KINEMATIKA

Senin 5 Maret 2012

Oleh
Suryani Dyah Astuti
MEKANIKA
KINEMATIKA
DINAMIKA
Studi Gerak Benda
tanpa meninjau penyebab
Studi Gerak Benda
meninjau penyebab (Gaya)
posisi, perpindahan, jarak,
kecepatan, laju, percepatan,
perlajuan, waktu
massa, berat, gaya,
momentum linear, impuls,
momentum sudut,
kecepatan sudut
Besaran yg terkait
KECEPATAN
Kecepatan Rerata
waktu selang
Pergeseran Rerata
=
A
A
= = =
t
x
v v v
rat
t
x
t
1
t
2
A x
x
1
x
2
lintasan
A t
V
rat
= slop garis penghubung x
1
dan x
2
.
KECEPATAN
Kecepatan Sesaat
t
x
v v
t t
A
A
= =
A A
lim lim
0 0
dt
dx
v =
Turunan waktu dari Perpindahan/ Pergeseran
t
x
t
1
t
2
A x
x
1
x
2
A t
shgv(t
2
) = slop garis pada lintasan di titik t
2
.
Posisi dan Perpindahan :
} }
=
x
x
x
x
dt v dx
0 0
dt v x x
t
t
}
+ =
0
0
x
0
=posisi (nilai x) saat t
0
dt v x x
t
t
}
= =
0
0
an) (perpindah Pergeseran
Contoh :
Zarah bergerak mengikuti persamaan:
a. hitung kecepatan rerata antara 2s dan 3s
b. hitung kecepatan sesaat pada 2s
1 5
2
+ = t x
a) pada t
0
=2 s x
0
=5(2)2 +1 =21m
pada t =3 s x =5(3)2 +1 =46m
s m 25
2 3
21 46
=

=
A
A
=
t
x
v
b)
( ) ( ) t t
dt
d
dt
dx
t v 10 1 5
2
= + = =
( ) s m 20 2 . 10 2 = = v
Solusi :
PERCEPATAN
PERCEPATAN RERATA
PERCEPATAN SESAAT
waktu selang
kecepatan Rerata
=
A
A
= = =
t
v
a a a
rat
dt
dv
a =
turunan waktu dari kecepatan
Mendapatkan kecepatan :
dt a dv
t
t
v
v
} }
=
0 0
dt a v v
t
t
}
+ =
0
o
Perubahan kecepatan :

}
= =
i
i i
t
t
dt a dt a v v
0
o
kontinu
diskret
Menentukan posisi dari percepatan:
dt
x d
dt
dx
dt
d
dt
dv
a
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
= = dx a
dt
dx
dt a dv v =
|
.
|

\
|
=
Sehingga hubungan v, a dan x :
dx a dv v
x
x
v
v
} }
=
0 0
dx a v v
x
x
}
=
0
2
0
2
1
2
2
1
atau dx a v v
x
x
}
+ =
0
2
2
0
2
Vektor kecepatandan percepatan
u a v

arah dengan berlawanan atau sama dan

Arah
dt
dx
u v =

dt
dv
u a =

" " atau atau bergantung

dt
dv
dt
dx
arah v sama dengan a gerak dipercepat
arah a berlawanan dengan v gerak diperlambat
Contoh:
Benda bergerak searah sb-X dg percepatan
a =(4x 2) m/s
2
J ika vo= 10 m/s pada saat xo= 0 m,
cari hubungan v & x.
dx a v v
x
x
}
+ =
0
2
2
0
2
( ) ( )
( ) x x
dx x
x
x
2 2
2 100 2 4 2 10
2
0
0
2

