Burj Dubai Concept Design and Construction Presentation

Introduction
Introduction
Burj Khalifa (formally Dubai) is the new tallest
tower in the world.
Construction began on 21 September 2004 &
completed on 1 October 2009.
The building was officially opened on 4 J anuary
2010
Height of the Tower is 828m .
Its Owner is EMAAR Properties with total
investments of US$ 1.5 billion.
The tower is designed by Skidmore, Owings
and Merrill (SOM)
Adrian smith was chief architect.
World
World
s Tallest Building
s Tallest Building
From the head start , it has been intended
that the Burj Dubai be the Worlds Tallest
Building.
The official arbiter of height is the Council on
Tall Buildings and Urban the illinois Institute
of Technology in Chicago, Illinois.
The CTBUH measures the height of
buildings (measured from sidewalk at the
main entrance).
Burj Dubai is the tallest skyscraper to
top of spire: 828 m
Building with highest occupied floor in the
world163rd floor
World
World
s Tallest Building
s Tallest Building
Highest outdoor observation deck in the world
(124th floor) at 452 m
World's highest elevator installation, situated
inside a rod at the very top of the building
World's fastest elevators at speed of 64 km/h
(40 mph) or 18 m/s
Highest vertical concrete pumping (for a building):
606 m
World's highest installation of an aluminum and
glass facade, at a height of 512 m
World's highest New Year fireworks display
Architectural Concept
Architectural Concept
The context of the Burj
Dubai being located in the
city of Dubai, UAE, drove
the inspiration for the
building form to
incorporate cultural and
historical particular to the
region.
The influences of the
Middle Eastern domes and
pointed arches in
traditional buildings, spiral
imagery in Middle Eastern
architecture, resulted in
the tri-axial shape of the
building
Architecture
Architecture
Burj Dubai includes163 habitable
floors plus 46 maintenance levels in
the spire and 9 parking levels in the
basement.
Floor Area 309,473 m
2
The Residences
900 residence from floor
Armani Residences
Armani Residences Dubai has
been designed personally by Giorgio
Armani. 144 suites.
Hotel (L39)
Residence
(L108)
Spire
Observator
y (L123)
Communication
(L160)
Office (L153)
Pinnacle
Architecture
Architecture
The observatory
On level 123, At the Top, Burj Dubai, is
a must-see attraction and offers
breathtaking views of the city and the
surrounding emirate.
Connected to the tower are The
Offices, a 12-storey annex of prime
office space
The Corporate Suites:
Are located on the highest levels of the
tower. They occupy 37 floors, with the
top three floors merged into a single
office. Express lifts take office visitors
directly to a lounge lobby at Level 123
Hotel (L39)
Residence
(L108)
Spire
Observatory
(L123)
Communication
(L160)
Office (L153)
Pinnacle
Architecture
Architecture
Mechanical Floors
Seven double-storey mechanical floors
house the equipment that bring Burj
Dubai to life. Located every 30 storeys,
the mechanical floors house the electrical
sub-stations, water tanks and pumps, air-
handling units etc, that are essential for
the operation of the tower and the comfort
of its occupants.
Broadcast and Communications Floors
The top four floors have been reserved for
communications and broadcasting. These
floors occupy the levels just below the
spire.
Main Structure & Design
The tower superstructure of Burj Dubai is
designed as an all reinforced concrete building
with high performance concrete from the
foundation level to level 156, and is topped with
a structural steel braced frame from level 156 to
the pinnacle.
Designers purposely shaped the structural
concrete Burj Dubai Yshaped in plan to
reduce the wind forces on the tower, as well as
to keep the structure simple and foster
constructability.
The structural system can be described as a
buttressedcore. Each wing, with its own high
performance concrete corridor walls and
perimeter columns, buttresses the others via a
six-sided central core, or hexagonal hub
Structural Analysis & Design
The top section of the Tower consists of a
structural steel spire utilizing a diagonally
braced lateral system.
The structural steel spire was designed for
gravity, wind, seismic and fatigue in
accordance with the requirements of AISC
Load and Resistance Factor Design
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
(1999). The exterior exposed steel is
protected with a flame applied aluminum
finish
The result is a tower that is
extremely stiff laterally and
torsionally similar to a closed tube.
