Hughes Systique Corporation

Hughes Systique Corporation EVDO
Overview
EV-DO is an evolution of the IS-95 CDMA mobile radio communication system and stands for
EVolution Data Optimized. As is evident from the name, EV-DO was designed for optimizing data
traffic rather than the standard speech traffic. Hence, EV-DO offers packetized bearer transport only.
Voice traffic can be carried over EV-DO using technologies such as VoIP. Another objective for EV-DO
was to minimize the changes required to its precursor, IS-95. Hence for example, EV-DO uses the same
1.25 MHz carriers as IS-95. EV-DO is also designed for asymmetric traffic with the forward link capacity
significantly higher than the reverse link capacity.

EV-DO is one of the specifications from the CDMA2000 3rd Generation wireless systems project. The
1xEV working group was founded in the 3GPP2 in 2000. The current official name is CDMA2000 HRPD
(High Rate Packet Data). EV-DO services include high data rate broadband transmission, streaming media
and prioritization, Quality of Service (QoS), multicast services, location based services, etc.

Over the years, the EV-DO standard itself has been refined and newer revisions have been published. The
1. Overview
2. Abbreviations
3. Forward Link
a. Time Division Multiplexing
b. Channels
i. Pilot
ii. Medium Access Control
iii. MAC Index
iv. Traffic
v. Preamble
vi. Control
vii. Paging
4. Reverse Link
a. Overview
b. Channels
i. Access
ii. Traffic
iii. Reverse Rate Indicator
iv. Data Rate Control
v. ACK
5. Adaptive Modulation
6. Hybrid ARQ
7. RL Power_Control & System Stability
8. FL Scheduling
9. EVDO Signaling Protocol Stack
10. Standards and References
Page 1 of 23 Hughes Systique Corporation wiki / EVDO
10/7/2008 http://wiki.hsc.com/EVDO
first standard is known as EV-DO Rev 0. This was followed by EV-DO Rev A, Rev B and Rev C, work on
which is ongoing. This white-paper will focus on Rev 0 only.

Abbreviations
ACK Acknowledgment
AN Access Node (see also BTS)
ARQ Automatic Repeat Request
AT Access Terminal (see also MT)
BER Bit Error Rate
BTS Base Transceiver Station
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CSI Channel State Information
DRC Data Rate Control
EV-DO Evolution-Data Optimized
FER Frame Error Rate
FL Forward Link
FTC Forward Traffic Channel
HARQ Hybrid ARQ
HRPD High Rate Packet Data
IP Internet Protocol
MAC Medium Access Control
MT Mobile Terminal
LUP Location Update Protocol
PCT Power Control Threshold
PSK Phase Shift Keying
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QoS Quality of Service
QPSK Quaternary Phase Shift Keying
RAB Reverse Activity Bit
RAC Reverse Activity (sub-)Channel
RL Reverse Link
RLP Radio Link Protocol
RPC Reverse Power Control
RRI Reverse Rate Indicator
RTC Reverse Traffic Channel
SINR Signal To Interference and Noise Ratio
SLP Signaling Link Protocol
SNP Signaling Network Protocol
VoIP Voice Over IP

Forward Link
Time Division Multiplexing
In a significant departure from IS-95, on the forward link (FL), EV-DO Rev 0 uses TDMA in tandem with
CDMA [Esteves02].

The FL is broken up into slots. Each slot is of duration 1-2/3 ms (1.667 ms). A set of 16 slots make up a
group called a frame (duration: 20-2/3 ms). FL user traffic is rapidly multiplexed amongst the slots (we
will come back to the scheduler criteria later in this document). This implies that, EV-DO does not require
FL power control and each slot is transmitted at maximum power. This also implies that, since each slot is
assigned to a specific Access Terminal (AT) or Mobile Terminal (MT) at run time, each slot needs to be
addressed to an AT in some way. Note that, the duration of a frame is the same as the period of the
short PN sequence in IS-95 which is the sector identifier (the same short PN sequence is used for the same
purpose in EV-DO).

The slot format is as follows:

From the diagram we see that a slot comprises of 2048 chips. The pilot channel is transmitted twice per
slot, (no continuously transmitted pilot as in IS-95) 96 chips each time. In case there are no ATs having
active connections with an Access Node (AN) or Base Station (BTS), the AN still transmits the pilots. In
such a scenario, each pilot burst is guarded by two 64 chip guard/skirt bursts which improves pilot
acquisition and SNR computation by the ATs (in the presence of timing skew between pilot signals
received from different multi-path components and different ANs). In the active case show in the diagram
above, each pilot burst is guarded by two Medium Access Control (MAC) bursts.

