CONTENTS

S.No Date Name of The Experiment

Page
No

Marks
Obtained
Signature
1
Small Signal Stability Analysis Of
Single Machine Infinite Bus
System


2
Small Signal Stability Analysis Of
Multi-Machine Configuration
With Classical Model


3
Induction Motor Starting
Analysis


4
Load Flow Analysis Of Two-Bus
System With STATCOM


5
Available Transfer Capability
Calculation Using An Existing
Load Flow Program


6
Study Of Variable Speed And
Energy Conversion System
DFIG


7
Study Of Variable Speed And
Energy Conversion System
PMSG


8
Computation Of Harmonic
Indices Generated By A Rectifier
Feeding A R-L Load


9
Design Of Active Filter For
Mitigating Harmonics
















Ex.No:1 Date:
SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS OF SINGLE MACHINE INFINITE BUS SYSTEM
USING CLASSICAL MACHINE MODEL
Aim:
To perform the small signal stability analysis of a single machine connected to an infinite bus
using the classical machine model.
Software Required:
Matlab Software.
Theory:
Power system stability may be broadly defined as that property of a power system that
enables it to remain in a state of operating equilibrium under normal operating conditions
and to regain an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to disturbance power
system stability may be broadly classified as (i) rotor angle stability and (ii) voltage stability.
Rotor angle stability is the ability of interconnected synchronous machines of a power system
to remain in synchronism. Rotor angle stability can be further classified in to Transient
stability and small signal stability depending on the type of disturbance .Transient stability is
the rotor angle stability study of a system following large disturbances. Small signal (or small
disturbance) stability is the ability of a power system to maintain synchronism under small
disturbances. The disturbances are considered sufficiently small for linearization of system
equations to be permissible for purpose of analysis. Instability that may result can be two
forms.
- Steady increase in rotor angle due to lack of sufficient synchronizing torque.
- Rotor oscillations of increasing amplitude due to lack of sufficient damping torque.
There are four modes of oscillations causing small signal instability in a power
system. They are:
- Local modes or Machine System Modes are associated with the swinging of
units at a generating station with respect to the rest of the power system. The
frequency range of oscillation is (0.8 to 2) Hz.
- Inter area modes are associated with the swinging of many machines in one
part of the system against machines in other parts. The frequency range of
oscillation is (0.2 to 0.8) Hz.
- Control modes are associated with generating units and other controls.
- Torsional modes are associated with the turbine- generator shaft system
rotational components.
GENERATOR REPRESENTED BY CLASSICAL MODEL:
With the generator represented by the classical model and all resistances neglected the
system representation is as shown in Fig.2.




FLOW CHART:


















PROGRAM:

P=0. 9; Q=0. 3; f =60; Xd=0. 3*i ; Xt r =0. 15*i ; X1=0. 5*i ; X2=0. 93*i ; Et =1;
W0=2*pi *f ; %f r equency i n r ad/ sec
S=P+Q*i ;
I t =S' / Et ' ;
FL=i nput ( ' ENTER THE FAULTED LI NE NO: ' ) ;
i f FL==1
Xt =Xd+Xt r +X2; %Xt =Tot al r eact ance af t er cl ear ence of f aul t on l i ne- 1
Xe=Xt - Xd;
el se
Xt =Xd+Xt r +X1;
Xe=Xt - Xd;
end
Eb=Et - I t *Xe;
E=Et +I t *Xd;
D=angl e( E) - angl e( Eb) ; %D=Del t a
Ks=abs( E) *abs( Eb) *cos( D) / abs( Xt ) ;
H=i nput ( ' ENTER THE VALUE OF I NERTI A CONSTANT: ' ) ;
KD=i nput ( ' ENTER THE KD VALUE: ' ) ;
A=[ - KD/ ( 2*H) - Ks/ ( 2*H) ; W0 0] ;
l ambda=ei g( A)
W=Ks*W0/ ( 2*H)
Wn=sqr t ( W) %f r equency i n r ad/ sec
Z=0. 5*KD/ sqr t ( 2*Ks*H*W0)
Wd=Wn*sqr t ( 1- Z*Z) %Wd=damped f r equency
[ V R] =ei g( A) ;
L=i nv( V) %L=l ef t ei gen vect or
p=V. *L %p=par t i ci pat i on mat r i x
t het a=acos( Z) ;
D0=5*( pi / 180) ;
t =0: . 01: 3;
Dd=D0/ sqr t ( 1- Z^2) *exp( - Z*Wn*t ) . *si n( Wd*t +t het a) ; %r ot or angl e i n degr ee
d=( D+Dd) *180/ pi
pl ot ( t , d) , gr i d
Xl abel ( ' t sec' ) , Yl abel ( ' del t adegr ee' )





