Each tier of the building sets back
in a spiral stepping pattern up the
building. The setbacks are
organized with the towers grid,
such that the building stepping is
accomplished by aligning columns
above with walls below to provide a
smooth load path.
The advantage of the stepping and
shaping is to confuse the wind.
The wind vortices never get
organized because at each new tier
the wind encounters a different
building shape.
Main Structure
Main Structure
The center hexagonal walls are buttressed
by the wing walls and hammer head walls
which behave as the webs and flanges of a
beam to resist the wind shears and
moments.
Outriggers at the mechanical floors allow
the columns to participate in the lateral load
resistance of the structure; hence, all of the
vertical concrete is utilized to support both
gravity and lateral loads.
Concrete Dimensions
Concrete Dimensions
The core walls vary in thickness from
1300mm to 500mm. The core walls are
typically linked through a series of 800mm
to 1100mm deep reinforced concrete or
composite link beams at every level.
The residential and hotel floor framing
system of the Tower consists of 200mm to
300mm two-way reinforced concrete flat
plate slabs spanning approximately 9
meters between the exterior columns and
the interior core wall.
Link Beams
Link Beams
The demands on the link beams vary
greatly.
The typical link beams used in the Burj
Dubai are quite stocky with a shear-span
ratio (l/2h) of 0.85, a width of 650 mm and a
height of 825 mm.
Link Beams
Link Beams
For the design of reinforced concrete link
beams:
1. The conventional deep beam design method in
the ACI 318-992
2. Strut-and-tie method in ACI 318-023 were
used, with Appendix A enabling the design of
link beams somewhat beyond the
conventionally designed maximum deep beam
stress limit.
3. In the case of members subjected to very large
shear forces, embedded built-up structural
steel sections were provided within the core of
the concrete link beams to carry the entire
shear and flexure demand.
Strut and Tie model for the
Strut and Tie model for the
Link Beam
Link Beam
Design Details of Link
Beams
Beams
The geometry, factored loads, and design
methods of four Burj Dubai link beams, LB1
to LB4, are shown in Table 1.
Beams
Beams
Clear Heights
Clear Heights
The tower is being constructed utilizing a
horizontal compensation program. Each
story is being constructed incorporating a
modest increase in the typical floor-to-floor
height.
This vertical compensation was selected to
ensure the actual height of the structure,
after the time-dependant shortening effects
of creep and shrinkage, will be greater than
the as-designed final height.
The structure was analyzed for
gravity (including P-Delta analysis),
wind, and seismic loadings by
ETABS version 8.4 .
The three-dimensional analysis
model consisted of the reinforced
concrete walls, link beams, slabs,
raft, piles, and the spire structural
steel system.
The full 3D analysis model
consisted of over73,500 shells and
75,000 nodes
Design Code
Design Code
The reinforced concrete structure was designed in accordance with
the requirements of ACI 318-02 Building Code Requirements for
Structural
Concrete.
Seismic Loads
Seismic Loads
Dubai is situated towards the eastern edge of the
geologically stable Arabian Plate and separated
from the unstable Iranian Fold Belt to the north by
the Arabian Gulf. The site is therefore considered to
be located within a seismically active area.
The Dubai Municipality (DM) specifies Dubai as a
UBC97 Zone 2a seismic region with a seismic zone
factor Z = 0.15 and soil profile Sc.
Seismic Analysis
Seismic Analysis
The seismic analysis consisted of a site-specific
response spectra analysis.
Seismic loading typically did not govern the design
of the reinforced concrete tower structure. But did
govern the design of the steel spire.
Dr Max Irvine developed site-specific seismic
reports for the project, including a seismic hazard
analysis.
Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Analysis
The dynamic analysis indicated the first mode is lateral sidesway
with a period of 11.3 seconds .
The second mode is a perpendicular lateral sidesway with a period
of 10.2 seconds.
