11 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western
Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Descriptive Statistics: Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and raphical !resentations Tabular and raphical !resentations !art " !art " #$plorator% Data &nal%sis #$plorator% Data &nal%sis Crosstabulations and Crosstabulations and Scatter Dia'rams Scatter Dia'rams xx y y 22 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western #$plorator% Data &nal%sis #$plorator% Data &nal%sis The techni(ues o) The techni(ues o) e$plorator% data anal%sis e$plorator% data anal%sis consist o) consist o) simple arithmetic and eas% simple arithmetic and eas%- -to to- -dra* pictures that can dra* pictures that can be used to summari+e data (uic,l%- be used to summari+e data (uic,l%- .ne such techni(ue is the .ne such techni(ue is the stem stem- -and and- -lea) displa% lea) displa%-- 2 // Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western Stem Stem- -and and- -0ea) Displa% 0ea) Displa% #ach di'it on a stem is a #ach di'it on a stem is a lea) lea)-- #ach line in the displa% is re)erred to as a #ach line in the displa% is re)erred to as a stem stem-- To the ri'ht o) the vertical line *e record the last To the ri'ht o) the vertical line *e record the last di'it )or each item in ran, order- di'it )or each item in ran, order- The )irst di'its o) each data item are arran'ed to the The )irst di'its o) each data item are arran'ed to the le)t o) a vertical line- le)t o) a vertical line- 1t is 1t is similar to a histo'ram similar to a histo'ramon its side2 but it has the on its side2 but it has the advanta'e o) sho*in' the actual data values- advanta'e o) sho*in' the actual data values- & stem & stem- -and and- -lea) displa% sho*s both the lea) displa% sho*s both the ran, order ran, order and and shape o) the distribution shape o) the distribution o) the data- o) the data- 33 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western #$ample: 4udson &uto 5epair #$ample: 4udson &uto 5epair The mana'er o) 4udson &uto The mana'er o) 4udson &uto *ould li,e to have a better *ould li,e to have a better understandin' o) the cost understandin' o) the cost o) parts used in the en'ine o) parts used in the en'ine tune tune- -ups per)ormed in the ups per)ormed in the shop- She e$amines 50 shop- She e$amines 50 customer invoices )or tune customer invoices )or tune- -ups- The costs o) parts2 ups- The costs o) parts2 rounded to the nearest dollar2 are listed on the ne$t rounded to the nearest dollar2 are listed on the ne$t slide- slide- / 55 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western #$ample: 4udson &uto 5epair #$ample: 4udson &uto 5epair Sample o) !arts Cost )or 50 Tune Sample o) !arts Cost )or 50 Tune- -ups ups 61 78 6/ 57 75 52 66 80 67 92 71 96 72 86 99 75 76 75 72 79 103 73 92 98 67 105 77 95 80 106 85 67 88 98 8/ 98 71 96 97 73 92 82 68 101 76 105 76 96 92 7/ 99 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western Stem Stem- -and and- -0ea) Displa% 0ea) Displa% 55 66 77 88 99 10 10 2 7 2 7 2 2 2 2 5 9 7 8 8 8 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 5 9 7 8 8 8 6 6 6 1 1 2 2 / 3 3 5 5 5 9 7 8 6 6 6 1 1 2 2 / 3 3 5 5 5 9 7 8 6 6 6 0 0 2 / 5 8 6 0 0 2 / 5 8 6 1 / 7 7 7 8 6 1 / 7 7 7 8 6 1 3 5 5 6 1 3 5 5 6 a stem a stem a lea) a lea) 3 77 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western Stretched Stem Stretched Stem- -and and- -0ea) Displa% 0ea) Displa% Whenever a stem value is stated t*ice2 the )irst value Whenever a stem value is stated t*ice2 the )irst value corresponds to lea) values o) 0 corresponds to lea) values o) 0 32 and the second 32 and the second value corresponds to lea) values o) 5 value corresponds to lea) values o) 5 6- 6- 1) *e believe the ori'inal stem 1) *e believe the ori'inal stem- -and and- -lea) displa% has lea) displa% has condensed the data too much2 *e can condensed the data too much2 *e can stretch the stretch the displa% displa% b% usin' t*o stems )or each leadin' di'it:s;- b% usin' t*o stems )or each leadin' di'it:s;- 