OUTPUT:
ENTER THE FAULTED LINE NO:2
ENTER THE VALUE OF INERTIA CONSTANT:3.5
ENTER THE KD VALUE:0

lambda =0 +6.3866i
0 - 6.3866i

W =40.7887

Wn =6.3866

Z =0

Wd =6.3866

L =0 +29.5184i -0.5001
0 -29.5184i -0.5001

p =0.5000 0 - 0.0085i
0 +29.5142i 0.5000


d =Columns 1 through 7
54.9187 54.9085 54.8780 54.8272 54.7564 54.6659 54.5561

Columns 8 through 14

54.4273 54.2802 54.1152 53.9332 53.7348 53.5208 53.2921

Columns 15 through 21

53.0497 52.7945 52.5276 52.2501 51.9630 51.6676 51.3651

Columns 22 through 28

51.0567 50.7436 50.4272 50.1087 49.7894 49.4707 49.1538

Columns 29 through 35

48.8400 48.5306 48.2268 47.9300 47.6413 47.3618 47.0928

Columns 36 through 42

46.8353 46.5904 46.3590 46.1422 45.9408 45.7555 45.5873

Columns 43 through 49

45.4367 45.3044 45.1909 45.0967 45.0221 44.9675 44.9331

Columns 50 through 56

44.9191 44.9254 44.9521 44.9990 45.0660 45.1527 45.2589

Columns 57 through 63

45.3842 45.5279 45.6895 45.8683 46.0637 46.2747 46.5007

Columns 64 through 70

46.7405 46.9934 47.2581 47.5337 47.8191 48.1130 48.4142

Columns 71 through 77

48.7216 49.0339 49.3498 49.6680 49.9872 50.3061 50.6235

Columns 78 through 84

50.9380 51.2483 51.5532 51.8515 52.1419 52.4232 52.6942

Columns 85 through 91

52.9540 53.2014 53.4354 53.6551 53.8595 54.0479 54.2194

Columns 92 through 98

54.3734 54.5093 54.6264 54.7243 54.8026 54.8610 54.8993

Columns 99 through 105

54.9172 54.9148 54.8920 54.8489 54.7857 54.7027 54.6001

Columns 106 through 112

54.4785 54.3383 54.1801 54.0044 53.8122 53.6040 53.3808

Columns 113 through 119

53.1435 52.8931 52.6305 52.3569 52.0733 51.7810 51.4810

Columns 120 through 126

51.1747 50.8633 50.5480 50.2301 49.9110 49.5919 49.2741

Columns 127 through 133

48.9590 48.6478 48.3417 48.0421 47.7502 47.4670 47.1939

Columns 134 through 140

46.9319 46.6821 46.4454 46.2230 46.0156 45.8241 45.6493

Columns 141 through 147

45.4919 45.3526 45.2319 45.1303 45.0482 44.9860 44.9438

Columns 148 through 154

44.9220 44.9206 44.9395 44.9787 45.0381 45.1174 45.2163

Columns 155 through 161

45.3343 45.4710 45.6259 45.7982 45.9874 46.1926 46.4130

Columns 162 through 168

46.6476 46.8957 47.1560 47.4276 47.7094 48.0002 48.2988

Columns 169 through 175

48.6040 48.9145 49.2292 49.5467 49.8656 50.1848 50.5030

Columns 176 through 182

50.8187 51.1308 51.4379 51.7388 52.0323 52.3172 52.5923

Columns 183 through 189

52.8565 53.1088 53.3480 53.5732 53.7836 53.9781 54.1562

Columns 190 through 196

54.3169 54.4597 54.5840 54.6893 54.7751 54.8412 54.8871

Columns 197 through 203

54.9128 54.9181 54.9031 54.8677 54.8121 54.7366 54.6415

Columns 204 through 210

54.5270 54.3938 54.2424 54.0733 53.8873 53.6851 53.4675

Columns 211 through 217

53.2355 52.9899 52.7318 52.4623 52.1824 51.8932 51.5960

Columns 218 through 224

51.2920 50.9823 50.6684 50.3513 50.0325 49.7133 49.3948

Columns 225 through 231

49.0786 48.7657 48.4575 48.1553 47.8603 47.5737 47.2966

Columns 232 through 238

47.0303 46.7757 46.5339 46.3059 46.0927 45.8950 45.7138

Columns 239 through 245

45.5497 45.4034 45.2756 45.1666 45.0771 45.0073 44.9575

Columns 246 through 252

44.9279 44.9187 44.9299 44.9614 45.0132 45.0849 45.1763

Columns 253 through 259

45.2871 45.4168 45.5648 45.7306 45.9135 46.1126 46.3273

Columns 260 through 266

46.5567 46.7997 47.0555 47.3230 47.6010 47.8885 48.1843

Columns 267 through 273

48.4871 48.7958 49.1090 49.4256 49.7441 50.0634 50.3821

Columns 274 through 280

50.6989 51.0125 51.3216 51.6251 51.9216 52.2099 52.4888

Columns 281 through 287

52.7573 53.0142 53.2585 53.4892 53.7053 53.9060 54.0904

Columns 288 through 294

54.2578 54.4075 54.5389 54.6515 54.7448 54.8184 54.8720

Columns 295 through 301

54.9054 54.9185 54.9112 54.8835 54.8356 54.7677 54.6800


PLOT:






RESULT
Thus the small signal stability analysis of a single machine connected to an infinite bus has
been done.