Torsion is the fifth mode with a period of 4.3 seconds
Types of wind
Types of wind
Winds that are of interest in the design
of buildings can be classified into
three major types
Prevailing Winds (Trade winds)
seasonal winds
local winds
Types of wind
Types of wind
The characteristics of the prevailing
and seasonal winds are analytically
studied together, whereas those of
local winds are studied separately.
The variations in the speed of
prevailing and seasonal winds are
referred to as fluctuations in mean
velocity. The variations in the local
winds are referred to as gusts.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
CHARACTERISTICS OF
WIND
WIND
Variation of wind velocity with height.
Wind turbulence.
Statistical probability.
Vortex shedding phenomenon.
Dynamic nature of windstructure
interaction.
Variation of Wind Velocity with
Variation of Wind Velocity with
Height
Height
The viscosity of
air reduces its
velocity
adjacent to the
earths surface to
almost zero.
Wind Turbulence
Wind Turbulence
For structural engineering purposes, velocity of
wind can be considered as having two
components:
Mean velocity component that increases with height,
Turbulent velocity that remains the same over height.
Probabilistic Approach
Probabilistic Approach
In wind engineering the speed of wind
is considered to vary with return
periods.
For example, the fastest-mile wind 33
ft (10 m) above ground in Dallas, TX,
corresponding to a 50-year return
period,(30 m/s), compared to the
value of (31.7 m/s) for a 100-year
recurrence interval.
Vortex Shedding
Vortex Shedding
The flow of wind is simplified and
considered two-dimensional
Along wind
transverse wind
Vortex Shedding
Vortex Shedding
At low wind speeds, shedding
occurs at the same instant on
either side of the building, It is
therefore subject to along-
wind oscillations parallel to
the wind direction
At higher speeds, the vortices
are shed alternately, first from
one and then from the other
side. there is an impulse in
the along-wind direction as
before, but in addition, there
is an impulse in the
transverse direction.
Wind behavior
Wind behavior
Dynamic Nature of Wind
Dynamic Nature of Wind
Windloadsassociatedwithgustinessor
turbulencecreatingeffectsmuchlarger
thanifthesameloadswereapplied
gradually.
Windloads,therefore,needtobestudied
asiftheyweredynamicinnature.
Theintensityofawindloaddependson
howfastitvariesandalsoonthe
responseofthestructure.
WIND CLIMATE STUDIES
In the course of the Burj Dubai studies local
ground based data from several weather stations
in the region were used, including most
importantly the data from Dubai International
Airport.
Gust data from all stations were merged into the
equivalent a super-station to obtain an enlarged
database
The 50 year 3 second gust from this analysis
was estimated to be 37.7 m/s in standard open
terrain at the 10 m level.
In addition the mean hourly data from Dubai
were used to obtain a model of the parent
distribution of hourly winds
This yielded a 50 year mean hourly speed of
23.5 m/s, again in standard open terrain
conditions at 10 m.
Depending on exactly which method one
used to estimate the relationship between
mean and gust speeds the corresponding
gust was estimated to be in the range 35.7
m/s to 37.6 m/s.
An important question when designing a tower of
over 600 m height is the nature of the wind
velocity profile and wind turbulence in the upper
levels.
It is a large extrapolation to go from ground-
based data at the 10 m height to heights of over
600 m using standard assumptions
Therefore for Burj Dubai more direct
measurements of upper level winds were sought.
The closest station with balloon records was Abu
Dhabi, where about 16 years of data were
available taken on average about twice per day.
The Wind Engineering of the
The Wind Engineering of the
Burj Dubai Tower
Burj Dubai Tower
For a building of this height and
slenderness, wind forces and the
resulting motions in the upper levels
become dominant factors in the
structural design.
The local wind pressures on the
building envelope and the wind
speeds around the base of the
building and on terraces at various
levels were of concern.
WIND-TUNNEL ENGINEERING
Therefore, an extensive program of wind tunnel
tests and other studies were undertaken
Rigid pressure model
High-frequency force-balance technique
Full multi-degree of freedom aeroelastic model
study
Measurements of local pressures
Pedestrian wind environment studies
These studies used models mostly at 1:500
scale but for the pedestrian wind studies a
larger scale of 1:250 was utilized
Rigid Pressure Model (PM)
Rigid Pressure Model (PM)
The primary purpose of the rigid-
model test is for obtaining cladding
design pressures, get the floor-by-
floor shear forces for the design of
the overall main wind-force-
resisting frame.
