LAB 1

BENDING IN BEAM

Group EM4M10 C

ARIFF RIDHWAN B. BORHAN ( 2012628414 )
SYAH FAIZAL B. YUSOF KAMIL ( 2012805728 )
SYARAFUDDIN B. MOHAMMAD YUSOF ( 2012432302 )
MUHAMMAD AIMAN FIRDAUS B. ADNAN ( 2012677572 )








1. Introduction
In engineering mechanics, bending (also known as flexure) characterizes the behavior of a
slender structural element subjected to an external load applied perpendicularly to a longitudinal
axis of the element. Bending is a process by which metal can be deformed by plastically
deforming the material and changing its shape. The structural element is assumed to be such that
at least one of its dimensions is a small fraction, typically 1/10 or less, of the other two. When
the length is considerably longer than the width and the thickness, the element is called a beam.
For example, a closet rod sagging under the weight of clothes on clothes hangers is an example
of a beam experiencing bending. On the other hand, a shell is a structure of any geometric form
where the length and the width are of the same order of magnitude but the thickness of the
structure (known as the 'wall') is considerably smaller. A large diameter, but thin-walled, short
tube supported at its ends and loaded laterally is an example of a shell experiencing bending.

In the experiment that that we conducted, we know that this experiment is very important in our
daily lives. These bending experiments teach us how some materials such as mild steel,
aluminum and brass deflect after some force exerted.
Some examples that can be related to this experiment are bridges and structure in building. These
examples can show the deflection occurs when we take the measurement after several times.
This can show how important the deflection of beam if we did not take seriously about it. The
causes of failure deflection is very high costly because it will collapse and this give several
damages to the people that involve with it.
While conducting this experiment, we need to know how the relationship between the force and
the deflection occurs. This means we need to identify the probability forces that can make the
beam to deflect. We also need to know by different materials the value of deflect is different or
not.
After we conducted the experiment; we can know the values of deflection. With the result we
get, we know that some material will give different value so that in future we know that how
much load for the materials can withstand. By doing this all the problem about deflection of
beam can be solving directly by using formula bending. We also know how to overcome the
problem that might happen to the materials.

1.0 Theory
Pure bending






















The radius of curvature for this arc is defined as the distance R, which is measured from the
center of curvature, 0 to dx.
The strain in arc ds, located at position y from the position neutral axis is
= (ds ds)/ds. However, ds= dx= R d and = [(p-y) d - R d]/ R d or 1/R = - /y
Based on Hookes Law: = /E and
Flexure formula applied: = - My/I
Thus,


Know that,
R
2
= (R- y)
2
+ (L/2)
2

R
2
= R
2
- 2Ry + y
2
+L
2
/4
Therefore, 2Ry = L
2
/4
R = L
2
/8y

We know, M = W(x)
I = bh
3
/12
Thus,


E/R = M/I


8Ey/L
2
= W(x)/I


From the experiment that have been done, there are three different types of material of the beam
with different modulus of elasticity (E) that is brass, aluminuim and mild steel. We know that the
theoritical value of modulus of elasticity (E) is 105Gpa, 70GPa and 200Gpa respectively.

2.0 Objective
To determine the elastic modulus (E) of beam specimen(Brass, Aluminum and Mild steel) by
method of deflection.















Cross section of the material




Graph of Deflection (mm) vs. Load (N)


0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Brass
Aluminium
mild steel
Brass
Aluminium Mild Steel
6.14 mm
19.98mm
mmmmm
mmmmm
mmmmm
m mm
6.28 mm
19.96m
mm mm
4.12 mm
20.26mm
mm mm