Patch antenna

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A *patch antenna* (also known as a /rectangular microstrip antenna/) is
a type of radio antenna </wiki/Antenna_(radio)> with a low profile,
which can be mounted on a flat surface. It consists of a flat
rectangular sheet or "patch" of metal, mounted over a larger sheet of
metal called a ground plane </wiki/Ground_plane>. The assembly is
usually contained inside a plastic radome </wiki/Radome>, which protects
the antenna structure from damage. Patch antennas are simple to
fabricate and easy to modify and customize. They are the original type
of microstrip antenna </wiki/Microstrip_antenna> described by Howell in
1972;^[1] <#cite_note-1> the two metal sheets together form a resonant
piece of microstrip </wiki/Microstrip> transmission line
</wiki/Transmission_line> with a length of approximately one-half
wavelength </wiki/Wavelength> of the radio waves. The radiation
mechanism arises from discontinuities at each truncated edge of the
microstrip transmission line.^[2] <#cite_note-2> The radiation at the
edges causes the antenna to act slightly larger electrically than its
physical dimensions, so in order for the antenna to be resonant
</wiki/Resonant>, a length of microstrip transmission line slightly
shorter than one-half a wavelength at the frequency is used. A patch
antenna is usually constructed on a dielectric </wiki/Dielectric>
substrate, using the same materials and lithography processes used to
make printed circuit boards </wiki/Printed_circuit_board>.
Contents
[hide <#>]
* 1 Configuration <#Configuration>
* 2 Gain <#Gain>
* 3 Impedance bandwidth <#Impedance_bandwidth>
* 4 Circular polarization <#Circular_polarization>
* 5 Variants and elaborations <#Variants_and_elaborations>
* 6 References <#References>
* 7 External links <#External_links>
Configuration[edit
</w/index.php?title=Patch_antenna&action=edit&section=1>]
Patch antenna w cutaway.gif </wiki/File:Patch_antenna_w_cutaway.gif>
The simplest patch antenna uses a patch which is one-half wavelength
</wiki/Half_wave_radiator> long, mounted a precise distance above a
larger ground plane, sometimes using a spacer made of a dielectric
between them. Electrically large ground planes produce stable patterns
and lower environmental sensitivity but of course make the antenna
bigger. It isn't uncommon for the ground plane to be only modestly
larger than the active patch. When a ground plane is close to the size
of the radiator it can couple and produce currents along the edges of
the ground plane which also radiate. The antenna pattern becomes the
combination of the two sets of radiators.
The current flow is along the direction of the feed wire, so the
magnetic vector potential and thus the electric field follow the
current, as shown by the arrow labeled "E" in the figure below. A simple
patch antenna of this type radiates a linearly polarized wave. The
radiation can be regarded as being produced by the `'radiating slots''
at top and bottom, or equivalently as a result of the current flowing on
the patch and the ground plane.
Gain[edit </w/index.php?title=Patch_antenna&action=edit&section=2>]
Patch antenna pattern.gif </wiki/File:Patch_antenna_pattern.gif>
The gain </wiki/Antenna_gain> of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna
with air dielectric can be very roughly estimated as follows. Since the
length of the patch, half a wavelength, is about the same as the length
of a resonant dipole, we get about 2 dB of gain from the directivity
relative to the vertical axis of the patch. If the patch is square, the
pattern in the horizontal plane will be directional, somewhat as if the
patch were a pair of dipoles separated by a half-wave; this counts for
about another 2-3 dB. Finally, the addition of the ground plane cuts off
most or all radiation behind the antenna, reducing the power averaged
over all directions by a factor of 2 (and thus increasing the gain by 3
dB). Adding this all up, we get about 7-9 dB for a square patch, in good
agreement with more sophisticated approaches (see Balanis, p. 841, for
more details).
A typical radiation pattern for a linearly-polarized 900-MHz patch
antenna is shown below. The figure shows a cross-section in a horizontal
plane; the pattern in the vertical plane is similar though not
identical. The scale is logarithmic, so (for example) the power radiated
at 180 (90 to the left of the beam center) is about 15 dB less than
the power in the center of the beam. The beam width is about 65 and the
gain is about 9 dBi </wiki/DBi#Antenna_measurements>. An
infinitely-large ground plane would prevent any radiation towards the
back of the antenna (angles from 180 to 360), but the real antenna has
a fairly small ground plane, and the power in the backwards direction is
only about 20 dB down from that in the main beam.
Impedance bandwidth[edit
</w/index.php?title=Patch_antenna&action=edit&section=3>]
The impedance bandwidth of a patch antenna is strongly influenced by the
spacing between the patch and the ground plane. As the patch is moved
closer to the ground plane, less energy is radiated and more energy is
stored in the patch capacitance and inductance: that is, the quality
factor Q </wiki/Q_factor#Electrical_systems> of the antenna increases. A
very rough estimate of the bandwidth is:^[/citation needed
</wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed>/]
\frac{{\delta f}}{{f_{res} }} = \frac{{Z_0 }}{{2R_{rad} }}\frac{d}{W}
where d is the height of the patch above the ground plane, W is the
width (typically a half-wavelength), Z_0 is the impedance of free space,
and R_{rad} is the radiation resistance of the antenna. The fractional
bandwidth of a patch antenna is linear in the height of the antenna. The
impedance of free space is approximately 377 ohms, so for the typical
radiation resistance of about 150 ohms, a simplified expression can be
obtained:^[/citation needed </wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed>/]
\frac{{\delta f}}{{f_{res} }} = 1.2\left( {\frac{d}{W}} \right)
For a square patch at 900 MHz, W will be around 16 cm. A height d of
1.6 cm will provide a fractional bandwidth of around 1.2(1.6/16) 12%,
which gives a Bandwidth of 108 MHz at the center frequency.