Channels
The FL is logically partitioned into the following set of channels/streams:

1. Pilot
2. MAC
a. Reverse Activity
b. DRC Lock
c. Reverse Power Control
3. Traffic
4. Control

Pilot
The pilot channel comprises of a simple sequence of zeros, covered by the reserved Walsh cover
64
W
0
.
This is used by all ATs in the coverage area (sector) for acquisition, synchronization, demodulation,
decoding and Signal-To-Interference-And-Noise-Ration (SINR) estimation. The pilot channel is
transmitted at the peak power rating configured at the AN in order to aid SINR estimation.

Medium Access Control
The MAC channel contains information for the set of active ATs in the sector. It also acts as a guard for
the pilot burst in each slot.

The Reverse Activity sub-channel (RAC) indicates if the RL loading is too high, in which case the ATs
must reduce their data rates on the RL. This is a multi-cast sub-channel intended for all active ATs in the
sector. The RAB changes only every RABLength slots.

The Data Rate Control (DRC) is a mechanism introduced in EV-DO by which the AT instructs the AN as
to what data rate to transmit on the FL, based on the AT's SINR measurements (more on this later in the
document). The DRC Lock sub-channel indicates to the AT whether the DRC information was correctly
decoded at the AN or not. A single bit is used per active AT. Please note that, the EV-DO FL is thus rate
controlled as opposed to power controlled (IS-95).

The Reverse Power Control (RPC) sub-channel completes the control loop for regulating the power of
each AT's transmission on the RL. Again, a single bit is used per active AT. The RPC bit rate is 600 bps.

MAC Index
The RPC and DRC Lock sub-channels are time division multiplexed on the MAC channel. The RAC is
code division multiplexed with the RPC/DRC Lock. Now, whereas the RAC is multi-cast in nature, the
RPC/DRC Lock sub-channels are uni-cast in nature and since the MAC channel is directed at all active
ATs in the sector, the AN must address the RPC/DRC Lock sub-channels for the intended AT. The
addressing is achieved using a MAC Index that is assigned to each active AT in the sector [Esteves02].
Each MAC Index maps to a 64-ary Walsh cover on the I or Q phases. Walsh covers 0-3 are reserved.
64
W
4
is used for the RAC. Walsh covers 5-63 can be assigned to address the RPC/DRC Lock sub channels.
This implies a specific limit on the maximum number of ATs that maybe active at the same time, in a
given sector.

Traffic
This stream/channel carries the user data. This stream is time division multiplexed with the control
channel, on the data part of each slot. At any given instant, this stream contains information for a single
AT. In order to increase the data rate to each AT, the modulation symbol sequence is de-multiplexed into
16 streams which are transmitted using a set of 16-ary Walsh covers [Bender00]. Modulation is either
QPSK, 8PSK or 16-QAM.

Preamble
Now since the FL slots are assigned to an AT at run time (by the scheduler), the AN must provide some
sort of addressing information so as to indicate the intended recipient AT. This is achieved using the
preamble [Esteves02]. Every packet contains a preamble in the first slot (a packet maybe transmitted using
more than one slot more on this later), which contains the uncoded MAC Index. The length of the
preamble is inversely proportional to the FL data rate, subject to a minimum of 64 chips for the highest
data rate (of 2457.6 Kbps).

Control
The control channel combines the functions of the synchronization, paging and system information
channels in IS-95 (meant for idle ATs in the sector). This channel is time division multiplexed with the
traffic channel, on the data portion of the slot. A control channel packet is transmitted at least once every
256 slots (or 16 frames). This is known as the control channel cycle. There are two types of control
channel capsules - synchronous capsule and asynchronous capsule. The synchronous capsule
indicates the (set of) control channel packet(s) that are transmitted at time intervals that are multiples of
256 slots (the control channel packets are transmitted after a certain offset from the slot beginning). An
asynchronous capsule maybe transmitted any time in-between, on a need basis. The CCH is transmitted
either at 38.4 or at 76.8 Kbps.

Now since the control channel is time division multiplexed with the traffic channel, the AN must indicate
to the AT when a data burst contains user data and when it contains control channel information. This is
done by using the packet preamble which contains the uncoded MAC Index. A MAC Index of 2 indicates
a 76.8 Kbps control channel packet (from this the AT can derive the number of slots needed to transmit the
packet) and a MAC Index of 3 indicates a 38.4 Kbps control channel packet. Hence, these two MAC
indices are unavailable for assignment to ATs.