Ex.No:2 Date:

SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS OF MULTI-MACHINE CONFIGURATION WITH
CLASSICAL MODEL

AIM:
To write a MATLAB program to analyze the small signal stability of a multi-machine power
system.

SOFTWARE USED:
Matlab Software.

THEORY:
To analyze the small signal stability of the multi machine power system it is necessary to
reduce the original network to the size of the generators and to derive the equations for
multi-machine system that represent the dynamics of the machine and the controllers, in the
state-space form. The state variables for the machine are, and possibly and. The controllers
of the synchronous machine and the network will throw in additional state variables. The
synchronous machines are represented by constant voltage sources in series with their
transient reactances.
ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY:
Step-1: Equations in network coordinates:

1i,1i 1i,1 1
2i,2i 2i,2 2
1,1i 11 12 1
2,2i 21 22 2

Y 0 Y 0 0 .... E

0 Y 0 Y 0 .... E

Y 0 Y Y .... .... V

0 Y Y Y .... .... V
0 0 .... .... .... .... .
.... .... .... .... .... .... .
.... .... .... .... .... .... .
( '
(
'
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

1
2

I
0
0
.
.
.
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
( =
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

(1)
In the above equation
1

E' and
2

E' are interval voltage phasors and

1

I' and
2

I' are the stator

currents.
GG G,NG G
G
NG,G NG,NG
NG

Y Y E
I
Y Y
0
V
( ' ( (
= (
( (
(

(2)
Where
G Generator, NG Non-generator.

(a) Representation

(a) With generators and loads replaced by their equivalents

(b) All nodes except generator internal nodes eliminated
Fig1. Two machine n-bus system

1i,1i
GG
2i,2i

Y 0
Y ;

0 Y
(
= (
(


1i,1
G,NG
2i,2

Y 0 0 0 ....
Y ;

0 Y 0 0 ....
(
= (
(


T
NG,G G,NG
Y Y ; =

Dimension: (n-2)2
11 12 13
21 22 23
NG,NG 31 32 33
Y Y Y .... ....
Y Y Y .... ....
Y ; Y Y Y .... ....
.... .... .... .... ....
.... .... .... .... ....
(
(
(
( =
(
(
(

Dimension: (n-2) (n-2)

Step-2: Reduction of network equations:
Eliminate the non-generator nodes.
From Eq. (2), we get
1
NG NG.NG NG,G G
V Y {Y E }

' = (3)
Substituting Eq. (3) in Eq. (2), we get
GG
red
G G
Y E I ' = (4)
Where
red 1
GG GG G,NG NG,NG NG,G
Y Y Y Y Y

= (5)
With Eq. (4) step-2 is completed.
Step-3: Transformation of reduced equations:
Let and and and be the internal voltage and stator current phasors in individual
machine q-d coordinates. The corresponding quantities in network coordinates are ,
and , .
1 2
1 1
j j
1 1r 2 2r
j j
1 1r 2 2r
E E e ;E E e ;
I I e ;I I e ;
o o
o o
' ' ' ' = =
= =
(6)
2
o
1
o

Relative displacements of q-axis of the machine with respect to the network
REF
Q
The above relationships between the quantities in network and individual machine rotor
coordinates can be expressed as
G Gr G Gr
E TE ;I TI ' ' = = (7)
Where T is the transformation matrix given by

1
j
j 2
e 0
T
0 e
o
o
(
=
(

(8)
and the subscript r denotes individual machine rotor coordinates.
The inverse transformation is given by
1
j
1
j 2
e 0
T
0 e
o

o
(
=
(

(9)
Gr Gr
I ME = (10)
GG
1 red
M T Y T

= (11)
11 12 12
12 12 22
j j( )
11 12
j( ) j
12 22
Y e Y e
M
Y e Y e
u u o
u +o u
(
=
(

