T.C.

University of Kocaeli
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering






CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 2
EXPERIMENT 4 : DRYING



Date of experiment: 04.03.2014
Date of report delivery: 11.03.2014





1

1. OBJECTIVES

The objective of this experiment is to determine of the loss heat drying process
and realizing of drying process.

2. INTRODUCTION
Drying is perhaps the oldest, most common and most diverse of chemical
engineering unit operations. The separation operation of drying converts a solid
semi-solid or liquid feedstock into a solid product by evaporation of the liquid
into a vapor phase via application of heat. In the special case of freeze drying
which takes place below the triple point of the liquid being removed, drying
occurs by sublimation of the solid phase directly into the vapor phase.
This definition thus excludes conversion of a liquid phase into a concentrated
liquid phase (evaporation), mechanical dewatering operations such as filtration,
centrifugation, sedimentation, supercritical extraction of water from gels to
produce extremely high porosity aerogels (extraction) or so-called drying of
liquids and gases by use of molecular sieves (adsorption). Phase change and
production of a solid phase as end product are essential features of the drying
process. Drying is an essential operation in the chemical, agricultural,
biotechnology, food, polymer, ceramics, pharmaceutical, pulp and paper, mineral
processing, and wood processing industries.
[1]

Three important methods of drying with heat treatment, the convection,
conduction and radiation is performed. Various drying procedures has the effect
of drying properties. Any drying machine or apparatus has several characteristic
features. Important amount of material to be dried, by the volume and quality of
the machine according to the apparatus selection is performed. Drying time is
shorter the higher the drying temperature selected. High oxygen content and low
water vapor content of the air dryer for drying temperatures must be kept low.
Eventually will increase the drying time. Convection drying drying of chips
according to the rules would be in two stages.
i) Capillary evaporation of water which is approximately constant with a drying
speed
2

takes place.
ii) Vapor diffusion; drying speed depends on the properties of the material will
look exactly. capillary
it does not matter in the evaporation of water.
[2]

3. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

3.1Experimental Apparatus
Fan
Orificemeter
Manometer
Thermometer
Wet Bulb Thermometer
kW-h counter
Sand
Water
Balance
3.2. Procedure
The fan and the electrical resistance was started and wait until that steady state.


4. CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS
4.1.Experimental Data

Table1. Experimental data
T
room
Q
watt
C
0
D
0
D
1
T
wet bulb
T
dry
22 0,001
atm
0,76
kg/s
0,61 0,6 cm 1,6 cm

Table2.
Time 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
3

(minute)
Weight
(gram)
4,261 4,098 3,96 3,80 3,63 3,44 3,27 3,15 3,02

4.2.Calculation
The overall energy balance
E
in
- E
out
+ E
generate
- E
consume
= E
accumulation
Q
air
- Q
humidity+solid
+ Q
watt
- Q
loss
= 0
Determination of Q
air

A
0
= (D
0
2
/4) = (0,610
-2
)
2
/ 4 = 0,2826 m
2

at 42 =992,25 kg/m
3
V= C
0
/ ( D
0
/ D
1
)
4

(0,002 mm water) 0,073 mmHg/1mm water (1atm/760 mmHg (101325 Pa/1
atm) =0,020 Pa
V= 0,61[ / (1- (0,6/1,6)
4
992,25)] = 0,028 m/s
Continuity equation
m= VA
c

m
orifice
= 992,25 0,0280,2826 =7,85 kg/s
m
orifice
=m
drying
+ m
humidity

42 107,6
24 75,2
from graph

m
humidity
/ m
drying
= 0,012
7,85- m
humidity
= 0,012
m
humidity
=0,93 kg/s

m
drying
= 7,85-0,93 =6,92 kg/s
Q
air
= m
drying

c
p air
(T
k
- T
average
) + m
humidity

c
p water
(T
average -
T
c
)
6,92 1005(42-22) + 0,93 417310
3
) 20 =294,153 J/s

Determination of Q
humidity solid

4

Determination of the

t 0

= - (3 m
0
- 4m
1
- m
2
)/2t = -0,0216
t 5

= (m
2
-m
0
) / 2 = 0,0301
t 10

= (m
3
- m
1
) / 2 = 0,0298
t 15

= (m
4
- m
2
) /2t = 0,033
t 20

= (m
5
- m
3
) / 2 = 0,036
t 25

= (m
6
- m
4
)/ 2t = -0,036
t 30

= (m
7
-m
5
)/2t = -0,029
t 35

= (m
8
- m
6
)/2t = -0,025
t 40

= ( m
6
-4m
7
+3m
8
) /2t = - 0,027
0,036=

m=0,18
m
humidity solid
= (m c
p
)+ (mL
B
)
0,18

4186

(42-24)K + 0,18

2257

= 420,209

Q
air -
Q
humidity solid +
Q
watt -
Q
loss
= 0
294,513 -420,209 +200 -Q
loss
= 0
Q
loss =
74,304

5


5. COMMENT

6. SYMBOLS
C
0 ...............
D
0.................
D
1.................
P...........
Q
watt............
T
dry...............
T
wet bulb.............
T
room...................
C
p.........................
V...................
7. REFERENCES
[1] Fundamental Principles of drying
http://serve.me.nus.edu.sg/arun/file/teaching/ME5202/ME5202
Chapter%201%20Fundamentals.pdf 05.03.2014
[2] http://www.egitimbudur.com/blog/melihkorkmaz/oku/Kurutma-Deneyi-
Raporu/b875d6a7