Paging
The paging functionality is part of the control channel. Pages are transmitted by the AN, only within the
synchronous capsule. Further, the paging cycle is fixed at 5.12 s or every 12th synchronous capsule.

[NSB02] describes FL channel coding/modulation, packet types, interleaver and encoder matrix designs.
[Black02] deals with the FL link-budget computation. [ChungLeeMoon01] outlines FL capacity
considerations. [Bi03] outlines FL data optimization techniques.

Reverse Link
Overview
The EV-DO RL consists of fixed size physical layer packets, each 26-2/3 ms in duration, which is
equivalent to 16 consecutive FL slots. Note that the RL is not time division multiplexed like the FL and
here, slot/frame is just a convenient unit of time.

EV-DO uses a pilot-aided coherently demodulated RL (i.e. the AT transmits a pilot on the RL in order to
aid demodulation and decoding at the AN). As in IS-95, transmissions from each AT are identified by the
AT's unique long PN code offset. The sectors access channel is mapped to a unique public long PN code
offset, used by all ATs in that sector which wish to establish a radio link with the AN. The RL data rate
may vary between 9.6 to 153.6 Kbps.

Channels
The RL is logically partitioned into the following set of channels:
1. Access
a. Pilot
b. Data
2. Traffic
a. Pilot
b. Medium Access Control
i. Reverse Rate Indicator
ii. Data Rate Control
c. ACK
d. Data

Access
The access channel is used by the AT to initiate communication with the AN or to respond to a page. The
AT's first transmits an access probes and waits for a response from the AN. If there is no response, the
AT transmits another access probe, at a higher power level. Each access attempt thus consists of a series of
such access probes. If one access attempt fails, the AT waits for a certain period of time before initiating a
new access attempt. The wait period between successive access probes in the same access attempt, the
power step increase for successive access probes, etc. are all system parameters that are broadcast by the
AN on the control channel. The situation is depicted pictorially below:


Each access probe consists of a preamble followed by an access channel data packet. The preamble
duration is 1 frame, or 16 slots. During the preamble, only the pilot channel is transmitted. The access
channel datapacket is transmitted over 4 frames. During the access channel data packet, both the pilot and
access data packets are transmitted using code division multiplexing.

Traffic
The RL traffic channel structure at the physical layer is as follows:

As we see from the above two diagrams, the RL traffic channel consists of four code division multiplexed
information streams, two streams per I and Q phases. As already mentioned, the user data is a fixed size 16
slot-duration packet, on the Q phase. Also on the Q phase is the DRC information stream (more on this
later). On the I phase, the ACK information stream is transmitted on each slot, for half a slot. The RRI and
pilot streams are time division multiplexed onto the I phase: the first 256 chips of each slot contain the
RRI information and the rest of the chips are dedicated to the pilot.

For identification, each information stream is covered by a (known to the AN) Walsh cover. Since the
Walsh covers are only used to identify the information streams within an AT's traffic channel, 16-ary and
8-ary Walsh covers are used instead of 64-ary ones. The pilot/RRI information stream is covered by
16
W
0
.
The ACK information stream is covered by
8
W
4
. The DRC information stream is covered by
16
W
8
and the
user data stream is covered by
4
W
2
.

Reverse Rate Indicator
The RL MAC channel contains two streams of information: the RRI and the DRC. The RRI indicates to
the AN the rate at which the AT is transmitting on the RL. The RRI is included as the preamble for RL
frames. Essentially this boosts the RL capacity as it aids coherent decoding and demodulation of RL
frames at the AN. An 8-ary orthogonal code is used to indicate the rate.

Data Rate Control
The DRC MAC sub-channel is used by the AT to indicate to the AN the desired rate of transmit on the FL
as well as the specific AN sector on which to transmit [Cui02]. The data rate is requested using 8-ary bi-
orthogonal coding. The desired AN sector is requested using an 8-ary Walsh cover. Each DRC slot
contains 1024 chips and the data is centered around the middle of the slot so as to minimize the delay
between SINR estimation and the start of AN transmission.

ACK
The ACK information stream is related to the use of HARQ on the EV-DO FL in order to improve system
throughput under changing channel conditions (more on this later). It indicates whether the last transmitted
packet was received and decoded correctly at the AT or not.

Adaptive Modulation
The cellular wireless environment changes constantly. Terminals in a cellular network experience fading
as a function of time, frequency, location, speed, etc. In order to maximize the FL throughput, the EV-DO
air interface protocol tracks these changes in the air-link conditions and adapts the code rate, data rate and
modulation to the changing channel SINR.

