Retrofitting Techniques

Retrofitting Techniques
for Existing Buildings
for Existing Buildings
Seismic Rehabilitation Strategy
Concept of Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings
Behavior of Strengthened Frames
Behavior of Strengthened Frames with
Steel Systems
Steel Systems
Load-Displacement Relationship
Current Techniques for Seismic Rehabilitation
Strengthening Existing Frames
Increase the Structural Performance
Increase the Structural Performance
of Existing Buildings
of Existing Buildings
1) Increase the Strength
Shear Wall, Steel Brace
Outer Frame
2) Increase the Deformation Capacity
J acketing by RC or Steel
Carbon Fiber Wrapping
3) Decrease the Earthquake Input
Base Isolation
Damping Device
Decrease the Weight
Retrofitting Techniques
Retrofitting Techniques
1) RC Shear Wall
2) Steel Brace
3) Outer Frame
4) J acketing by RC or Steel
5) Carbon Fiber Wrapping
6) J oint Techniques
Post-installed Anchors
Mortar Injection
High-tension Bars
RC Shear Wall
RC Shear Wall
Roughening
Roughening
the Face of Concrete
the Face of Concrete
Spiral Re
Spiral Re
-
-
bar
bar
Post
Post
-
-
Installed Anchor
Installed Anchor
RC Shear Wall
RC Shear Wall
Spiral Re
Spiral Re
-
-
bar
bar
Post
Post
-
-
Installed Anchor
Installed Anchor
RC Shear Wall
RC Shear Wall
Steel Brace
Steel Brace
Steel Brace
Steel Brace
Mortar Injection
Steel Brace
Steel Brace
Mansard type
Mansard type
Outer RC Frame
Outer RC Frame
Outer Steel Frame
Outer Steel Frame
with Brace
with Brace
Steel Jacketing
Steel Jacketing
of Column
of Column
Mortar Injection
Welding
Carbon Fiber
Carbon Fiber
Jacketing
Jacketing
of Column
of Column
Sheet
Strand
Behavior of Reinforced Columns
Aramid Fiber
Outer Steel Brace
PCa Wall
Other Retrofitting Techniques
Other Retrofitting Techniques
Relatively New in Japan
Relatively New in Japan
1) New Materials
2) New Construction Methods
3) New Systems
Carbon Fiber
Strand
New Material - 1
Carbon Fiber Strand/Sheet + Epoxy Resin
CRS-CL Research Association
Tel. +81-3-5427-8666
Carbon Fiber
Sheet
Carbon Fiber
Sheet
(Beam)
New Material - 2
Carbon Fiber Sheet + Epoxy Resin
MARS Research Association
Tel. +81-29-847-7503
J acketing Work for
Column using
Carbon Fiber Sheet
+ Epoxy Resin
Columns
J acketed with
Carbon Fiber Sheet
+ Epoxy Resin
New Material - 3
Carbon Fiber Sheet + Meta-Acrylic Resin
Mitsubishi Rayonne Co. Ltd.
Tel. +81-3-5495-3106
Painting
Meta-Acrylic
Resin on
Column Face
Cutting
Carbon Fiber
Sheet
J acketing Work
for Column using
Carbon Fiber
Sheet
New Material - 4
Carbon Fiber Sheet/Anchor + Epoxy Resin
SR-CF Construction Research Association
Tel. +81-3-5441-0123
Carbon Fiber Anchor
CF Anchor
Hole
Bonded on Sheet
CF Sheet
CF Anchor
CF Sheet
Bonded on CF Sheet
Hole
Column
Column
Beam
Column
with
Wall
Wall
New Material - 5
