Pediatrics

Vaccinations for Children

By Komal Luthra
Independent Study Mentorship Spring Semester 2014
Mentor: Dr. Michael Binder M.D.
Teacher: Mrs. Kristi Click
Disclaimer: Some information in this presentation comes from outside sources.

Introduction

Mentor: Dr. Binder, M.D.
Pediatrician
Description: medical doctors who diagnose and treat infants,
children, and adolescents
Education: 4-year college degree, 4 years of medical school,
3 years of residency
Certification: American Board of Pediatrics (ABP)


Weebly: http://komalluthra.weebly.com/




Mentorship Site
UTMB Pediatric and Adult Primary Care

A look inside the patient rooms.
Did you know..?
1.6 million people die from pneumococcal disease every year according
to the Global Alliance for Vaccines Immunization program in March of
2010. This figure includes 800,000 younger children below the age of 5.
In 2005, 345,000 people died due to measles. 311,000 of those people
were children under the age of five.
Each year in the U.S., hepatitis A infection causes 125,000 to 200,000
people to become ill, and 70 to 100 people die due to the infection.
A study showed that the recommended immunization series prevents
approximately 10.5 million cases of infectious illness every year and
33,000 deaths in the United States only.
Measles infected about 56,000 Americans between 1989 and 1991 and
killed 166 people.

Vaccinations


Killed or weakened organism that causes the body to build immunity
against that organism
Can be injected or taken orally
Prevent diseases and infections such as diphtheria, hepatitis A, measles,
polio, rubella, tetanus, varicella, and mumps
Helps protect public health
Types of Vaccines:
Live, attenuated vaccines
Inactivated vaccines
Subunit vaccines
Toxoid vaccines
Conjugate vaccines

How Do Vaccines Work?
Work with bodys immune system
Imitate the infections without
causing the illness
Causes the immune system to create
the same response it does when a
bacteria or virus enters the body
Makes the body able to fight the
vaccine-preventable disease in the
future
Ingredients in Vaccinations

Antigens- help the body develop immunity
Preservatives- prevent contamination
Thimerosal - mercury containing preservative
Stabilizers help vaccines remain unchanged and stay
potent during storage and transportation
Sugars and gelatin
Residual inactivating ingredients- kill viruses and inactivate
toxins during the manufacturing process
Formaldehyde


Ingredients in Vaccines (continued)
Adjuvants - help stimulate the response to the antigens
Aluminum salts
Residual cell culture materials- help grow enough of the
virus or bacteria to make the vaccine
Egg Protein
Residual antibiotics prevent contamination by bacteria
during the manufacturing process
Neomycin and sulfa drugs
Tdap Vaccine
Protects you from tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis
Tetanus (Lockjaw)
Tightening of the muscles
Kills 1 out of 5 people who are infected
Diphtheria
Formation of a thick coating in the back of the throat
Leads to breathing problems, paralysis, heart failure, and possibly
death
Pertussis (Whooping cough)
Severe coughing spells
Leads to weight loss, incontinence, and rib fractures

Tdap Vaccine (continued)
One dose routinely given to children at the age of 11 or 12
Risks/Side effects
Mild: pain, redness, swelling, mild fever, headache, nausea,
vomiting, chills, body aches, rash, and tiredness
Moderate: swelling of the entire arm and fever over 102F
Severe: swelling, severe pain, bleeding , and redness in the arm

MMR Vaccine
Protects you from measles, mumps, and rubella
Measles
Causes rash, cough, runny nose, eye irritation, and fever
Can lead to ear infection, pneumonia, seizures, brain damage, and
possible death
Mumps
Causes fever, headache, muscle pain, and swollen glands
Can lead to deafness, meningitis, and painful swelling of the testicles
or ovaries
Rubella
Causes rash, arthritis, and mild fever


MMR
First dose: 12-15 months of age
Second dose: 4-6 years of age
Risks/Side effects
Mild: fever, mild rash, swelling of the glands in the cheeks or the neck
Moderate: Seizure, temporary stiffness and pain in the joints,
temporary low platelet count
Serious: serious allergic reaction, permanent brain damage, deafness,
long-term seizures, and lowered consciousness
Immunization Schedule from the UTMB Pediatric Clinic
Survey
Purpose: to address the concerns of the parents and gain an
understanding of their views of vaccinations
21 paper surveys were given to parents in the pediatric clinic
33 online surveys were given to family friends and teachers
who have children

Survey Results
Question 2: Do you believe that vaccinations are
beneficial?






52 parents answered yes to this question while 2 parents answered
no. About 96% of parents answered yes to this question. 100% of
the parents who took the paper survey answered yes while 93.9% of
parents who took the online survey answered yes.

Yes
No
Question 3: Have you ever researched about
vaccines and their side effects?







42 parents answered yes to this question while 12 answered no.
About 22% of parents have not researched about vaccines and their side
effects.
Yes
No
Question 4: Has your child ever experienced any
side effects from the vaccines?







24 parents answered yes to this question while 30 parents answered
no to this question. The percentages are 44.4% and 55.6%,
respectively.