The AT uses the 2 burst pilots transmitted per slot on the FL to estimate the channel SINR (averaged over
a number of slots, = DRCLength). Based on the measured SINR, the AT derives the maximum transmit
rate on the FL at which a target BER/FER threshold is maintained and indicates this to the AN using the
RL MAC DRC sub-channel.

The following set of FL transmit rates are used:

Table 1: FL Transmit Rates

As we see from the table, at lower rates, multiple slots are required to transmit a single packet. The length
of the preamble (in terms of chips) decreases with high transmit rates, subject to a minimum of 64 chips.

Further, the AT typically receives signals from multiple sectors, on the FL. In this scenario, the SINR for
user k is:
where, SINR
j
(k)
= SINR from sector j seen by user k and,
j
(k)
= fraction of power from sector j allocated
to user k

The optimum normalized power allocation is achieved when the total power is allocated to the best link,
maximizing SINR and thus the data rate. Hence, the AT also measures the SINR of all the pilots in its
active set and determines the pilot with the highest SINR. It then uses the RL MAC DRC sub-channel to
instruct the AT to transmit data to the AT only from this sector. The scenario is depicted pictorially below:

Data Rate
(Kbps)
Slots per
Packet
Packet Size
(bits)
Code
Rate
Modulation
Preamble
(chips)
Effective code
rate
38.4 16 1024 1/5 QPSK 1024 1/48
76.8 8 1024 1/5 QPSK 512 1/24
153.6 4 1024 1/5 QPSK 256 1/12
307.2 2 1024 1/5 QPSK 128 1/6
307.2 4 1024 1/3 QPSK 128 8/49
614.4 1 1024 1/3 QPSK 64 1/3
614.4 2 2048 1/3 QPSK 64 16/49
921.6 2 3076 1/3 8PSK 64 16/49
1228.8 1 2048 1/3 QPSK 64 2/3
1228.8 2 4096 1/3 16QAM 64 16/49
1843.2 1 3076 1/3 8PSK 64 2/3
2457.6 1 4096 1/3 16QAM 64 2/3
SINR
(k)
= SINR
j
(k)

j
(k)
: j = all sectors in active set j

Hence, on the FL, there is no concept of soft hand-off (with the resulting over heads) which increases the
FL capacity. As shown in the diagram, there is a short packet transmit delay while the new sector indicated
by the AT is decoded by the AN and the queued packets at the previous sector (A in the diagram) are re-
sent to the new sector (B in the diagram). Also, although not explicitly shown in the diagram, as the
SINR for the sector changes, the DRC also indicates different FL transmit rates. The above mechanism of
changing the serving AN sector dynamically is referred to as fast cell site selection or adaptive FL
server selection or virtual soft hand-off.

[Yavuz03] describes the link adaptation mechanism. [Leela04] and [Huang02] outline throughput
performance of the FL and RL.

Hybrid ARQ
The above mechanism of adapting to the Channel State Information (CSI) of the wireless link is limited by
the fact that, effects due to fast fading and intersector interference cannot be predicted and hence the
accuracy of the a-priori CSI varies considerably with channel conditions and interference patterns. As a
result, the data rates indicated to the AN by the AT, based on the a-priori CSI are quite conservative in
nature. Hence, in order to maximize the spectral efficiency and the FL throughput, a-posteriori CSI
feedback is required. In EV-DO, this is achieved by a two-pronged approach:

1. Usage of turbo coding techniques.
2. Usage of hybrid_ARQ.

As we have seen in the previous section, at lower transmit rates (worsening channel conditions), a single
packet transmission on the FL requires multiple slots. However, due to the usage of turbo codes, it is
possible for the AT to decode and recover the full packet data even from the first slot transmission. If the
AT is unable to derive the packet data from the first slot, the data in the second transmitted is re-combined
with the data already received in the first slot such that, the probability of successfully deriving the packet
data is now greater. And this is true with each subsequent slot transmission. Until we reach the maximum
number of slots for the given transmit rate. The above mechanism is known as incremental redundancy.
Note, this also implies that HARQ does not provide any advantages at the highest transmission rates where
a single slot is used to transmit the packet data.