The wind-tunnel test is run for a
duration of about 60 sec which
corresponds to approximately 1 hr
in real time.
Cladding Pressure Testing
High
High
-
-
Frequency Base Force
Balance Model
Balance Model
The effect of wind load on a flexible
building can be considered as an
integrated action resulting from three
distinct sources
The mean wind load, that bends and
twists a building,
The fluctuating load from the unsteady
nature of the wind that results in
oscillation of the building
Inertia forces similar to the lateral forces
induced in a building during earthquakes
High
High
-
-
Balance Model
Balance Model
A rigid model is convenient for
measuring local wind pressures
consisting of positive and negative
pressures distributed uniquely around
a building.
These local pressures are integrated
to derive net lateral forces in two
perpendicular directions and a
torsional moment about a vertical axis,
at each level
High
High
-
-
Balance Model
Balance Model
These values have been sufficient for
the design of buildings bracing
system.
HFBFB ignore the influence of gust
factor.
It is necessary to assume a
conservative gust factor to increase
the mean values.
WIND LOADING ON THE MAIN
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
To determine the wind loading on the
main structure wind tunnel tests were
undertaken early in the design using the
high-frequency-force-balance technique.
The model itself is rigid and is mounted
on a fast response force balance
The technique is that it is relatively quick
to undertake and provides the complete
spectra of the wind generated modal
forces acting on the tower.
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
The results of the force balance tests were
used as early input for the structural design
and allowed parametric studies to be
undertaken on the effects of varying the
towers stiffness and mass distribution.
The wind tunnel data were then combined
with the dynamic properties of the tower in
order to compute the towers dynamic
response and the overall effective wind force
distributions at full scale using aeroelastic
model analysis
The building has essentially six
The building has essentially six
important wind directions
important wind directions
Orientation of the tower
Orientation of the tower
It was noticed that the force spectra
for different wind directions showed
less excitation in the important
frequency range for winds impacting
the pointed or nose end of a wing,
than from the opposite direction (tail).
most frequent strong wind directions
for Dubai: northwest, south and east.
High
High
-
-
Balance Model
Balance Model
Several rounds of force balance tests were
undertaken as the geometry of the tower
evolved and was refined architecturally
After each round of wind tunnel testing, the
data was analyzed and the building was
reshaped to minimize wind effects and
accommodate unrelated changes in the
Clients program.
Original Configuration
Original Configuration
Aeroelastic model study
Aeroelastic model study attempts to
take the guesswork out of the gust
factor computation by measuring
directly the magnitude of dynamic
loads.
The aeroelastic studies require
similarity of the inertia, stiffness, and
damping characteristics of the
building.
Aeroelastic study basically examines the
wind-induced sway response, in addition to
providing information on the overall wind-
induced mean and dynamic loads.
Factors may be used as a guide in making a
decision aeroelastic model study
The building height-to-width ratio is greater than
about 5; i.e., the building is slender.
Approximate calculations show that there is a
likelihood of vortex shedding phenomenon.
The structure is light in density on the
order of 8 to 10 lb/ft3 (1.25 to 1.57
kN/m3).
The structural stiffness is concentrated in
the interior of the building, making it
torsionally flexible. A building with a
braced central core is one such example.
The calculated period of oscillation of the
building is long, in excess of 4 or 5 sec.
It is more accurate than a force
balance study since the aeroelastic
interaction between the structure and
wind is fully simulated.
Accurate determination of the
relationship between peak response
and RMS response.
For the Burj Dubai the modal
deflection shapes were similar to
those of a tapered cantilevered
column.
Therefore it was possible to obtain
excellent agreement between
frequencies and mode shapes on the
model with those predicted at full
scale by using a single machined
metal spine in the model with outer
shell segments attached to it.
The aeroelastic model was able to
model the first six sway modes.
Bending moments were measured at
the base as well as at several higher
levels. Accelerations were also
measured in the upper levels.
