Energy efcient

systems in power grid

Prof.dr.ing. Paul Nicolae Borza
Winter School Afyon
21-25 of January Turkey
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
2
Type of power flow variation in time:
Alternative current:
Mono phase
Three phase
Multi phase
Direct current
Electrical parameters:
Voltage
Current
Power
Frequency
Phase
Qualitative parameters:
Noise spectrum
Availability of power supplies
Reliability of providing process
Main parameters
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
3
Principal services
provided by power grids
Base load (production of electric energy quasi
constant in time)
Peak shaving (procedure to increase the production
of energy and to shift the maximum of load profile
in order to smooth the load curve)
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
4
Standby power (minimum power necessary to maintain in
function a system)
Spinning reserve (The spinning reserve is the extra
generating capacity that is available by increasing the
power output of generators that are already connected to
the power system.)
Principal services
provided by power grids
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
5
Principal services
provided by power grids
Reactive power supply generation in order to compensate the
load factor into the grid;
Ancillary services those services necessary to support the
transmission of electric power from seller to purchaser given the
obligations of control areas and transmitting utilities within those
control areas to maintain reliable operations of the
interconnected transmission system, and consists in the following
services:
1) Scheduling, System Control and Dispatch
2) Reactive Supply and Voltage Control from Generation Sources
3) Regulation and Frequency Response
4) Energy Imbalance
5) Operating Reserve Spinning
6) Operating Reserve (Supplemental see Federal Energy
Regulation Commission order888 and 1995)
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
6
Principal services
provided by power grids
Power quality is the result of an incompatibility between the power delivered
into the grid and the loads that consume this power; This notion reflect how
much differ the form of voltage relative at sinusoidal form
Type of disturbances that affect the power quality:
Voltage sags (dips) are brief reductions in voltage, typically lasting from a
cycle to a second or so, or tens of milliseconds to hundreds of milliseconds.
Voltage swells are brief increases in voltage in the same range of time
Transient overvoltage are variation of voltage in the range from 10 to 80%
of nominal voltage
Harmonics induced in special by rectifiers and inverters as result of circuit
commutation by electronic power devices (involve important values for 3
rd
,
5
th
, 7
th
harmonics
Frequency variation of voltage supplied could be the result of over load of
the network or poor network, high frequency noise produced by arch of
motor brushes or radio transmitters, extremely fast transient overvoltage
result of arches appeared into the network, unbalance three phase systems
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
7
Power network history &
evolution
Generation based on local power plants majority
functioning with coal steam . Island networks (close
inter correlation between generation &load) clustered
19
th
Century INSULATED-

Classical power networks: bulk generation, wide power
networks, captive consumers; assurance of network
stability by excess of energy production especially
based on fossil resources: coal, gas, petrol; generation
follow the loads .
20
th
Century INTEGRATED & AGGREGATED- producer
centered
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
8
Evolution of power networks
today & tomorrow
Nodaway: Decentralization of generation and increasing of
intermittent generation based on renewable sources;
management of fluctuations on both sides: producer &
consumer; producing of energy based on classical &
renewable fuels TOWARD LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION &
AGGREGATION, INTRODUCTION OF VIRTUALIZATION
CONCEPTS , consumer centered.
Tomorrow : complete INTEGRATION between generation and
consumption by ICT; self healing systems able to manage by
feedback and also feed-before procedures the fluctuations
on both sides; minimizing of power flow excursion with
benefic effects of energy efficiency; clean / green
technological processes in energy production & usage
prosumers centered
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
9
Classical power network organization
!Generation
!Transmission
!Distribution
"Sub-transmission
"Substations
"Feeders
"Services
! Customers
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
10
Main features of classical
power networks
Independent technologies for every layer of the
system
Information exchange realized using sessions
discontinuously between the different layers
Assure a relatively independently functionalities that
preserve the coherencies of data and functions used
in functionalities implementations
Encourage the specificity of developed solutions
Increase competitiveness in industry
Facilitate Trade and Commerce of specific solutions
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
11
Smart Grids a vision about
future power networks
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
12
Smart grid vision
Smart grids will implement the desiderate of fusion
between energy and information at all levels of
power network systems by: deeply integration of all
control components of the power networks using ICT.
