"een the moon and the earth 5 )4) 777 777 m 5 &&&&&&&&&
d. Mass of the earth 5 1 777 777 777 777 777 777 777 777 ;g 5 &&&&&&&&&
Deri-ed #$antities
1 % derived quantity is &&.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
' =etermine the derived unit for the follo"ing derived quantities
Deri-ed
#$antity
,)r&$(a Deri-ed $nit
Na&e )*
deri-ed $nit
area area 5 length 6 "idth m 6 m 5 m
'
@
volume volume 5 length 6 "idth 6 height m 6 m 6 m 5 m
)
@
density
olume
mass
ensity d = @
velocity
time
nt displaceme
elocity = @
momentum momentum 5 mass 6 velocity ;g m s
A1
@
%cceleration
time
elocity in change
on accelerati = @
>orce force 5 mass 6 acceleration ;g m s
A'
Ne"ton BN2
pressure
area
!orce
pressure =
"eight "eight 5 mass 6 gravitational acceleration
"or; "or; 5 force 6 displacement
po"er
time
"or#
po"er =
;inetic energy
$
elocity mass %&' =
'
1
potential
energy
#.E 5 mass 6 gravitational acceleration 6 height %g ms
($
Joule )J*
charge charge 5 current 6 time
+mpere second
)+s*
Coulom, )C*
voltage
charge
"or;
voltage =
J C
(1
-olt )*
+
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Deri-ed
#$antity
,)r&$(a Deri-ed $nit
Na&e )*
deri-ed $nit
resistance
current
oltage
resistance =
+
(1
.hm )/*
Note that the physical quantities such as "idth8 thic;ness8 height8 distance8 displacement8
perimeter8 radius and diameter are equivalent to length.
1.. SCAAR AND /ECTOR !UANTITIES
1 Scalar quantities are &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
E6amples ( &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
' Cector quantities are&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&...
E6amples ( &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
) Study the follo"ing description of events carefully and then decide "hich events require
magnitude8 direction or *oth to specify them.
=escription of events Magnitude =irection
1. 0he temperature in the room is ',
7

'. 0he location of %yer Hitam is 17 ;m to the northA
"est of Dohor -ahru

). 0he po"er of the electric *ul* is 47 W
+. % car is travelling at 47 ;m hA1 from Dohor -ahru
to Euala Lumpur

1.0 1EASURE1ENTS
Using A''r)'riate Instr$&ents t) 1eas$re
1 0here are various types of&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.
' We must ;no" ho" to choose the appropriate instrument to &&&&&&&&&&&..
) E6amples of instrument and its measuring a*ility.
Measuring instrument !ange o" meas#rement $mallest scale di%ision
Measuring tape
Meter rule
Cernier caliper
Micrometer scre" gauge
+ Sample of measuring instruments (
,
_________________________________________________________________________________________
0.1 A&&eter ( &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&..
+.' 1eas$ring cy(inder ( &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&....................
+.) R$(er ( &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&rong right &rong

10 11 12 13 1' 1( !eading ) ****** cm
+.+ Cernier calliper
% venier calliper is used to measure (
a. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&*. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.
c. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&d. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.
% vernier calliper gives readings to an accuracy of &&&&&&&&&&&&&...&. cm.

Length of vernier scale 5 &&& cm
Cernier scale is divided into 17 divisions
0 1
0 ( 10
Main scale in cm
+ernier scale
pointer mirror
pointer mirror
#ointerFs image is *ehind the pointer
incorret reading correct
reading

1 2 3
0 '

1 2 3
0 '

#ointerFs image can *e seen
!ight position of eye Beye are in a line perpendicular to the plane of
the scale2
"rong position of eye
"rong position of eye
water
cm 0 1 2 3 '

S2AA
UTA1A
3
4 13
inside ,a&s
+ernier scale
o#tside ,a&s
Main scale
0he differenct *et"een the main scale and vernier scale
is 5 &&&&&&&&&&&. cm
1
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Length of the divisions 5 &&&. cm
0he diagram *elo" sho"s a vernier calliper "ith reading.