Comparing aeroelastic model
test results force balance results
It was found that the base moment
and the accelerations in the upper
levels were significantly lower in the
aeroelastic model results.
Part of this was identified as a
Reynolds number effect because the
force balance tests had been run at
lower Reynolds number.
Differences between the force balance
method and the aeroelastic method on Burj
Dubai
Due to approximations in the force balance
procedure as applied to a highly tapered
towered.
Force balance method keep model
resonance frequencies high enough to avoid
them interfering with the frequency range of
interest and one solution is to run at lower
tunnel wind speeds, which entails reducing
the Reynolds number.
BUILDING MOTIONS
BUILDING MOTIONS
Based on the High-Frequency-Force-Balance
test results combined with local wind
statistics the building motions in terms of
peak accelerations were predicted for various
return periods in the 1 to 10 year range.
Initial predictions obtained in May 2003, at
over 37 milli-g for the 5 year return period
By the end of 2004 November 2003 they had
come down to about 19 milli-g for the same
return period
BUILDING MOTIONS
BUILDING MOTIONS
Half of this improvement came about as
a result of improved knowledge of the
wind statistics and the rest through re-
orientation, structural improvements and
shape adjustments.
Several variations of tower height were
tested using aeroelastic models.
The accelerations were reduced to the
range of 12 milli-g.
Human Response to Building
Human Response to Building
Motions
Motions
Building motion under the action of
wind is a serviceability issue.
A commonly used criterion is to limit
the acceleration of a buildings upper
floors to no more than 2.0% of gravity
(20 mg) for a 10-year return period.
PEDESTRIAN WIND STUDIES
A sheet of air moving over the earths
surface is reluctant to rise when it meets
an obstacle such as a tall building. it
prefers to flow around the building rather
than over it
Wind is driven in two directions. Some of
it will be deflected upward, but most of it
will spiral to the ground, creating a so-
called standing vortex or mini tornado at
sidewalk level.
Smooth-skinned skyscrapers may be
subjected to what is called the Mary
Poppins syndrome, referring to the
tendency of the wind to lift the
pedestrian literally off his or her feet.
Another effect, known as the Marilyn
Monroe effect, refers to the billowing
action of womens skirts in the
turbulence of wind around and in the
vicinity of a building.
The comfort of pedestrians at ground
level and on the numerous terrace levels
was evaluated by combining wind speed
measurements on wind tunnel models
with the local wind statistics and other
climatic information.
Two aspects of pedestrian comfort were
considered:
the effect of the mechanical force of the wind
thermal comfort
Initial wind tunnel tests used 1:500
scale models.
Subsequently three 1:250 scale partial
models were employed to examine
ground level areas,
Foundations
Foundations
Soil Investigation
Soil Investigation
Hyder Consulting (UK) Ltd (HCL) were appointed geotechnical
consultant for the works by Emaar and carried out the design
of the foundation system
Soil Investigation in 4 stages included:
23 boreholes
in situ SPTs
40 pressuremeter tests in 3 boreholes,
installation of 4 standpipe piezometers,
laboratory testing, specialist laboratory testing and
contamination testing
3 geophysical boreholes with cross-hole
tomography geophysical surveys
Soil Investigation
Soil Investigation
The quality of core recovered in some of the
earlier boreholes was somewhat poorer than that
recovered in later boreholes.
therefore the defects noted in the earlier rock
cores may not have been representative of the
actual defects present in the rock mass.
Phase 4 of the investigation was targeted to
assess the difference in core quality and this
indicated that the differences were probably
related to the drilling fluid used and the overall
quality of drilling
Soil Investigation & Ground
Soil Investigation & Ground
Water
Water
The groundwater in which the Burj Dubai
substructure is constructed is particularly severe.
The chloride and sulfate concentrations found in
the groundwater are even higher than the
concentrations in sea water.
Measures implemented include specialized
waterproofing systems:
1. Increased concrete cover
2. Addition of corrosion inhibitors to the
concrete mix
3. Stringent crack control design criteria and
4. Impressed current cathodic protection system
utilizing titanium mesh .