The two-way communication system will improve the
reactivity (fast and complex) of the power system at
the demands from consumer side and all other actors
(providers, traders, regulators entities) involved in the
frame of power systems
The SG will implement an intelligent monitoring and
control functionality of all power networks
components, the communication between all these
components, and the processing of all signals afferent
to power grid.
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
13
Smart grid vision
Will better solve the incidents and malfunctioning events
that could appear on power networks inclusive by
developing self healing facilities
Will offer a high level of reliability, resilience and
security of power network system
Will integrate new intermittent power generators and
distributed generators such as: renewable power sources
thus, the consumers will be transformed in prosumers
respectively they will become in the same time energy
providers and consumers
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
14
Smart Grid Vision
Will offer the support for operating the energy
storage facilities that will be integrated into the
power grid not only at energy provider level
(generators) but also deep into the grid at the level
of end-users (consumers)
Will significantly reduce the environmental impact
of the whole electricity supply system
SG represents in the same time the complex system
able to accommodate the requirements from
economical, social and technological sides in order
to assure a high efficient power network operation,
facilitating trading of the energy
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
15
Smart Grid Vision
Will offer the support for operating the energy
storage facilities that will be integrated into the
power grid not only at energy provider level
(generators) but also deep into the grid at the level
of end-users (consumers)
Will significantly reduce the environmental impact
of the whole electricity supply system
SG represents in the same time the complex system
able to accommodate the requirements from
economical, social and technological sides in order
to assure a high efficient power network operation,
facilitating trading of the energy
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
16
Trinomial model of Smart Grids
Consumers
Electric Energy Providers
Electric Energy Traders
Operational network
Power plant automation
Generation & Load Balancing
Station Sub-Station automations
Feeder automation and monitoring
Local consumers network
RES management
Smart appliances
Building Energy Manager
Smart metering
Commercial network:
TSO Transmission System Operator
DSO Distribution System Operator
Automated billing system
Dynamic tariff applicable for prosumers
Market place interaction
AMI (Advance Metering Infrastructure)
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
17
Actual stage of Smart Grid
an example
Power network management
Market Operation
AMR Automatic
Meter Reading
Billing system CIS, GIS, ERP
Enterprise Integration
Power Plant
Automation
Substation
Automation
Feeders monitoring
& Control
Residential
Gateway
Smart Meters
Home
Automations
Producing /
Storing
Customer Services
Providers
GENERATION TRANSMISSION DISTRIBUTION
ADINE ABB project 2010
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
18
EU vision about what means and how
will evolutes the Smart Grid concept
This will be done via an integrated and innovative
approach to
technical,
commercial
regulatory
dimensions
European Smart Grids Technology Platform Vision and Strategy for
Europes Electricity Networks of the Future see on http://
europa.eu.int/comm/research/energy 2012
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
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EU Vision about Smart Grids
User-centric approach: increased interest in
electricity market opportunities value added services,
flexible demand for energy, lower prices, micro
generation opportunities;
Electricity networks renewal and innovation: pursuing
efficient asset management, increasing the degree of
automation for better quality of service;
Using system wide remote control;
Applying efficient investments to solve infrastructure
ageing;
Security of supply: limited primary resources of
traditional energy sources, flexible storage; need for
higher reliability and quality; increase network and
generation capacity;
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
20
EU Vision about Smart Grids
Liberalised markets: responding to the requirements
and opportunities of liberalisation by developing and
enabling both new products and new services;
High demand flexibility and controlled price volatility,
Flexible and predictable tariffs;
Liquid markets for trading of energy and grid
services;
Interoperability of European electricity networks:
supporting the implementation of the internal market;
efficient management of cross border and transit
network congestion; improving the long-distance
transport and integration of renewable energy
sources; strengthening European security of supply
through enhanced transfer capabilities;
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
21
EU Vision about Smart Grids
Central generation renewal of the existing power-
plants,
Development of efficiency improvements, increased
flexibility towards the system services;
Integration with RES and Distributed (decentralized)
Generation DG;
Developing of Distributed generation and
production based on renewable energy sources
(RES):
Local energy management, and as consequence
losses and emissions reduction, integration within
power networks;
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
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EU Vision about Smart Grids
Environmental issues:
reaching Kyoto Protocol targets and evaluate their
impact on the electricity transits in Europe;
reduce losses;
increasing social responsibility and sustainability;
optimizing visual impact and land-use;
Demand response and demand side
management(DSM):
developing strategies for local demand modulation
and load control by electronic metering and
automatic meter management systems;
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
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EU Vision about Smart Grids
Politics and regulatory aspects: continuing
development and harmonisation of policies and
regulatory frameworks in the European Union (EU)
context;
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21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
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Investments of EU countries in
Smart Grids
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21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
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A remark of Frederik Butler
most people have paid for their electricity at the
same rate every day of every year, every hour of
every day.