Carbon Fiber Plate + Epoxy Resin + Mortar
CF-Advanced Construction Council
Tel. +81-3-3263-3575
Carbon Fiber Plate
Construction Procedure
New Material - 6
Aramid Fiber Sheet
AF Construction Research Association
Tel. +81-3-3245-5082
Aramid
Fiber
Sheet
J acketing Work
for Column
Columns J acketed with
Aramid Fiber Sheet
New Material - 7
Glass Fiber Sheet + Epoxy Resin
TYFO Construction Research Association
Tel. +81-3-3293-5290
J acketing Work
for Column
Column J acketed with Glass Fiber Sheet
New Material - 8
Polyester Fiber Sheet
Structural Quality Assurance
Tel. +81-3-5274-3431
J acketing Work
for Column
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
N
/
m
m
2
)
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Strain (%)
Carbon Fiber
Aramid Fiber
Polyester Fiber
Stress-Strain
Relationships
(Polyester Fiber)
New Material - 9
Wire Mesh + Polymer Cement Mortar
Magnekagaku Co., Ltd.
Tel. +81-92-477-3533
Wire Mash
Put Polymer
Cement Mortar on
Column Face
After Test
New Construction Methods - 1
High Tension Bar + Steel Pieces
Netsuren Co., Ltd.
Tel. +81-463-55-1448
Construction Procedure
Hole
High Tension Bar
Steel Piece at the Corner
New Construction Methods - 2
Special Joint for Steel Jacketing
Shimizu Corporation
Tel. +81-3-5441-0123
Special
J oint
Steel J acketing
without Welding in Site
Mortar
Injection
New Construction Methods - 3
Steel Brace + Epoxy Resin Connection
Takenaka Corporation
Tel. +81-3-3542-7100
Existing Concrete
Pipe for Air
Epoxy
Injection
Seal
Steel Frame
Details of Connection
Steel Frame
Epoxy Injection
Existing Concrete
Steel Brace
New Construction Methods - 4
Pre-Cast Concrete Brace
Taisei Corporation
Tel. +81-3-5381-5070
Pre-Cast Concrete Elements
Construction
Pre-Cast Concrete Brace
after Finishing
New Construction Methods - 5
Pre-Cast Concrete Wall
PCa Wall Research Association
Tel. +81-3-3837-6070
J oint of PCa Wall
High Tension Bar
Post-Installed Anchor
Spiral
Re-Bar
Mortar
Injection
Shear Key
Insert
Bolt
Details of Pre-Cast Concrete Wall
New Construction Methods - 6
Outer Steel Brace
Yokosuka City Office
Tel. +81-468-22-4000
Steel Frame and Brace Details of Connection
Post-Installed Anchor
Column
Beam
Seismic Isolation
Merit
Preservation of building
function during construction
Less construction area
Preservation of building
facade and interior
Application to:
Critical and essential
buildings
Buildings with expensive
and valuable contents
Structures where superior
seismic performance is
required
Supplemental Damping System
Merit
Reduction of seismic response
Easy installation
Less construction area
Less trouble to occupants
Application to:
Flexible buildings where large
lateral displacement is expected
Tall buildings
Buildings with limited area for
seismic rehabilitation
Response Control for Seismic Rehabilitation