5. A controlled permeability formwork liner
Ground Water & Concrete Mix
Ground Water & Concrete Mix
A specially designed concrete mix was
formulated to resist attack from the ground
water.
The concrete mix for the piles was a 60 MPa
mix based on a triple blend with 25% fly ash,
7% silica fume, and a water to cement ratio of
0.32.
The concrete was also designed as a fully self
consolidating concrete, A robust cathodic
protection system for both the bored piles and
the raft foundation
Piles
Piles
The Tower raft is supported by 194 boredcast-
in-place piles
1.5m diameter and 47.45m long with the tower
raft founded at -7.55m
The C60 (cube strength) SCC concrete was
placed by the tremie method utilizing polymer
slurry. When the rebar cage was placed in the
piles, special attention was paid to orient the
rebar cage such that the raft bottom rebar
could be threaded through the numerous pile
rebar cages without interruption, which greatly
simplified the raft construction.
Pile Testing
Pile Testing
1. Static load tests on seven trial piles prior to
foundation construction.
2. Static load tests on eight works piles, carried
out during the foundation construction phase
(i.e. on about 1% of the total number of piles
constructed).
3. In addition, dynamic pile testing was carried
out on 10 of the works piles for the tower and
31 piles for the podium, i.e. on about 5% of
the total works piles.
4. Sonic integrity testing was also carried out on
a number of the works piles.
Static Testing on trial piles
Static Testing on trial piles
The main purpose of the tests was to assess
the general load-settlement behaviour of piles
of the anticipated length below the tower, and
to verify the design assumptions. Each of the
test piles was different, allowing various factors
to be investigated, as follows:
1. The effects of increasing the pile shaft length
2. The effects of shaft grouting
3. The effects of reducing the shaft diameter
4. The effects of uplift (tension) loading
5. The effects of lateral loading
6. The effect of cyclic loading
Static Working Pile Test
Static Working Pile Test
The Tower raft is supported by 194 bored
cast-in-place piles. The piles are 1.5 meter
in diameter and approximately 43 meters
long with a design capacity of 3,000 ton
each.
The Tower pile load test supported over
6,000 ton.
Settlement
Settlement
It was determined the maximum long-term
settlement over time would be about a
maximum of 80mm .
This settlement would be a gradual
curvature of the top of grade over the
entire large site. When the construction
was at Level 135, the average foundation
settlement was 30mm
Construction
Construction
Achieve a three (3) day-cycle for
structural works.
Develop optimum transportation
systems with large capacity high
speed equipment.
Utilize optimum formwork system to
accommodate various building
shapes along the building height.
Develop organized logistic plans
throughout the construction period.
Apply all high-rise construction
technologies available at the time of
construction.
Planning for the concrete
Planning for the concrete
work
work
Prior to the construction of the tower,
extensive concrete testing and quality
control programs were put in place to
ensure that all concrete works are done in
agreement with all parties involved.
Tests are needed to confirm the
construction sequence of these large
elements and to develop curing plans that
are appropriate for the project, considering
major daily and seasonal temperature
fluctuations
Testing Regimes for
Testing Regimes for
Concrete
Concrete
Trial mix designs for all concrete types needed for
the project.
Mechanical properties, including compressive
strength, modulus of elasticity, and split tensile
strength.
Durability tests which included initial surface
absorption test and 30 minute absorption test.
Creep and shrinkage test program for all concrete
mix design.
Water penetration tests and rapid chloride
permeability test.
Shrinkage test program for all concrete mix
designs.
Pump simulation test for all concrete mix design
grades up to at least 600 meters.
Heat of hydration analysis and tests.