+ = + =
}
J awab :
100 4 4
2
+ = x x v
GERAK dng PERCEPATAN KONSTAN
dt a v v
t
t
}
+ =
0
o

dt v r r
t
t
}
+ =
0
o

Kasus a =konstan :
( )
o
0
t t a dt a
t
t
=
}

( )
o o
t t a v v + =

( ) | |
} }
+ =
t
o o
r
o o
t r
dt t t a v r d

( ) ( )
2
o
2
1
o o
t t a t t v r r + + =

Arah v
0
dan a boleh beda, akibatnya arah
v tidak sama dengan a, tetapi selalu pd
bidang yang dibentuk v
0
dan a.
Beda dengan gerak lurus :
arah v dan a selalu sama atau berlawanan
Gerak J atuh Bebas
y
a
y
= g
gt v v
y
0 y
=
2
y 0 0
t g
2
1
t v y y + =
y
a
v
t
t
t
g a
y
=
Contoh soal:
Seorang pilot helicopter
menjatuhkan logam dari
ketinggian 1000 m.
Berapa lama logam
tersebut berada di udara
dan berapa kecepatannya
saat mencapai tanah?
(abaikan hambatan udara)
1000 m
J awab:
2
0y 0
gt
2
1
t v y y + =
2
0
gt
2
1
y y =
1000 m
y = 0
y
Lanjutan:
y
0
= 1000 m
y
s 3 14
s m 81 9
m 1000 2
g
y 2
t
2
0
.
.
=

= =
2
0
gt
2
1
y y - =
y = 0
) (
0
2
y 0
2
y
y y a 2 v v - - =
s m 140
gy 2 v
0 y
/ =
=
Alice and Bill are standing at the top of a cliff of height Alice and Bill are standing at the top of a cliff of height
HH. Both throw a ball with initial speed . Both throw a ball with initial speed vv
00
, Alice straight , Alice straight
down down and Bill straight and Bill straight up up. The speed of the balls when . The speed of the balls when
they hit the ground are they hit the ground are vv
AA
and and vv
BB
respectively. respectively. Which Which
of the following is true: of the following is true:
(a) (a) vv
AA
< < vv
BB
(b) (b) vv
AA
= = vv
BB
(c) (c) vv
AA
> > vv
BB
vv
00
vv
00
Bill Bill Alice Alice
HH
vv
AA
vv
BB
Soal :
Gerak Lengkung
r

A
r'

s A
v r r r

' = A
t
r
v
A
A
=

t
r
v v
t t
A
A
= =
A A

lim lim
0 0
dt
r d
v

=
Dengan komponen-2 :
dt
dx
v
x
=
dt
dy
v
y
=
dt
dz
v
z
=
Laju (besar kecepatan) :
2 2 2
z y x
v v v v + + =
Gerak proyektil
a =g =percepatan gravitasi
g g
y
u =

oy ox
v v v
y x
u u
o
+ =

cos
o ox
v v = sin
o oy
v v =
o =sudut tembak
ox x
v v = gt v v
oy y
= t v x
ox
=
2
2
1
gt t v y
oy
=

tan
cos 2
2
2 2
x x
v
g
y
o
+ =
GERAK MELINGKAR
R
vv
x
y
(x,y)
Ciri gerak melingkar :
J ejari R, konstan
Kelajuan v = |vv|, konstan
Koordinat Polar :
Panjang busur s terkait dengan sudut:
s = Ru, dengan u adalah sudut angular.
satuan u adalah radian.
Untuk satu putaran penuh:
2tR = Ru
c
u
c
= 2t
u memiliki periode 2t.
1 putaran penuh = 2 1 putaran penuh = 2t t radian radian
RR
vv
x
y
(x,y)
s
u
Dlm coordinat kartesan, kecepatan v = dx/dt.
x = vt
Dlm koordinat polar, kecepatan angular
(sudut) du/dt = e.
u = et
e memiliki satuan radians/second.
Perpindahan s = vt.
karena s = Ru = Ret, maka:
RR
vv
x
y
s
u=et
v = eR
Periode dan Frekuensi
1 revolution = 2t radians
frekuensi (f) = revolutions / second (a)
Kecepatan angular (e) = radians / second (b)
Dg kombinasi (a) dan (b)
= 2t f
period (T) = seconds / revolution
Shg T = 1 / f = 2t/
= 2t / T = 2tf
RR
vv
s
e
Vector satuan koordinat polar
vector satuan koordinat polar rr and :
rr points in radial direction
points in tangential direction
RR
x
y
ii
j j