88 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western Stretched Stem Stretched Stem- -and and- -0ea) Displa% 0ea) Displa% 5 5 6 5 5 6 1 3 1 3 7 7 7 8 6 7 7 7 8 6 1 / 1 / 5 8 6 5 8 6 0 0 2 / 0 0 2 / 5 5 5 9 7 8 6 6 6 5 5 5 9 7 8 6 6 6 1 1 2 2 / 3 3 1 1 2 2 / 3 3 5 9 7 8 8 8 6 6 6 5 9 7 8 8 8 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 77 22 55 55 66 66 77 77 88 88 99 99 10 10 10 10 5 66 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western Stem Stem- -and and- -0ea) Displa% 0ea) Displa% 0ea) <nits 0ea) <nits == Where the lea) unit is not sho*n2 it is assumed Where the lea) unit is not sho*n2 it is assumed to e(ual 1- to e(ual 1- == 0ea) units ma% be 1002 102 12 0-12 and so on- 0ea) units ma% be 1002 102 12 0-12 and so on- == 1n the precedin' e$ample2 the lea) unit *as 1- 1n the precedin' e$ample2 the lea) unit *as 1- == & sin'le di'it is used to de)ine each lea)- & sin'le di'it is used to de)ine each lea)- 10 10 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western #$ample: 0ea) <nit > 0-1 #$ample: 0ea) <nit > 0-1 1) *e have data *ith values such as 1) *e have data *ith values such as 88 66 10 10 11 11 0ea) <nit > 0-1 0ea) <nit > 0-1 9 8 9 8 1 3 1 3 22 0 7 0 7 8-9 8-9 11-7 11-7 6-3 6-3 6-1 6-1 10-2 10-2 11-0 11-0 8-8 8-8 a stem a stem- -and and- -lea) displa% o) these data *ill be lea) displa% o) these data *ill be 9 11 11 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western #$ample: 0ea) <nit > 10 #$ample: 0ea) <nit > 10 1) *e have data *ith values such as 1) *e have data *ith values such as 19 19 17 17 18 18 16 16 0ea) <nit > 10 0ea) <nit > 10 88 1 6 1 6 0 / 0 / 1 7 1 7 1809 1809 1717 1717 1673 1673 1761 1761 1982 1982 1610 1610 18/8 18/8 a stem a stem- -and and- -lea) displa% o) these data *ill be lea) displa% o) these data *ill be The 82 in 1982 The 82 in 1982 is rounded do*n is rounded do*n to 80 and is to 80 and is represented as an 8- represented as an 8- 12 12 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western Crosstabulations and Scatter Dia'rams Crosstabulations and Scatter Dia'rams Crosstabulation Crosstabulation and a and a scatter dia'ram scatter dia'ramare t*o are t*o methods )or summari+in' the data )or t*o :or more; methods )or summari+in' the data )or t*o :or more; variables simultaneousl%- variables simultaneousl%- .)ten a mana'er is interested in tabular and .)ten a mana'er is interested in tabular and 'raphical methods that *ill help understand the 'raphical methods that *ill help understand the relationship bet*een t*o variables relationship bet*een t*o variables-- Thus )ar *e have )ocused on methods that are used Thus )ar *e have )ocused on methods that are used to summari+e the data )or to summari+e the data )or one variable at a time one variable at a time-- 7 1/ 1/ Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western Crosstabulation Crosstabulation The le)t and top mar'in labels de)ine the classes )or The le)t and top mar'in labels de)ine the classes )or the t*o variables- the t*o variables- Crosstabulation can be used *hen: Crosstabulation can be used *hen: == one variable is (ualitative and the other is one variable is (ualitative and the other is (uantitative2 (uantitative2 == both variables are (ualitative2 or both variables are (ualitative2 or == both variables are (uantitative- both variables are (uantitative- & & crosstabulation crosstabulation is a tabular summar% o) data )or is a tabular summar% o) data )or t*o variables- t*o variables- 13 13 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western !rice !rice 5an'e 5an'e Colonial 0o' Split & Colonial 0o' Split &- -?rame ?rame Total Total @@ A662000 A662000 B A662000 B A662000 18 9 16 12 18 9 16 12 55 55 35 35 /0 /0 20 /5 15 20 /5 15 Total Total 100 100 12 13 19 / 12 13 19 / 4ome St%le 4ome St%le Crosstabulation Crosstabulation #$ample: ?in'er 0a,es 4omes #$ample: ?in'er 0a,es 4omes The number o) ?in'er 0a,es homes sold )or each The number o) ?in'er 0a,es homes sold )or each st%le and price )or the past t*o %ears is sho*n belo*- st%le and price )or the past