Note 1: Understanding Moral & Ethics

IMPORTANCE OF MORAL
Inculcation
The values that educators believe lead to moral behavior. These values include honesty,
compassion, justice, and respect for others. One way of teaching such standards is to provide
appropriate praise and punishment. nother means is to have teachers reflect the desired
values in their own behavior.
Values Clarification
!elps students develop their own values and moral standards by teaching them a
decision"ma#ing process. The learning procedures stress setting goals, choosing thoughtfully
from alternatives, and acting on one$s own convictions.
Moral developent
Moral development is to improve the ability in judging moral %uestions. This method is
based on the theory that people progress from lower to higher stages of moral reasoning.
&eople progress from ma#ing moral decisions based on self"interest, to see#ing the approval of
others, to following rules, to respecting the rights of others, and so on. t the highest moral
level, an individual might oppose the laws of society if they conflict with moral principles that are
even higher.
Value anal!sis
pply techni%ues of logic and scientific investigation to matters involving values. 'tress
the importance of e(ploring all alternatives, of gathering and evaluating the facts, and of ma#ing
a logical decision
"rite t#e list of our national ideolo$!)
****************************************************************************
****************************************************************************
****************************************************************************
**************************
"#at is Moralit!%
ccording to shmore +,-./0)
1Moral2 comes from the 3atin word,*****************, which means
*********************************.
,
The interpretation given by 4obert 5. 'olomon +,--/0)
*********************************************
*********************************************
*********************************************
*********************************************
*********************************************
"#at is Moralit!%
Eow +67760)
'ocial instrument which guides individuals and groups in their daily lives. 4e%uire
individuals and groups to follow. !elps people to behave rationally as members of
the society. Moral is teaching, regulation group and resolution, oral or written about
how the person should live and act so that he becomes a good person.
8t concerned with the principles*********************************& able to
understand the differences between right and wrong
'N(ER)TAN(IN* ET+IC) , (EFINITION)
"#at is Et#ics9
shmore +,-./0)
1Ethics2 is derived from :ree# word, _____________, means
---------------.
'N(ER)TAN(IN* ET+IC) , (EFINITION)
"#at is Et#ics%
;ritannica Encyclopaedia)
********************************************************
--------------------------------------------------------
&roviding general principles that will help us evaluate the validity of a
moral rule and choose between different sets of moral rules.
6
5an be also #nown as ---------------------------------
;ritannica Encyclopaedia)
Ethics is also #nowledge and moral to state whether how should we live
and why we should follow the respective moral values.
Principle of oral and oral sciences.
---------------------------------------------------------
Ethics can be seen as a philosophy of human behavior from 6 different aspects)
********************* < your actions and behavior
-------------------- < your thoughts
(ifferent sets of oral rules are deterined /! t#e different set of oral values.
8f you practice appropriate moral values, then you can interpret any right or
wrong actions.
T#ese values differ in t#at it creates different interpretation of 0#at is ri$#t or
0ron$.
Et#ics is considered a normative science, because it is concerned with norms of human
conduct, as distinguished from the formal sciences, such as mathematics and logic, and the
empirical sciences, such as chemistry and physics.
lthough Ethics has always been viewed as a branch of philosophy, its all"embracing
practical nature lin#s it with many other areas of study, including anthropology, biology,
economics, history, politics, sociology, and theology.
Ethics remains distinct from such disciplines because it is not a matter of factual
#nowledge in the way that the sciences and other branches of in%uiry are.
IN(IVI('AL ET+IC) 1 2E+AVIOR
Moral and ethics in all religions +8slam0 = origin is 1/e#avior2
+_______________________0.
5an be also defined as)
----------------------------------------------------------------.
;ehavior include habits, customs etc.
IN(IVI('AL ET+IC) , 2E+AVIOR
>
'cope and definitions of behavior)
"#at is $ood or evil%
!ow do you define an action is good or evil9
+o0 to evaluate an action is $ood or evil%
!ow do you judge an action9
?hat is your perception an action good or evil9
"#at is t#e otive& value or internal factor /e#ind ever! action%
@our intentions for every action9 :ood or evil9
MORAL 3 ET+IC) : )IMILAR OR (IFFERENT%
Ethics & morality are NOT the sameA
person is)
********************= if that person follows the moral rules.
********************** = if that person brea#s the moral rules.
person is)
********************* = if that person is aware of the basic principles
governing moral conduct & acts in a manner consistent with those principles.
8f the person does not do so, they are **********************.