Butler said, Thats going to have to change, noting
that If youre going to have a smart grid, that
allows you to measure and have two-way
communication between the end-user premises, the
utility company, the [Regional Transmission Operator]
RTO, and other entities, rates will have to change to
be more time-of-use rates or critical peak period
rates.
2008
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
26
Smart Grid functionality
Fault Current Limit devices able to automatically
limit high current that occur during faults
Wide Area Monitoring, Visualization & Control
Dynamic Capability Rating
Power Flow Control having as objective to reduce
the power flow travel along power networks
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
27
Smart Grid Functionality
Adaptive Protections
Automatic Feeder and Line switching
Automatic Islanding and Reconnection
Automatic Voltage and VAR Control
Diagnosis and notification of Equipment
Conditions
Enhance Fault protection
Real-time Load measurement & management
Real time load transfer as result of feeder
reconfiguration
Customer electricity use optimization
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
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CISCO vision about SG assessment
Observable
Controllable
Automated
Integrated
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21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
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CISCO Implementation
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21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
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Main challenges rinsed by Smart Grids
Development of a secure, reliable and resilient
communication system creating redundant
infrastructures
Improvement of M2M connectivity down to the last
elements integrated into the power grid
Strict control of propagation delays on operational
network in order to maintain the real-time
capabilities for whole system
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
31
Main challenges rinsed by Smart Grids
Development of appropriate strategies in order to pass-off
or avoid the silent unresponsive nodes that should be
over passed
Coordination and alignment of requirements from
plurality of stakeholders (EU case)
Development of standard and regulations that impose the
usage of strict security solutions in order to avoid
possible intrusion into SG systems
See standards:IEC 61850 standard Communication
networks and systems for power utility automation; IEC
61499 standard for general purpose Function Block
architecture for industrial process measurement and
control systems, endowing the architecture with bio-
inspired control patterns
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
32
Main challenges rinsed by Smart Grids
Developing device-oriented security platform and
their integration into products
Developing and agreeing common regulation
between all the EU countries
Developing and adapting the network for integration
of dynamic, mobile and variable storage elements
brought by massive introduction of electrical vehicles
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
33
Advanced Metering
Infrastructure
Bi-directional communication based on standard
protocols
Enabling usage of dynamic tariffs or instant price of
Electricity consumed or generated
Visualization in real time of current status of the
power network
Endowing with control functions the Energy Counter in
order to be able not only to switch on-off the devices
but also to offer strategies for replacing components
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
34
A possible future network
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21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
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A Small Scale Implementation
Features
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21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
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An small scale implementation
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21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
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Overview
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21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
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An small scale implementation
HMI
ARCHIVE
SIGNAL
4
SIGNAL
3
DEVICE 2
SIGNAL
2
SIGNAL
1
DEVICE 1
Communication Module 1
Using protocol x
SIGNAL
8
SIGNAL
7
DEVICE 4
SIGNAL
6
SIGNAL
5
DEVICE 3
Communication Module 2
Using protocol y

CORE
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
39
An small scale implementation
Binary messages for values transmitted from communication
modules to the Core and instant events that need to be
transmitted to HMIs and archives
XML messages for communication module and HMI configuration
and for historical data read from archive
Message structure: [ HEADER ] [ PAYLOAD ]
[ HEADER ] [TYPE] [DATA] [AUX] [LENGTH]
[ TYPE ] tells to the CORE or modules what to do with the
message
[ PAYLOAD ] binary or ASCII data
Binary format is used to send simple messages with constant structure, as
fast as possible. ASCII format is used to send complex and variable
structured messages in XML format that needs processing.
Winter School
21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
40
An small scale implementation
Set-up & Initialization of the system
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21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
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An small scale implementation
Human Machine Interfaces
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21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
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An small scale implementation
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21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
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Residential micro-network
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21-25 of January Afyon Turkey
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Thanks for your
attention
Questions & Answers