In order to take advantage of incremental redundancy, it is thus necessary to insert a wait period
between the transmission of successive slots and to wait for feedback from the AT as to whether the
packet data has been successfully decoded or not. Hence EV-DO uses a 4-slot interlacing scheme as
follows:

In the diagram above, the notation 1A for the FL traffic channel stands for the first slot (of a multi-slot
transmission) of packet 1. The following points are important:
1. The diagram shows that the AT has requested for a FL transmission rate of 153.6 Kbps using the RL
DRC MAC sub-channel. This implies that the packet data is transmitted in a maximum of 4 slots.
2. So the AN transmits the first of these slots.
3. In the next 3 slots, the first slot of the next 3 data packets are transmitted. These data packets maybe
destined to the same AT or to different ATs.
4. Meanwhile, on the RL ACK MAC sub-channel, the AT transmits a NAK which signifies that it
has not been able to derive the packet data from the first slot transmission.
5. Based on the NAK, after transmitting the first slots of packets 1-4, the AN transmits the second
slot of packet 1.
6. In the next FL traffic channel slot, we see 2B which implies that the second slot for packet 2 has
been transmitted by the AN. That also means that the FL rate for packet 2 is such that it is a multi-
slot packet and that the ACK channel response to the first slot for packet 2 is also a NAK (not
shown).
7. This is followed by the first slots for packets 5 and 6.
8. We again see that the AT has responded with a NAK for the second slot for packet 1 and so the
AN transmits the third slot.
9. On receiving the third slot for packet 3, we see that the AT transmits an ACK on the ACK
channel. This means that the AT has been able to derive the full packet data. Also, this means that
the transmission did not require the full 4 slots. This is known as early termination and implies
that the actual data rate is greater than 153.6 Kbps.
10. On receiving the ACK, the AN simply never transmits the fourth slot for packet 1 and instead
proceeds to transmit the first slot for packet 9.
11. In the diagram, please note that the implicit timing relation between the DRC, ACK and FL traffic
channels is an important component in the HARQ mechanism and simplifies the feedback channel
design.

In summary, HARQ uses the excess E
b
/N
0
(due to conservative maximum data rate estimation based on a-
priori CSI) to terminate packet transmissions early (wherever possible) leading to a higher effective
throughput. For more on HARQ, please refer to [Das01], [Falahati] and [Yavuz01].

RL Power_Control & System Stability
As described above, the EV-DO RL is code division multiplexed as in IS-95 and hence it is interference
limited. Thus, as in IS-95, power control becomes important in order to achieve an acceptable FER with
minimum AT transmit power (thus maximizing sector throughput as a whole). EV-DO uses the same set
of three power control loops as in IS-95:

1. Open Loop control: This is implemented by the AT based on its measurement of the FL pilot
strength the stronger the measured pilot strength, the closer the AT is to the AN (the pilot is
transmitted at full AN power) and hence the lower should be the RL transmit power.
2. Inner Closed Loop control: The AN sends commands 800 times a second to increase or decrease the
AT's transmit power on the RL. The network sets an operating point (also known as the Power
Control Threshold) for each AT, based on the System operating point (more on this later). This
power control loop attempts to hold the AT's RL transmit power to the set PCT.
3. Outer Closed Loop control: The AN modifies the AT's PCT from time to time in order to achieve a
given FER target. The power control loops described above, determine the transmit power only for
the RL pilot channel. The strengths of all the other channels is determined relative to the pilot
strength.

In addition to RL power control, it is important for the AN to also control the RL data rates for each AT
and the overall sector load, in order to ensure a stable system operation. The system stability depends on
the operating point which is defined by the metric Rise over Thermal (RoT):

RoT = Total received power (I
0
) Thermal Noise floor (N
0
)

In order to ensure stability, the sector RoT must be maintained below a target threshold (the threshold is
determined by the link budget and the desired margin of stability). This is done by setting the RAB on the
RAC, every frame, on the FL (RAB = 1 if the measured RoT is greater than the desired system operating
point). Further, the maximum RL transmit rate for that sector is broadcast on the control channel. The AT
processes the RAB as follows:
1. Perform a logical OR operation for all RAB information received for all pilots in its active set.
2. If the cumulative RAB = 1 (busy), reduce to the next lower transmit rate with probability q.
3. If the cumulative RAB = 0 (not busy), increase to the next higher transmit rate with probability p
4. Probabilities p and q depend on the current transmit rate and are defined as part of the protocol
standard.
5. The AT maintains the current transmit rate with probability (1 p) or (1 q) respectively.
6. The AT RL transmit rate however need not go below 9.6 Kbps.
7. The AT transmit rate has to be less than or equal to the maximum RL transmit rate advertised for
that sector.
Now, in order to accurately measure the RoT metric, EV-DO introduced a silence period for the
duration of which, all active ATs in the sector cease transmission. The silence interval is usually between
1-3 frames and the period can be 54 s or 109 s and so on. All parameters pertaining to the silence period
are broadcast by the AN over the control channel.