u
F F
u
F
u
F
u
u C u K F
&
+ = ) ( ) ( ) (u f K F =

u C F & =
u C u C F
& &
=
2 1
or

u
F F
u
F
u
F
u
u C u K F
&
+ = ) ( ) ( ) (u f K F =

u C F & =
u C u C F
& &
=
2 1
or
Viscous Oil Viscoelastic Steel
Shear/Flow Resist.
Panel, Box, Cylinder
Flow Resist.
Cylinder
Shear Resist.
Cylinder, Panel, etc.
Axial/Shear Yielding
Cylinder, Panel, etc.
Examples of configuration of passive control systems
(From K. Kasai, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan, 2004)
Examples of configuration of passive control systems
(From K. Kasai, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan, 2004)
Examples of configuration of passive control systems
(From K. Kasai, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan, 2004)
Seismic Isolation
Isolators
Seismic Rehabilitation Utilizing Seismic Isolation
Seismic Isolation below
Existing Foundation Slab
Seismic Rehabilitation at the Top of
First Story Column
Rehabilitated Buildings by Seismic Isolation
R: interstory drift V
max
: maximum velocity
Building
Structure
Size
Isolator
Location of
Isolator
Objective Performance
Museum RC
B1 F3
high damping
rubber bearing
under
foundation
C
B
<0.2 for earthquake of
V
max
=50cm/s
Temple Wood F1
RC
lead core
rubber bearing
under
foundation
R<1/4000 for earthquake of
V
max
=65cm/s
Shrine Wood F1
RC
rubber bearing
+ viscous slider
under
foundation
R<1/100 for earthquake of
V
max
=50cm/s
Hotel RC,
SRC F16
rubber bearing
+ viscous slider
column level R<1/300 for earthquake of
V
max
=50cm/s
Hotel RC
F7
rubber bearing
+ viscous slider
under
foundation
R<1/300 for earthquake of
V
max
=50cm/s
City Office RC
B1 F4
rubber bearing
+ viscous slider
under
foundation
immediate occupancy for
50cm/s earthquake.
Condominium RC F5 lead core
rubber bearing
column level not known
School RC F4 rubber bearing
+ viscous slider
under
foundation
not known
Supplemental Damping System
Energy Dissipating Devices
Buckling Preventive Braces
Friction Damper
Steel Yielding Damper
Rehabilitated Buildings by Supplemental
Damping System
R: interstory drift Vmax: maximum velocity
Building
Structure
Size
Damping Device
Location of
Dampers
Objective Performance
Office SRC
B1 F10
steel elasto
-plastic damper
on the top of
steel braces
R<1/200-1/120 for earthquake of
V
max
=50cm/s
Hotel S, SRC
B2 F12
steel elasto
-plastic damper
on the top of
steel braces

Office S, SRC
F10
rheological fluid
damper
on the top of
wall panel
V response<V ultimate for
0.4g earthquake
Office SRC
B1 F16
low yield strength
steel damper
in steel braces R<1/150-1/100 for earthquake of
V
max
= 70cm/s
Department
Store
S
F9
steel elasto
-plastic damper
on the top of
wall panel
R<1/75 and minor damage for
max. probable earthquake
Office SRC
B2 F9
low yield strength
steel damper
in steel braces R<1/100 for earthquake of
V
max
=45cm/s
Characteristics of Typical Construction
Methods to Strengthen Existing Frames
Concrete Walls Steel Braces
Exterior Structures
Construction
Method
Suitable
Buildings
Attention to
Construction
Performance
Cost
Steel Brace
Mega-structure
New Piles
Building
Place concrete wall
inside existing frame
Place steel brace
inside existing frame
Place exterior structures
along existing building
Many brittle members
Sufficient margin in
foundation system
Large window opening
Avoid increased weight
Strengthening not inside
Wide space outside building
Increased building weight
Disturbance to
building function
Window opening available
Outer space for construction
Extensive construction
Extensive construction
Good Good Good
Cheap Moderate Expensive
Good Good
Characteristics of Typical Construction Methods
to Jacket Existing Columns
Construction
Method
Buildings with
Attention to
Construction
Performance
Cost
Lateral
Reinforcement
Steel
Plate
Mortar
Grouting
Continuous
Fiber
Small amount of walls Small amount of walls Small amount of walls
Formworks
Increased column section
and weight
Welding in construction site
Conveyance of steel plate
Fire and batting
Smoothing corners
Short period Short period
Good Good Good
Cheap Expensive Moderate
Concrete
J acketing
Steel
J acketing
Continuous Fiber
J acketing
Long period
J acket column with Concrete. J acket column with
and lateral rfmt.
Steel Plate
J acket column with
Continuous Fiber
Seismic Isolation Supplemental Damping
Buildings with
Attention to
Construction
Performance
Cost
Construction
Method
Isolator
Dry Area
New Foundation Beams
Existing Pile
Damper
New Brace
Install isolators below
foundation beams
Install dampers inside
existing frames
High stiffness
Strict requirements for design and function
Outer space for building displacement
Detailing for equipments at isolation level
Extensive construction
Significantly reduced seismic response
Expensive due to extensive construction
Low stiffness
Strict requirements for design and function
New frames for dampers
Adequate arrangement of dampers
Extensive construction
Reduced seismic response
Expensive due to new frames
Characteristics of Typical Construction Methods
to Control Building Response