Testing Regimes for
Testing Regimes for
Concrete
Concrete
Creep Test
Testing Regimes for
Testing Regimes for
Concrete
Concrete
Pump Simulation Test :using over 600m of pipe
length to confirm the pump capacity and evaluate
the overall pressure losses in the pipes due to
friction /connections /concrete type
Testing Regimes for
Testing Regimes for
Concrete
Concrete
Pump Simulation
Testing Regimes for
Testing Regimes for
Concrete
Concrete
Heat of Hydration Make-op Test
Technologies used to achieve 3
-
-
day
day
cycles
cycles
Auto Climbing formwork system (ACS)
Rebar pre-fabrication
High performance concrete suitable for
providing high strength, high durability
requirement, high modulus, and pumping
Advanced concrete pumping technology
Simple drop head formwork system that
can be dismantled and assembled quickly
with minimum labor requirements
Column/Wall proceeding method, part of
ACS formwork system
-
-
day
day
cycles
cycles
Sequence of Construction and ACS
The ACS form work is divided into four sections
consisting of the center core wall that is followed by
the wing wall construction along each of the three
tower wings.
Rebar Pre
Rebar Pre
-
-
fabrication
fabrication
Most of the reinforcing
bars for the core walls,
wing walls, and the nose
columns were
prefabricated at the
ground level.
This rebar fabrication and
pre-assembly method
resulted in man quality
control advantages and
reduced the number of
workers going up and
down the tower.
The rebar was assembled
in double story modules
to speed up the vertical
element construction
time.
Slab Formwork System
Drop head system (also known as slab
support system is specially designed to
sustain a large combination of grid sizes,
resulting in maximum reusability of formwork
& economy) used for the slab construction
The slab shoring system consists of four levels of shores and one
level of re-shore to control the maximum loads in the slabs at the
lowest level. However, the shoring props at the upper-most slab were
left undisturbed
Day 0
: Conc Pouring
Day 1
: Slab formwork
Day 2
: Slab formwork
: Rebar Installation
: MEP
Day 3
: Conc Pouring
1/3 of
Prop
2/3 of
Prop
Form
2/3 of
Prop
1/2 of
Raking
Shore
Form
Form
1/2 of Raking
Shore
2/3 of
Prop
1/2 of Raking
Shore
N-1
N-2
N-3
N-4
N-5
N+0
Additional
Raking Shore
N+1
Form
Concrete Pumping
Concrete Pumping
CPB#1
CPB#3
CPB#4
CPB#2
Level Height Pouring Method Remarks
Ground ~ L145 531 m Direct Pumping
Target Height
(RC Structure)
L146 ~ L160M 624 m Re-pumping
Secondary Pump on
L124 (East wing 442m)
L160M ~ Spire1 681.7 m Hopper by T/C From Ground Level
Level Pressure Output
Engin
e
Remarks
Pump#1~
#3
185 / 320
bar
71 / 36
m3/hr
470
kw
2 nos. of
Main
1 no. of
Stand by
Pump#4
220 / 260
bar
110 m3/hr
200
kw
Secondary
Pumping
Pumping Area
(Ground Level)
Pipe Lines
Concrete Pump
. Pipe Lines
- D150mm, THK 11mm
- 5 Lines (1 for back up)
Concrete Placing Boom
- 32m boom for Center Core
- 3nos. of 28m boom for Wing Core
Concrete Pumping
Concrete Pumping
Line#2. (L139)
for South Wing
Line#3. (L124)
for East Wing
Line#4. (L112)
for West Wing
Pump#4.
(Secondary Pump on L124)
Line#1. (L160)
for Center Core
Line#5. (L160)
for Back up
L154 : RC Structure
L160Mezzanine : Steel Structure
Top of Finial : Spire
Pinnacle
Pumping Area
Pump#1~#3
. Pipe Lines
- D150mm, THK 11mm
- 5 Lines (1 for back up)
Concrete Pumping
Concrete Pumping
Concrete Pumping
Concrete Pumping
Spire Erection and Pinnacle Assembly
At Level 156, the reinforced concrete core wall will
reach its highest point and serves as the
foundation for the spires structural steel works.
The central pinnacle structure, which consists of
1200mm-2100mm diameter structural steel pipe,
varies in thickness from 60mm at the lowest level
to 30mm at the top.
The erection of the spire and the pinnacle starts
from level 156, and the erection of the spire was
done in traditional steel construction method.