rr
^^

^^
^^ ^^
^^
^^
Acceleration dalam gerak melingkar:
Meskipunkelajuan adalah konstan,namun
kecepatantidaklahkonstankarena karena arah arah
gerak gerak selalu selalu berubah berubah: shg mengharuskan
adanya percepatan!
tinjau percepatan rata-rata selama At
a
av
= Avv / At
vv
1
vv
2
Avv
vv
2
eAt
vv
1
RR
Besar Percepatan:
Percepaatan Percepaatanini ini disebut disebut Percepatan
Centripetal, yang besarnya :
vv
2
vv
1
vv
1
vv
2
Avv
RR
RR
A A v
v
R
R
= Similar triangles:
But AR = vAt for small At
So:
A
A
v
t
v
R
=
2
A A v
v
v t
R
=
a
v
R
=
2
Percepatan Centripetal
Besar :a = v
2
/ R
Arah :- r r (toward center of circle)
R
aa
e
^^
Derivation:
( )
R
R
a
2
=
We know that and v = eR
Substituting for v we find that:
a
v
R
=
2
e
a =e
2
R
Uniform Circular Motion
A fighter pilot flying in a circular turn will pass out if the
centripetal acceleration he experiences is more than
about 9 times the acceleration of gravity g. If his F18 is
moving with a speed of 300 m/s, what is the approximate
diameter of the tightest turn this pilot can make and
survive to tell about it ?
Solution Solution
a
v
R
g = =
2
9
2
2
2
2
s
m
81 9 9
s
m
90000
g 9
v
R
.
= =
m 1000 m
81 9
10000
R ~ =
.
D R m = ~ 2 2000
2km
Example: Propeller Tip
The propeller on a stunt plane spins with
frequency f = 3500 rpm. The length of each
propeller blade is L = 80cm. What
centripetal acceleration does a point at the
tip of a propeller blade feel?
f
L
what is aa here?
Example:
First calculate the angular velocity of the
propeller:
so 3500 rpm means e = 367 s
-1
Now calculate the acceleration.
a = e
2
R = (367s
-1
)
2
x (0.8m) = 1.1 x 10
5
m/s
2
= 11,000 g
direction of aa points at the propeller hub (-r r ).
1 1
1
60
2 0105 0105 rpm s
-1
= =
rot
x
s
x
rad
rot
rad
s min
min
. . t
^^
Example: Newton & the Moon
What is the acceleration of the Moon due to
its motion around the Earth?
What we know (Newton knew this also):
T = 27.3 days = 2.36 x 10
6
s (period ~ 1 month)
R = 3.84 x 10
8
m (distance to moon)
R
E
= 6.35 x 10
6
m (radius of earth)
R R
E
Moon...
Calculate angular velocity:
So e = 2.66 x 10
-6
s
-1
.
Now calculate the acceleration.
a = e
2
R = 0.00272 m/s
2
= 0.000278 g
direction of aa points at the center of the Earth (-rr ).
1
27 3
1
86400
2 2 66 10
6
.
.
rot
day
x
day
s
x
rad
rot
x t =

s
-1
^
Moon...
So we find that a
moon
/ g = 0.000278
Newton noticed that R
E
2
/ R
2
=
0.000273
R R
E
a
moon
g
Centripetal Acceleration
The Space Shuttle is in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) about
300 km above the surface. The period of the orbit is
about 91 min. What is the acceleration of an
astronaut in the Shuttle in the reference frame of the
Earth? (The radius of the Earth is 6.4 x 10
6
m.)
First calculate the angular frequency :
Realize that:
Centripetal Acceleration
R
O
300 km
R
O
= R
E
+ 300 km
= 6.4 x 10
6
m + 0.3 x 10
6
m
= 6.7 x 10
6
m
R
E
1 -
s 00115 . 0
rot
rad
2 x
s 60
1
x
rot
91
1
= =
min
min
Now calculate the acceleration:
Centripetal Acceleration
a = e
2
R
a =(0.00115 s
-1
)
2
x 6.7 x 10
6
m
a = 8.9 m/s
2