Cernier calliper reading 5 &&&&&. cm
+., Micrometer scre" gauge.
% micrometer scre" gauge is used to measure (
a. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
*. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.
c. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

E6ample (
+.1 Some others measuring instruments (

7 ,
17
7
1
0 1 2 3 ' ( 6 - . 9 10
0 1 cm
Main scale ) *******
+ernier scale ) *******
/inal reading ) *******

/ind the di%ision o"
%ernier scale &hich is
coincides &ith an0 part o"
the main scale
Gne complete turn of the thim*le
B,7 division2 moves the spindle *y
7.,7 mm.
=ivision of thim*le
5 &&&&&&&..
5 &&&&&&&..
% accuracy of micrometer
scre" gauge 5 &&&&&..
Sleeve scale ( &&&&&
0him*le scale ( &&&&.
0otal reading ( &&&&..
Sleeve scale ( &&&&&
0him*le scale ( &&&&.
0otal reading ( &&&&...
3
_________________________________________________________________________________________
&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&& &&&..
&&&&&&&&&. &&&&&&&&.. &&&&&&
HandsAon activity 1.1 on page 1 of the practical *oo; to learn more a*out choosing
appropriate instruments.
E%ercise: /ernier Ca((i'ers And 1icr)&eter Scre5 6a$ge

1. Write do"n the readings sho"n *y the follo"ing
Ba2

B*2
Bc2
Bd2
7 , 17
7 1
7 , 1
7
1 3

7
, 17

3 4

7 ,
17
+
,
% -
H #
%ns"er( &0&01 cm&&&&..
%ns"er( 24&$0 cm2222&&
%ns"er( 223&$4 cm222&&
%ns"er( 25&5$ cm2222&&
4
_________________________________________________________________________________________
'. Ba2 0he follo"ing diagram sho"s the scale of a vernier calliper "hen the Ia"s are closed.
Jero error 5 &5&5$&&& cm
B*2. 0he follo"ing diagram sho"s the scale of the same vernier calliper "hen there are
+7 pieces of card*oard *et"een the Ia"s.
3 1rite do"n the readings sho"n *y the follo"ing micrometer scre" gauges.
Ba2 B*2
%ns"er( &&&&&&&&&&. %ns"er(&&&&&&&..
Bc2 Bd2
%ns"er(&&&&&&&&&& %ns"er(&&&&&&&&.
+. Ba2 =etermine the readings of the follo"ing micrometer scre" gauges.
7 ,
17
, 1
7 , 17
7 1
!eading sho"n 5 &6&34&&.cm
orrected reading 5 &6&3$&&..cm
),
+7
7 ,
30
0
5 10
35
'7
',
7
7
7
,
7
7
1,
'7
7
,
:
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Jero error 5 &5&5$&&.. mm Jero error 5 &5&57&&.. mm
B*2 =etermine the readings of the follo"ing micrometer scre" gauges.
,. Write do"n the readings sho"n *y the follo"ing micrometer scre" gauges.
Ba2 B*2
%ns"er( &3&44 mm&&&& %ns"er( &..1$&7$ mm&&
Bc2 Bd2
%ns"er(&&&+.31 mm&&&& %ns"er( :.13 mm&&&&
1. Ba2 =etermine the readings of the follo"ing micrometer scre" gauges.
Jero error 5 2(5&5$ mm Jero error 5 &5&57.. mm
B*2 =etermine the readings of the follo"ing micrometer scre" gauges.
+,
,
7
7
7
,
1,
'7
Jero error 5 5&57&&&mm
!eading sho"n 5 3&30&&&..mm
orrected reading 5 3&34&&&..mm
),
+7
7 ,
30
0
5 10
35
'7
',
7
7
7
+,
,
7
7
,
7
7
7
,
'7
1,
'7
7
,
17
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Acc$racy and c)nsistency in &eas$re&ents.
1. %ccuracy ( &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
'. onsistency ( &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
). Sensitivity ( &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&..
&&&&&&&&.. &&&&&&&&&&&.. &&&&&&&&&&&&
HandsAon activity 1.' on page ' of the practical *oo; to determine the sensitivity of
some measuring instruments.
Errors in measurements
1. %ll measurements are values &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
'. .n other "ord8 it is a matter of &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
). 0his is *ecause &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
+. 0"o main types of errors(
+.1 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
Gccurs due to (
a2 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
*2 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
c2 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
target
target
1,
Jero error 5 &5&57.mm
!eading sho"n 5 &.3&30..mm
orrected reading 5 &3&34..mm
11
_________________________________________________________________________________________
E6amples (
a2 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
*2 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
c2 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
A+s)($te err)r (
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&.
E6ample (
Para((a% err)r : &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
7er) err)r : &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&...
orrect reading 5 o*served reading @ <ero error
#ositive <ero error negative <ero error