However, the pinnacle pipe sections are stacked
from level 156 and lifted to the final position from
within the spire
The sequence of the pinnacle installation is shown in
Figure below and as follows:
Erection of the spire structure
Installation of the support beam
Installation of the lifting block and assemblies
Installation of the lifting equipment and assemblies
Lifting the pinnacle in a three step process
Installing cladding after each lift
Completing lift of the pinnacle and all connection
connections (gravity and lateral)
Completion of the cladding installation
Survey & Monitoring
Survey & Monitoring
Low Level Tower Control (Classical
Control Method )
XYZ
XYZ
XYZ
XYZ
Survey & Monitoring
Survey & Monitoring
Hight Level Tower Control (GPS Real
Time Kinematic)
Evacuation
Evacuation
Burj Dubai has built in fire protection as its concrete
back bone is naturally fire resistant
But how will people go out in an emergency?
The answer they dont
The burj dubai contains 9 special rooms build throw
layers of reinforced concrete and fire proof sheeting
The walls of these rooms will stand the heat of a fire
for 2 hours
Each room has special supply of air pumped throw
fire resistant pipes, sealed fire proofed doors stop
smoke from leaking in
Evacuation
Evacuation
There is 1 of these rooms in about every 30 floors
How they prevent the smoke from blocking the
access route to the rooms?
Early warning system:
Fire activate a smoke detector
Heat sensor
Water sprinklers
Net work of high power fans kick in
Fans force new clean cool air throw fire
resistant ducts into the building
The fresh air pushes the smoke out of the
stair way keeping the evacuation route
clear.
Evacuation
Evacuation
Cladding
Cladding
30000 glass panels of high quality European glass
enough to cover 17 football fields
The glass is thicker at the top to resist the high
wind
Its designed to let the maximum light in and to
keep heat out
Sunscreen(insideface)is
uselessagainstinfrared
fromthehotdesertsunso
theinnerplaniscoated
withathinlayerofsilver
thatkeepstheheatrays
out.
Outsidecoatreflectsthedaily
solarheatcomesdirectfromthe
sun.
ThemetalcoatingdeflectsU.V.
Radiationthatwillotherwiseheat
upthebuilding
Cladding
Cladding
Test 1 : Air infiltration test
To measure how much air gets in through the joints
Test 2 : static water
test
Water is spread evenly
for 15 minutes from
nozles attached to the
glass
Transducers
measures how much
water gets in
The data is transferred
to computer for
analysis
Cladding
Cladding
Test 3 : Dynamic water Test
Its a simulation for a desert Storm
The wind is Generated by a giant Fan and its
Spread water against the glass for 15 minutes
Cladding
Cladding
Test 4 : Earthquake Test
Earthquake Simulation which move the mock-up
floor of curtain walls 10 mm in two directions
With this test the know that curtain wall wont break
Fa
Fa
ade Maintenance
ade Maintenance
The tower's primary window washing and facade
maintenance system consists of three permanently-installed,
track-mounted, telescopic building maintenance machines
located in internal "garage" positions on uppermost levels.
it will take 36 workers three to four months to clean the entire
exterior facade
Elevators
Elevators
With an intelligent
elevator installation
mechanism, builders
of Burj Dubai ensure
a speedy journey
from the ground to
the 160
th
floor.
57 elevators and
eight escalators to
streamline the needs
of the residents and
visitors to commute
within the tower.
These elevators mark
the highest
installation in any
building and have
been developed by
Otis.
Elevators
Elevators
The main service
elevator that is
positioned in the
central core of Burj
Dubai has the worlds
highest elevator rise
at 504 metres
It moves at a speed
of 9 metres per
second and also has
the worlds longest
travelling distance for
an elevator. The lift to
the spire has the
worlds highest
landing at 636.9
meters.
Elevators
Elevators
Elevators are placed
into different zones.
Each elevator zone
serves different
audiences, maximizing
the efficiency and
saving time.
The sky lobby is an
intermediate floor
where residents,
guests, office staff will
change from an
express elevator to a
local elevator which
stops at each floor
within a certain
segment of the building.
The sky lobbies are
located on level 43, 76
and 123 and will
include a lounge area.
Mosatafa atteya
Ahmed Essam
Ramez Nazir
Mohamed Salah

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