Finally, combining RL power and rate control, based on the available power budget and the RL transmit
rate derived from the RAB, the AT boosts the transmit power for the other channels on the RL, relative to
the pilot power (which is directly derived from the power control mechanism). For example, at a target
data rate of 9.6 Kbps, the data channel power is boosted with respect to the pilot power by (say) 4 dB. The
actual power at which transmission occurs will depend on the pilot transmit power, which is controlled by
the power control loops. Thus we see that, the RL transmit power and data rates are closely inter-linked.

[Yeo03], [Lee05] and [Yavuz02] propose modified RL rate control algorithms. [YeoCho] presents a
Markov model of the RL rate control scheme.

FL Scheduling
As has already been discussed before, the FL transmissions are time division multiplexed. Further, each
time slot is not preassigned to an AT but changes dynamically. The situation is further complicated by the
HARQ requirement of multi-slot transmissions of data packets, inter-laced with other packets. So, the
heart of the EV-DO FL is the FL scheduler. The scheduler needs to fulfill two objectives:
1. Maximize the sector throughput.
2. Ensure short-term and long-term fairness in terms of each active AT being allocated at least some
time slots on the FL.
To meet the first objective, the scheduler takes into account the a-priori CSI provided by the DRC channel.

The simplest scheduling approach ([Chang02] and [Elliot02]) would be to transmit to the AT with the
highest average channel SINR at any instant. The metric is:

m
i
(t) = DRC
i
(t)/R
avg
i
(t)

where DRC
i
(t): Instantaneous requested rate of user i at time t and R
avg
i
(t): Average throughput of
user i at time t.

The average throughput R
avg
i
(t) is computed as follows:

R
i
(t + 1) = (1 ) R
avg
i
(t) + R
i
(t)

= 1/tc where tc is the scheduler time constant in slots and R
i
(t) is equal to the requested rate of user i in
the slot at time t if the user was selected for transmission in that slot or 0 otherwise. tc represents the
maximum time an AT may have to wait for allocation of a time slot.

This is known as the proportional fairness scheduler since the scheduling quantum is proportional to the
ATs average SINR. This approach obviously maximizes the sector throughput by taking advantage of
what is known as the multi-user diversity gain, which increases with the number of active ATs in the
sector as well as increased fluctuations in individual channel conditions. It also meets the requirements of
long-term fairness since each MT would sooner or later experience good channel conditions. However, in
the short term, this approach can be patently unfair with large variations in the highest and lowest user
transmission rates.

An alternate scheduling approach [Jalali00] which attempts to overcome the short-term fairness
shortcoming above is known as the "generalized proportional fairness scheduler. The modified metric is:

m
i
(t) = DRC
i
(t)/D
avg
i
(t) . h(D
avg
i
(t))/ R
avg
i
(t)

where R
avg
i
(t) is the average throughput as before and D
avg
i
(t), the average DRC is computed as:

D
avg
i
(t + 1) = (1 - )D
avg
i
(t) + DRC
i
(t)

h(x) specifies the fairness criteria which maybe adjusted as desired. is the same as before. The function
h(x) maybe used to define the user defined fairness criteria while the first term controls the multi-user
diversity.

The FL scheduler has not been rigorously defined in the EV-DO standards as this has been an area of
active research. See [FanHuang04], [ChoiHan02], [Ban04], [Kim02] and [Huang03] for descriptions of
alternative approachs. See Generalized_Processor_Scheduling for more discussion.

EVDO Signaling Protocol Stack
The EV-DO protocol stack [Bender00] enables a modular design that allows partial updates to protocols
and software and independent protocol negotiation. The layers of the protocol stack are:

1. Physical: This layer deals with channel structure, frequency, power output, modulation and encoding
specifications for the FL and RL.
2. MAC: This layer comprises of 4 protocols:
a. Control Channel MAC: This deals with the control channel that broadcasts all important
information controlling AN transmission, packet scheduling, AT acquisition and AT packet
reception.
b. Access Channel MAC: This deals with the timing, power and other protocol requirements for
sending messages on the access channel.
c. Forward Traffic Channel MAC: This deals with sending user data packets at optimal packing
efficiency by utilizing variable and fixed transmission rates and ARQ interlacing. This also
deals with rules to interpret the DRC channel on the RL as well as rules for DRC supervision.
d. Reverse Traffic Channel MAC: This deals with receiving the user data packets on the RL by
acquiring the RL and interpreting the RL data rate selection.
3. Security: This deals with ensuring the security of the air interface connection between the AT and
the AN. It provides the functions of key exchange (using the Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol
to exchange keys necessary for authentication and encryption), authentication and encryption.
4. Connection: This layer comprises of a group of protocols that combine to efficiently manage the air
link, reserve resources, etc:
a. Air Link Management: Manages the state of the air link between the AT and the AN by
triggering other protocols based on the state.
b. Initialization State: Deals with actions associated with acquiring a EV-DO network such as
network determination, pilot acquisition and system synchronization.
c. Idle State: Deals with the scenario wherein the AT has acquired the network but is neither
sending nor receiving data. This protocol provides procedures for opening a connection,
conservation of AT power and triggering the Route Update protocol when required.
d. Connected State: Deals with the scenario wherein the AT has a connection with the network
and is either sending or receiving data or both. This protocol provides procedures for hand-
offs, connection closure and so on.
e. Route Update: This protocol constantly reports the current sector and the set of potential
neighboring sectors to the AN, to support AT mobility via hand-offs.
f. Overhead Messages: Broadcasts essential parameters pertaining to the operation of other
protocols over the control channel.
g. Packet Consolidation: Deals with ensuring negotiated QoS is met for user data.
5. Session: This layer comprises of a set of three protocols that provide a support structure for the
lower layers in the protocol stack:
a. Session Management: This acts as an overall controller as well as handles session lifetime
management and cleanup.
b. Address Management: This deals with maintaining the AT address and assignment of a
locally unique ID to the AT.
c. Session Configuration: This deals with procedures to negotiate and provision the set of
protocols used during the session as well as the configuration parameters for these protocols.
d. Stream: This is a multiplexing/de-multiplexing layer that works along with the Packet
Consolidation protocol to prioritize user data and the signaling traffic appropriately.
6. Application: This comprises of a suite of protocols that increase the robustness of the underlying
layers of the stack. The layer is partitioned into two sub-layers based on signaling and user data
traffic:
a. Default Signaling Application:
i. Signaling Network Protocol (SNP): Provides a message transmission service for
signaling messages originating fromother protocols.
ii. Signaling Link Protocol (SLP): Provides the transport for the SNP messages offering
fragmentation and re-assembly as well as best effort and reliable delivery options.
b. Default Packet Application:
i. Radio Link Protocol (RLP): Uses a NAK-based re-transmission scheme to achieve
lower FER than provided by the lower layers of the protocol stack.
ii. Location Update Protocol (LUP): Provides mobility management using the Route
Update protocol in the lower layers.


Standards and References

[TIA-856-1]: cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface Specification

[TIA-878]: Inter-Operability Specification (IOS) for High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) Access Network
Interfaces

[TIA-864]: Recommended Minimum Performance Standards for cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Access
Network

[TIA-866]: Recommended Minimum Performance Standards for cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Access
Terminal

[TIA-890]: Test Application Specification (TAS) for High Rate Packet Data Air Interface

[TIA-919]: Signaling Conformance Standard for cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface

[TIA-925]: Enhanced Subscriber Privacy for cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data

[TIA-835]: CDMA2000 Wireless Internet Protocol (IP) Network Standard

[TIA-2001]: Inter-operability Test Specification for CDMA2000 Access Network Interfaces

[Bender00] Paul Bender et. al.; CDMA/HDR: A Bandwidth-Efficient High-Speed Wireless Data Service
for Nomadic Users, IEEE Communications Magazine, pp 70-78, vol 38, July 2000

[NSB02] Nagabhushana T. Sindhushayana and Peter J. Black; Forward Link Coding and Modulation for
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (IS-856), PIMRC 2002, Lisbon, Portugal, September 2002

[Black02] Peter J. Black and Qiang Wu; Link Budget of cdma2000 1xEV-DO Wireless Internet Access
System, PIMRC 2002, Lisbon, Portugal, September 2002

[Paran01] David W. Paranchych; 1xEV-DO Network Design and Performance, pp 153-156, 2001 IEEE

[Leela04] Rangsan Leelahakriengkrai et al.; Performance Analysis of 1xEV-DO Systems under Realistic
Traffic Models and Limited-Size IP Backhaul, 10th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications and 5th
International Symposium on Multi-Dimensional Mobile Communications, 2004