+.' &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&..
Gccurs due to
a2 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
Jero error of scre" meter gauge
#ositive <ero error
2ero error )
0 1 cm
0 1 2 3 ' ( 6 - . 9 10 0 1 2 3 ' ( 6 - . 9 10
2ero error )
0 1 cm
Hori<ontal
reference
Hori<ontal
reference
) divisions a*ove
hori<ontal reference
' divisions *elo"
hori<ontal reference
Jero error 5 Jero error 5
1'
_________________________________________________________________________________________
*2 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
c2 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
E6ample (
a2 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&..&
*2 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&..
1.4 SCIENCETI,IC IN/ESTI6ATION

Steps 34planation
1
Ma;ing
o*servation
'
=ra"ing
inferences
)
.dentifying
and controlling
varia*les
+
>ormulating a
hypothesis
,
onducting
e6periments
P(an and re')rt an e%'eri&ent
Situation ( % fe" children are playing on a different length of s"ing in a
playground. .t is found that the time of oscillation for each s"ing is different.
Steps E6ample ( refer to the situation a*ove
1
.nference
1)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2
Hypothesis
3
%im
'
Caria*les
(
List of
apparatus and
materials
6 5rrangement o"
the apparat#s
3 #rocedures
1+
_________________________________________________________________________________________
4 0a*ulate the
data
:
1
7
1
1
%nalyse the
data
=iscussion
onclusion
Precautions :
1. Oscillation time is measured when the pendulum attained a steady
state.
2. Time for 10 oscillations is repeated twice to increase accuracy.
3. Discussion (refer to gien !uestions"
The period increases when the length of the pendulum increases.
#ypothesis accepted.
1,
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Rein*)rce&ent Cha'ter 1
Part A :O+8ecti-e !$esti)n
1. Which of the follo"ing is a *ase S.
quantityK
% Weight - Energy
Celocity = Mass
'. Which of the follo"ing is a derived
quantityK
% Length - Mass
0emperature = Coltage
). Which of the follo"ing is not a *asic
unitK
% Ne"ton - ;ilogram
ampere = second
+. Which of the follo"ing quantities
cannot *e derivedK
% Electric current - #o"er
Momentum = >orce
,. Which of the follo"ing quantities is
not derived from the *asic physical
quantity of lengthK
% Electric charge - =ensity
Celocity = Colume
1. .nitial velocity u8 final velocity v8
time t and another physical quantity ;
is related *y the equation v A u 5 ;t.
0he unit for ; is
% m s
A1
- m
A1
s
m s
A'
= m
'
s
A'

3. Which of the follo"ing has the
smallest magnitudeK
% megametre - centimetre
;ilometre = mi;rometre
4. + )'4 777 777 mm in standard form is
% +.)'4 6 17
A:
m - +.)'4 6 17
A1
m
+.)'4 6 17
1
m = +.)'4 6 17
:
m
:. Which of the follo"ing measurements
is the longestK
% 1.' 6 17
A,
cm - 1'7 6 17
A+
dm
7.1' mm = 1.' 6 17
A11
;m
17. 0he diameter of a particle is ',7 m.
What is its diameter in cmK
% '., 6 17
A'
- '., 6 17
A+