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Yes No
N
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m
b
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o
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P
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Response
Question 5: Have you ever felt worried or
concerned about your child being vaccinated?






16 parents answered yes while 38 answered no. The percentages are
30% and 70 % respectively.

Yes
No
Question 6: Do you think or have you ever
thought that you should wait to have your child
vaccinated?






15 parents answered yes to this question while 39 answered no.
The percentages are 28% and 72% respectively.
0
5
10
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30
35
40
45
Yes No
N
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Response
Question 7: Are you worried or have you been
worried about your child receiving multiple
vaccines at one time?






24 parents answered yes while 30 answered no to this question. The
percentages are 44% and 56% respectively.

Yes
No
Question 8: Do you believe that vaccines cause
autism and/or sudden infant death syndrome?







8 parents answered yes to this question while 46 answered no. The
percentages are 15% and 85% respectively.

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Yes No
N
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o
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P
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Response
Question 9: What are some side effects that you
are aware of? If you are not aware of any,
please leave this question blank.
Allergic reaction
Fever
Irritability/discomfort
Behavioral changes
Seizures
Soreness at the injection site
Eczema
Pain
Nausea

Question 10: Do you have any questions about
vaccinations?






3 parents answered yes to this question while 51 answered no. The
percentages are 6% and 94% respectively.
Yes
No
Final Product: Educational Pamphlet
Purpose: to educate parents about vaccinations and
addresses their concerns
Includes information about the side effects, why one should
not wait to vaccinate, why the misconceptions are not true,
diseases that are prevented by vaccinations, and why
children need to be vaccinated

6 Misconceptions of Vaccinations
Infections/diseases started to disappear before vaccines
were introduced.
Most of the people who get a disease have been vaccinated.
There are hot lots of vaccines that have been associated
with more harmful effects than the others.
Vaccines cause harmful side effects, death, and other
unknown long-term effects.
Vaccines-preventable diseases have been eliminated from
the U.S., so there is not need to be vaccinated.
Giving a child multiple vaccines for different diseases at one
time increases the risk for harmful side effects and causes
the immune system to become overloaded.


Vaccines and Autism

1998- Dr. Wakefields study which included a description of
12 children with diarrhea and abdominal pain
2002-Dr. Wakefields paper claimed that 75 out of 91
children with autism had the measles virus genome in
intestinal biopsy tissues.
Study published in the British Medical Journal found no rise
in the incidence of autism in children who received the MMR
vaccine
23 studies refute a connection between MMR and autism
Only 3 studies suggest a connection between MMR and
autism


Do not wait
to have your
child
vaccinated!
Vaccinate
them TODAY!
Thank You!
During this mentorship experience, I had the opportunity to
observe pediatric patient care. I learned a lot about the
importance of vaccinations and the concerns of parents. This
mentorship has increased my interest in medicine. I would
like to thank my mentor, Dr. Michael Binder, Mrs. Kristi Click,
and my parents, Dr. Gurinder Luthra and Mrs. Bhawna Luthra
for making this mentorship a great learning experience.
Works Cited
"Basics." Vaccines.gov. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.vaccines.gov/basics/index.html>.
How Vaccines Prevent Diseases." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 08 Mar. 2012. Web. 21 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/vaccine-decision/prevent-diseases.html>.
Immunization." World of Microbiology and Immunology. Ed. Brenda Wilmoth Lerner and K. Lee Lerner.
: Gale, 2010. N. pag. Science in Context. Web. 10 Apr. 2014.
<http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/scic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOverType
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upName=Reference&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortB
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Immunization Action Coalition (IAC): Vaccine Information for Health Care Professionals.
Immunization Action Coalition, n.d. Web. 4 Apr. 2014.
<http://www.immunize.org>.
"Immunization." American Academy of Pediatrics. American Academy of Pediatrics, n.d. Web.
3 Mar. 2014. <http://www2.aap.org/immunization/index.html>.

Works Cited (continued)
"Pediatrician: Career Summary, Job Outlook, and Educational Requirements." Pediatrician: Career
Summary, Job Outlook, and Educational Requirements. DegreeDirectory.org, n.d. Web.
20 Feb. 2014.
<http://degreedirectory.org/articles/Pediatrician_Career_Summary_Job_Outlook_and_E
ducational_Requirements.html>.

Turkington, Carol, and Bonnie Lee Ashby. "Vaccine." Health Reference Center. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 6
Apr. 2014. <http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE48&SID=
5&iPin=EIDT0607&SingleRecord=True>.
"Vaccines and Immunizations." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/default.htm>.
"Vaccine Information Sheets (VIS)." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, 24 Jan. 2014. Web. 22 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/index.html?s_cid=cs_000>.
"Whooping Cough / Pertussis - Causes - Symptoms - Diagnosis - Treatment - Prevention |
Medindia." Medindia. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.
<http://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/whooping-cough.htm>.
"Why Vaccinate?" Vaccinate Your Baby. Every Child By Two, n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.vaccinateyourbaby.org/why/index.cfm>.