[ChungLeeMoon01] Wonsuk Chung, Hong Woo Lee and Jungbae Moon; Downlink Capacity of
CDMA/HDR, pp 1937-1941, VTC '01, 2001 IEEE

[Cui02] Dongzhe Cui et al.; Reverse DRC Channel Performance Analysis for 1xEV-DO: Third
Generation High-Speed Wireless Data Systems, pp 137-140, 2002, IEEE

[Bi03] Qi Bi et al.; Performance of 1xEV-DO Third-Generation Wireless High-Speed Data Systems,
Bell Labs Technical Journal, 7(3), pp 97-107, 2003

[Yavuz03] Mehmet Yavuz and David W. Paranchych; Adaptive Rate Control in High Data Rate Wireless
Networks, pp 866-871, 2003 IEEE

[Yeo03] W. Y. Yeo and D. H. Cho; Enhanced Rate Control Scheme for 1xEVDO reverse traffic
channels, Electronic Letters, No 23, Vol 39, 13 th November, 2003

[Esteves02] Eduardo Esteves, Peter J. Black and Mehmet I. Gurelli; Link Adaptation Techniques for
High-Speed Packet Data in Third Generation Cellular Systems, Euro. Wireless Conf. 2002

[Huang02] Ching Yao Huang et al.; Forward and Reverse Link Capacity for 1xEVDO: Third Generation
Wireless High-Speed Data Systems, pp 871-875, 2002 IEEE

[YeoCho] Woon-Young Yeo and Dong-Ho Cho; A Markovian approach for modeling IS-856 reverse
link rate control, pp 3236-3240, IEEE Communications Society

[Lee05] Hye Jeong Lee et al.; New Rate Control Scheme Based on Adaptive Rate Limit for 1xEV-DO
Reverse Link Traffic Channels, IEEE Communication Letters, Vol 9, No 10, October 2005

[Yavuz02] Mehmet Yavuz and David W. Paranchych; A Method for Outer Loop Rate Control in High
Data Rate Wireless Networks, pp 1701-1705, 2002 IEEE

[FanHuang04] Yu Long Fan and Ching Yao Huang; Adaptive Scheduler Algorithm for Multi-Criterion
Designs in B3G Wireless Systems, WCNC 2004, pp 1293-1297, IEEE Communications Society

[ChoiHan02] Yoonghoon Choi and Youngnam Han; A Channel-based Scheduling Algorithm for
cdma2000 1xEV-DO System, PIMRC 2002, Lisbon, Portugal, 2002

[Ban04] Taewon Ban; A New Efficient Scheduling Algorithm for the support of QoS in cdma2000
1xEV-DO, pp 1148-1152, 2004 IEEE

[Kim02] Kuenyoung Kim et al.; A Proportionally Fair Scheduling Algorithm with QoS and Priority in
1xEV-DO, PIMRC 2002, Lisbon, Portugal, 2002

[Chang02] Kapseok Chang and Youngnam Han; QoS-based Adaptive Scheduling for a Mixed Service in
HDR System, PIMRC 2002, Lisbon, Portugal, 2002

[Huang03] Ching Yao Huang et al. and Stan Vitebsky et al.; Schedulers for 1xEVDO: Third Generation
Wireless High-Speed Data Systems, pp 1710-1714, 2003, IEEE

[Elliot02] Robert C. Elliot and Witold A. Krzymien; Scheduling Algorithms for the cdma2000 Packet
Data Evolution, pp 304-310, 2002, IEEE

[Jalali00] A. Jalali, R. Padovani and R. Pankaj; Data Throughput of CDMA/HDR a high efficiency high
data rate personal communication system, Proc. IEEE 51st VTC, Tokyo, May 2000

[Das01] Arnab Das, Farooq Khan and Sanjiv Nanda; A2IR: An Asynchronous and Adaptive Hybrid
ARQ Scheme for 3G Evolution, pp 628-632, VTC'01, 2001 IEEE

[Falahati] Sorour Falahati and Arne Svensson; Hybrid Type-II ARQ Schemes with Adaptive Modulation
Systems for Wireless Channels

[Yavuz01] Mehmet Yavuz, David Paranchych and Geng Wu; Performance Improvement of HDR System
due to Hybrid ARQ, pp 2192-2193, 2001, IEEE

[Semyon07] Semyon Mizikovsky, Zhibi Wang and Hongru Zhu; CDMA 1x EV-DO Security, Bell Labs
Technical Journal, 11(4), pp 291-305, 2007


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