CLA))IFICATION) OF MORALIT4
discipline to infor us 0#at are oral s!stes t#at /ein$ practiced /! societ!.
5an be also discussed as a 0a! to 5ud$e and to 6uestion various issues on actions
or /e#avior.
Practical /ased .
Moralit! is t#e t#in$ t#at is /ein$ researc#ed /! et#ics .
E(ample)
3ittering might not be considered wrong in rural areas but considered wrong in
urban.
B
Crin#ing for 5hristians is moral but wrong and banned by Muslims.
Cefined as stateents a/out t#e ri$#tness or 0ron$ness of particular actions.
Appl! oral standards or oral principles to specific situations .
Moral judgements are based on)
Environent where one has been brought upD
)ocial s!ste practiced in that particular societyD
Reli$ion one is practicing
E(amples of statements that e(press moral judgments)
Cumping chemicals in the rivers is 0ron$ and ou$#t to /e /anned.
!e$s a /ad person " he never treats people well and does not seem to respect
anyone
'tatements concerning morality are practical statements, but NOT ALL practical
statements are statements concerning morality.
This is because morality discusses on which action is ri$#t or 0ron$, 0#at needs to
/e done etc.
CLA))IFICATION) OF ET+IC)
Tendency to use ethics as a guide in our daily lives.
T#eoretical /ased .
Et#ics are researc#er of oralit! .
Two classifications of ethics)
1. (escriptive Et#ics 6. Norative Et#ics
CLA))IFICATION) OF ET+IC)
E(ample)
8n medical field, a code +set of rules0 is outlined & guide medical officers in the
medical relationship between patients & practitioners.8n business, business
ethics are taught to guide business relationship between customers, wor#ers &
rivals.
E
CLA))IFICATION) OF ET+IC): 17 (E)CRIPTIVE ET+IC)
(escriptive Et#ics
discipline to discuss #istor! of oral s!stes.
Tells us 0#at oral s!stes 0#ic# is /ein$ currentl! practiced /!
soeone or a particular $roup.
Tells us that t#ere are an! relative oral s!stesD such as
;uddhism, 5hristianity, 8slam.
"ill not /e a/le to a8e an! value or 5ud$ent on t#e oral
s!stes.
Cescriptive ethics) "#at do people t#in8 is ri$#t%
F
Note 9: CLA))IFICATION) OF ET+IC): NORMATIVE ET+IC)
Norative Et#ics
To value& 5ud$e and a/le to a8e decisions on t#e current oral
s!stes 0#ic# is /ein$ practiced.
Elaborate a particular moral system 0#ic# is considered to /e t#e /est
and accepta/le& NOT t#e current one /ein$ practiced.
Present a standard oral s!ste 0#ic# is /ased on t#e current
oral s!ste.
Gormative ethics) +o0 s#ould people act%
CAN ET+IC) 2E TA'*+T%
'ome people say yes, others no. ?hat do you thin#9
Plato +a :ree# philosopher0 thought ethics CO'L( be taught.
&lato wrote) HAll Evil is I$noranceI = the only reason we do what is wrong because we
do not #now or believe it is wrong.
!elps to understand the nature of an ethical problem. ble to thin# critically & provide
conceptual tools & s#ills.
3ead students to be respectful of opposing views.
NORMATIVE 3 NON,NORMATIVE )TATEMENT)
?e use these statements every day.
These statements differ from each other based on the following aspects)
1. )u/stance:
9. Messa$e:
/
;. )t!le.
NORMATIVE )TATEMENT)
Gormative statements refer to)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
--------These may include true or false, good or bad, truth or lies, acceptable or
unacceptable.
E(ample)
H8 do not a$ree what the lecturer saysI.
H5ommitting adultery is a sinI.
NORMATIVE )TATEMENT)
Gormative statements #ave iplications on /e#avior 3 actions.
?hen ma#ing such statements, we decide an individual s#ould /e#ave or act li8e
t#at.
E(ample)
H?e s#ould help the unfortunateI.
H?e do not steal other people2s belongingsI.
NORMATIVE )TATEMENT)
Gormative statements are also
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------
E(ample)
H@ou must abide all college rulesI.
HGice to see, nice to hold. Once bro#en, consider soldI.
NON,NORMATIVE )TATEMENT)
Gon"normative statements are)
Free fro value& does not produce value 5ud$eent D
Noral stateents .
.
5an also be classified as 1ordinary2 sentences.
E(ample) ,. HThis is a red carI 6.H'he sleeps very earlyI.
-