'., 6 17
A1
= '., 6 17
A4
11. Which of the follo"ing prefi6es is
arranged in ascending orderK
% mili8 senti8 mi;ro8 desi
- mi;ro8 mili8 senti8 desi
mili8 mi;ro8 desi8 senti
= desi8 mi;ro8 mili8 senti
1'. Celocity8 density8 force and energy are
% *asic quantities
- scalar quantities
derived quantities
= vector quantities
1). Which of the follo"ing sho"s the
correct conversion of unitsK
% '+ mm
)
5'.+ 6 17
A1
m
)
- )77 mm
)
5).7 6 17
A3
m
)
477 mm
)
54.7 6 17
A'
m
)
= 1 777 mm
)
51.7 6 17
A+
m
)
1+. Which of the follo"ing measurements
is the shortest K
% ).+, 6 17
)
m
- ).+, 6 17
+
cm
).+, 6 17
3
mm
= ).+, 6 17
1'
m
1,. 0he Hit< >M channel *roadcasts radio
"aves at a frequency of :'.4 MH< in
the north region. What is the frequency
of the radio "ave in H<K
% :.'4 6 17
+
- :.'4 6 17
,

:.'4 6 17
3
= :.'4 6 17
17
11. %n o*Iect moves along a straight line
for time8 t. 0he length of the line8 s is
given *y the equation
'
'
1
gt s =
. 0he
S. unit of g is
% m
'
s
'
- m s
A'
s
A1
= s
A'
m
11
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Part " : Str$ct$re !$esti)n
1. % car moves "ith an average speed of 3, ;m h
A1
from to"n # to to"n H in ' hours as
sho"n in >igure 1. -y using this information8 you may calculate the distance *et"een the
t"o to"ns.
# H
>igure 1
Ba2 Bi2 -ased on the statements given8 state t"o *asic quantities and their respective
S. units.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
Bii2 State a derived quantity and its S. unit.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
B*2 onvert the value 1 . m to standard form.
, 6 17
A)
Bc2 omplete 0a*le 1 *y "riting the value of each given prefi6.
0a*le 1
Bd2 #o"er is defined as the rate of change of "or; done. =erive the unit for po"er in
terms of its *asic units.
Be2 alculate the volume of a "ooden *loc; "ith dimension of 3 cm8 , cm *readth and 1'
cm height in m
)
and convert its value in standard form.
13
_________________________________________________________________________________________
'. >igure ' sho"s an ammeter of 7L) % range.
>igure '
Ba2 Bi2 Name component M. &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&...
Bii2 What is the function of MK &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.
B*2 0a*le ' sho"s three current readings o*tained *y three students.
0a*le '
Bi2 =id all the students use the ammeter in >igure'K ..&&&&&&&&&&&&&.
Bii2 E6plain your ans"er in B*2Bi2.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
). >igure ) sho"s the meniscus of "ater in a measuring cylinder E8 L8 and M are three eye
positions "hile measuring the volume of the "ater.
Ba2 Bi2 Which of the eye positions is
correct "hile
ta;ing the reading of the volume of
"aterK
&&.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
>igure )
B*2 0he "ater in the measuring cylinder is
replaced "ith )7 cm
)
of mercury.
Bi2 .n >igure +8 dra" the meniscus of the
mercury in the measuring cylinder. >igure +
Bii2 E6plain "hy the shape of the meniscus of mercury is as dra"n in B*2Bi2.
14
_________________________________________________________________________________________
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
1:

Study of The Natural Phenomena and The Properties of Matter

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4

Students Copy Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics

1.4 SCIENCETI,IC IN/ESTI6ATION

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