t*o %ears is sho*n belo*- (uantitative (uantitative variable variable (ualitative (ualitative variable variable 8 15 15 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western Crosstabulation Crosstabulation 1nsi'hts ained )rom !recedin' Crosstabulation 1nsi'hts ained )rom !recedin' Crosstabulation == .nl% three homes in the sample are an & .nl% three homes in the sample are an &- -?rame ?rame st%le and priced at more than A662000- st%le and priced at more than A662000- == The 'reatest number o) homes in the sample :16; The 'reatest number o) homes in the sample :16; are a split are a split- -level st%le and priced at less than or level st%le and priced at less than or e(ual to A662000- e(ual to A662000- 19 19 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western !rice !rice 5an'e 5an'e Colonial 0o' Split & Colonial 0o' Split &- -?rame ?rame Total Total @@ A662000 A662000 B A662000 B A662000 18 9 16 12 18 9 16 12 55 55 35 35 /0 /0 20 /5 15 20 /5 15 Total Total 100 100 12 13 19 / 12 13 19 / 4ome St%le 4ome St%le Crosstabulation Crosstabulation ?re(uenc% distribution ?re(uenc% distribution )or the price variable )or the price variable ?re(uenc% distribution ?re(uenc% distribution )or the home st%le variable )or the home st%le variable 6 17 17 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western Crosstabulation: 5o* or Column !ercenta'es Crosstabulation: 5o* or Column !ercenta'es Convertin' the entries in the table into ro* Convertin' the entries in the table into ro* percenta'es or column percenta'es can provide percenta'es or column percenta'es can provide additional insi'ht about the relationship bet*een additional insi'ht about the relationship bet*een the t*o variables- the t*o variables- 18 18 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western !rice !rice 5an'e 5an'e Colonial 0o' Split & Colonial 0o' Split &- -?rame ?rame Total Total @@ A662000 A662000 B A662000 B A662000 /2-7/ 10-61 /3-55 21-82 /2-7/ 10-61 /3-55 21-82 100 100 100 100 Cote: ro* totals are actuall% 100-01 due to roundin'- Cote: ro* totals are actuall% 100-01 due to roundin'- 29-97 /1-11 /5-59 9-97 29-97 /1-11 /5-59 9-97 4ome St%le 4ome St%le :Colonial and B A66D;/:&ll BA66D; $ 100 > :12/35; $ 100 :Colonial and B A66D;/:&ll BA66D; $ 100 > :12/35; $ 100 Crosstabulation: 5o* !ercenta'es Crosstabulation: 5o* !ercenta'es 10 16 16 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western !rice !rice 5an'e 5an'e Colonial 0o' Split & Colonial 0o' Split &- -?rame ?rame @@ A662000 A662000 B A662000 B A662000 90-00 /0-00 53-26 80-00 90-00 /0-00 53-26 80-00 30-00 70-00 35-71 20-00 30-00 70-00 35-71 20-00 4ome St%le 4ome St%le 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Total Total :Colonial and B A66D;/:&ll Colonial; $ 100 > :12//0; $ 100 :Colonial and B A66D;/:&ll Colonial; $ 100 > :12//0; $ 100 Crosstabulation: Column !ercenta'es Crosstabulation: Column !ercenta'es 20 20 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western Crosstabulation: SimpsonEs !arado$ Crosstabulation: SimpsonEs !arado$ SimpsonE !arado$ SimpsonE !arado$: 1n some cases the conclusions : 1n some cases the conclusions based upon an a''re'ated crosstabulation can be based upon an a''re'ated crosstabulation can be completel% reversed i) *e loo, at the una''re'ated completel% reversed i) *e loo, at the una''re'ated data- su''ests the overall relationship bet*een the data- su''ests the overall relationship bet*een the variables- variables- We must be care)ul in dra*in' conclusions about the We must be care)ul in dra*in' conclusions about the relationship bet*een the t*o variables in the relationship bet*een the t*o variables in the a''re'ated crosstabulation- a''re'ated crosstabulation- Data in t*o or more crosstabulations are o)ten Data in t*o or more crosstabulations are o)ten a''re'ated to produce a summar% crosstabulation- a''re'ated to produce a summar% crosstabulation- 11 21 21 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western The 'eneral pattern o) the plotted points su''ests the The 'eneral pattern o) the