A patch printed onto a dielectric board is often more convenient to
fabricate and is a bit smaller, but the volume of the antenna is
decreased, so the bandwidth decreases because the Q increases, roughly
in proportion to the dielectric constant of the substrate. Patch
antennas utilized by industry often use ground planes which are only
modestly larger than the patch, which also alters their performance. The
details of the feed structure affect bandwidth as well.^[3] <#cite_note-3>
Patch RL.gif </wiki/File:Patch_RL.gif>
The negative return loss for a pair of representative commercial patch
antennas is shown below; both antennas are nominally designed to operate
in the US Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band from
902-928 MHz. Antenna B uses a 16-mm patch height above ground, and the
measured bandwidth of about 150 MHz at 10 dB return loss
</wiki/Return_loss> is rather close to that estimated above. However,
this antenna also uses a very large (30x30 cm) ground plane. Antenna A
delivers similar bandwidth but at about 20x20 cm is considerably smaller
and more convenient to mount and position. Commercial antennas vary
widely in performance, often due to poor centering of the band even when
theoretical bandwidth is achieved.
Rectangular (non-square) patches can be used when it is desired to
produce a fan beam: a radiated wave whose vertical and horizontal
beamwidths are substantially different. Circular patches can be used
instead of square patches; fabrication is straightforward though
calculating the current distribution is more involved.
Circular polarization[edit
</w/index.php?title=Patch_antenna&action=edit&section=4>]
Circ pol patch.gif </wiki/File:Circ_pol_patch.gif>
It is also possible to fabricate patch antennas that radiate
circularly-polarized waves. One approach is to excite a single square
patch using two feeds, with one feed delayed by 90 with respect to the
other. This drives each transverse mode </wiki/Transverse_mode> TM_{10}
and TM_{01} with equal amplitudes and 90 degrees out of phase. Each mode
radiates separately and combine to produce circular polarization. This
feed condition is often achieved using a 90 degree hybrid coupler
</wiki/Hybrid_coupler>. When the antenna is fed in this manner, the
vertical current flow is maximized as the horizontal current flow
becomes zero, so the radiated electric field will be vertical; one
quarter-cycle later, the situation will have reversed and the field will
be horizontal. The radiated field will thus rotate in time, producing a
circularly-polarized wave.
An alternative is to use a single feed but introduce some sort of
asymmetric slot or other feature on the patch, causing the current
distribution to be displaced. A square patch which has been perturbed
slightly to produce a rectangular microstrip antenna can be driven along
a diagonal and produce circular polarization
</wiki/Circular_polarization>. The aspect ratio of this rectangle is
chosen so each orthogonal mode ( TM_{10} and TM_{01} modes) are both
non-resonant. At the driving point of the antenna one mode is +45
degrees and the other -45 degrees to produce the required 90 degree
phase shift for circular polarization.
Note that, while circular patches can be used for these techniques, a
circular patch does not inherently radiate circularly-polarized waves. A
circular patch with a single feed point will create linearly-polarized
radiation. If the circular patch antenna is perturbed into an ellipse
and fed properly it can produce circularly polarized electromagnetic waves.
Variants and elaborations[edit
</w/index.php?title=Patch_antenna&action=edit&section=5>]
When fabricated using printed-circuit techniques on a dielectric
substrate, it is straightforward to create complex arrays of patch
antennas a microstrip antenna </wiki/Microstrip_antenna> with high
gain, customizable beam and return loss properties, and other unique
features, at low cost.
References[edit
</w/index.php?title=Patch_antenna&action=edit&section=6>]
1. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-1>* "Microstrip Antennas," IEEE International
Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, Williamsburg Virginia, 1972
pp. 177-180
2. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-2>* "Radiation from Microstrip Radiators,"
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, April 1969,
Vol. 17, No. 4 pp.235-236
3. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ref-3>* "Microstrip and Printed Antenna Design"
(2nd Edition) Randy Bancroft SciTech Publishing Inc. 2009 page 106
*Antenna Theory* (3rd Edition), C. Balanis, Wiley 2005
*Antenna Engineering Handbook*, ed. R. Johnson, McGraw-Hill 1993
External links[edit
</w/index.php?title=Patch_antenna&action=edit&section=7>]
* Patch Antenna Tutorial <http://www.emtalk.com/tut_1.htm> EM Talk
* Patch Antenna Calculator <http://www.emtalk.com/mpacalc.php>
* The basics of patch antenna
<http://www.orbanmicrowave.com/The_Basics_Of_Patch_Antennas.pdf>
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nna>
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Application-specific
* ALLISS </wiki/ALLISS>
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