plotted points su''ests the overall relationship bet*een the variables- overall relationship bet*een the variables- .ne variable is sho*n on the hori+ontal a$is and the .ne variable is sho*n on the hori+ontal a$is and the other variable is sho*n on the vertical a$is- other variable is sho*n on the vertical a$is- & & scatter dia'ram scatter dia'ramis a 'raphical presentation o) the is a 'raphical presentation o) the relationship bet*een t*o relationship bet*een t*o (uantitative (uantitative variables- variables- Scatter Dia'ram and Trendline Scatter Dia'ram and Trendline & & trendline trendline is an appro$imation o) the relationship- is an appro$imation o) the relationship- 22 22 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western Scatter Dia'ram Scatter Dia'ram & !ositive 5elationship & !ositive 5elationship xx y y 12 2/ 2/ Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western Scatter Dia'ram Scatter Dia'ram & Ce'ative 5elationship & Ce'ative 5elationship xx y y 23 23 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western Scatter Dia'ram Scatter Dia'ram Co &pparent 5elationship Co &pparent 5elationship xx y y 1/ 25 25 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western #$ample: !anthers ?ootball Team #$ample: !anthers ?ootball Team Scatter Dia'ram Scatter Dia'ram The !anthers )ootball team is interested The !anthers )ootball team is interested in investi'atin' the relationship2 i) an%2 in investi'atin' the relationship2 i) an%2 bet*een interceptions made and points scored- bet*een interceptions made and points scored- 11 // 22 11 // 13 13 23 23 18 18 17 17 /0 /0 xx > Cumber o) > Cumber o) 1nterceptions 1nterceptions yy > Cumber o) > Cumber o) !oints Scored !oints Scored 29 29 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western Scatter Dia'ram Scatter Dia'ram y y xx Cumber o) 1nterceptions Cumber o) 1nterceptions C u m b e r
o )
! o i n t s
S c o r e d C u m b e r
o )
! o i n t s
S c o r e d 55 10 10 15 15 20 20 25 25 /0 /0 00 /5 /5 11 22 // 00 33 13 27 27 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western 1nsi'hts ained )rom the !recedin' Scatter Dia'ram 1nsi'hts ained )rom the !recedin' Scatter Dia'ram == The relationship is not per)ectF all plotted points in The relationship is not per)ectF all plotted points in the scatter dia'ram are not on a strai'ht line- the scatter dia'ram are not on a strai'ht line- == 4i'her points scored are associated *ith a hi'her 4i'her points scored are associated *ith a hi'her number o) interceptions- number o) interceptions- == The scatter dia'ram indicates a positive relationship The scatter dia'ram indicates a positive relationship bet*een the number o) interceptions and the bet*een the number o) interceptions and the number o) points scored- number o) points scored- #$ample: !anthers ?ootball Team #$ample: !anthers ?ootball Team 28 28 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western Tabular and raphical !rocedures Tabular and raphical !rocedures Gualitative Data Gualitative Data Guantitative Data Guantitative Data Tabular Tabular Hethods Hethods Tabular Tabular Hethods Hethods raphical raphical Hethods Hethods raphical raphical Hethods Hethods ==?re(uenc% ?re(uenc% Distribution Distribution ==5el- ?re(- Dist- 5el- ?re(- Dist- ==!ercent ?re(- !ercent ?re(- Distribution Distribution ==Crosstabulation Crosstabulation =="ar raph "ar raph ==!ie Chart !ie Chart ==?re(uenc% ?re(uenc% Distribution Distribution ==5el- ?re(- Dist- 5el- ?re(- Dist- ==Cum- ?re(- Dist- Cum- ?re(- Dist- ==Cum- 5el- ?re(- Cum- 5el- ?re(- Distribution Distribution ==Stem Stem- -and and- -0ea) 0ea) Displa% Displa% ==Crosstabulation Crosstabulation ==Dot !lot Dot !lot ==4isto'ram 4isto'ram ==.'ive .'ive ==Scatter Scatter Dia'ram Dia'ram Data Data 15 26 26 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western #nd o) Chapter 22 !art " #nd o) Chapter 22 !art "
UK Environment Agency RM-QG6 - Calibrating Particulate-Monitoring Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (CEMs), Especially For Low Concentrations of Particulate Matter