(12)
Step-4: Linearization of reduced network equations in individual machine rotor
coordinates:
Let us denote the relative displacements of individual machine q-axis with respect to network
reference as
1 10 1 2 20 2
; ; o = o + Ao o = o + Ao (13)
Let these incremental changes cause incremental changes in other quantities as follows:
0
I I I = + A (14)
0
E E E ' ' ' = + A (15)
0
M M M = + A (16)
0
T T T = + A (17)
0 0 0 0 0
I I M E M E ME M E ' ' ' ' + A = + A + A + A A (18)
0 0
I M E ME ' ' A = A + A (19)
Equation (19) represents the linearised reduced network equations in individual machine
rotor coordinates.
0 0 0 0
I M E j{ M M }E ' ' A = A Ao Ao (20)
12 12,0 11
12 12 22
j( ) j
11 12
0
j( ,0) j
12 22
Y e Y e
M
Y e Y e
u o u
u +o u
(
=
(

(21)
I A =
12,0 13,0 12,0 13
12,0 23,0 12,0 23,0
13,0 23,0
j j j j ,0
11 q1 12 q2 13 q3 12 q20 12 13 q30 13
j j j j
12 q1 22 q2 23 q3 12 q10 12 23 q30 23
j j
13 q1 23 q2
Y E Y e E Y e E jY e E jY e E
Y e E Y E Y e E jY e E jY e E
Y e E Y e E
o o o
o o o o
o o
' ' ' ' ' + A + A Ao Ao
' ' ' ' ' A + A + A + Ao Ao
' ' A + A +
13,0 23,0
j j
33 q3 13 q10 13 23 q20 23
Y E jY e E jY e E
o o
(
(
(
(
' ' ' A + Ao + Ao
(

(22)
We can separate out the real and imaginary parts and obtain the q and d components.
Step-4 is now completed.

Step-5: Linearization of differential equations:
The acceleration equation for the machine given below:
( )
( )
i
i mi ei D i
d
2H T T K ,i 1,2
dt
Ae
= A A Ae =
(23)
The above equation involvesA . We can easily shown that is a function of , and .
Assuming a 2-pole machine, the electrical power output in p.u. is given by
{ } e

P Re VI
-
=

In the individual machine q-d coordinates
( )( ) { } e q d q d d d q q e
P Re V jV I jI V I V I T = + = + = (24)

Assuming type 1B machine
( ) ( )
( )
e q q d d d q q
d q q d q q
T X I I X I E I
X X I I E I
' ' = + +
' ' = +
(25)
Linearising Eq. (25),
( )
e d q q0 d d0 q q0 q q0 q
T X X I I I I E I I E ' ' ' ( A = A + A + A + A

(26)
i.e.
( ) ( )
e q0 d q d0 q d q q0 d q0 q
T E X X I I X X I I I E
( ' ' ' ' A = + A + A + A

(27)
Equation (26) holds good for machine 1 or machine 2.
Hence,
( ) ( )
e1 q10 d1 q1 d10 q1 d1 q1 q10 d1 q10 q1
T E X X I I X X I I I E
( ' ' ' ' A = + A + A + A

(27)
and
( ) ( )
e2 q20 d2 q2 d20 q2 d2 q2 q20 d2 q20 q2
T E X X I I X X I I I E
( ' ' ' ' A = + A + A + A

(28)
Linearization of swing equation is straight forward. Linearization yields,
( )
i
s i
d
,i 1,2
dt
Ao
= e Ae = (29)
Linearising the differential equation for the voltage behind the transient reactance of
machine-1 is given by
( )
q1 q1 d1 d1 d1 FD1
d01
1
p E E X X I E
T
' ' ' ( A = A A A

'
(30)
Similarly, for the second machine we have
( )
q2 q2 d2 d2 d2 FD2
d02
1
p E E X X I E
T
' ' ' ( A = A A A

'
(31)
Equations (23) taken together with Eqs. (29), (30) and (31) are the linearised differential
equations required for small signal stability analysis. This completes step-5.

Step-6: Elimination of the incremental changes in algebraic variables from the
linearised differential equations:
e1 11 q1 12 q2 13 12
T T E T E T ' ' A = A + A + Ao (32)
e2 21 q1 22 q2 23 12
T T E T E T ' ' A = A + A + Ao (33)
The only equations that are to be expressed in the standard state variable form are the
equations for the incremental changes in the generator internal voltages.
q1 11 q1 12 q2 13 12 FD
d01
1
p E E E E E E E
T
' ' ' A = A + A + Ao + A
'
(34)
Where
( )
11 11 d1 d1
d01
1
E 1 B X X
T
' = (

'
(35)
( )( )
12 d1 d1 12 12,0 12 12,0
d01
1
E X X B cos G sin
T
' = o o
'
(36)
( )( )
13 d1 d1 12 12,0 12 12,0 q20
d01
1
E X X G cos B sin E
T
' ' = o + o
'
(37)
Similarly for the second generator, we can show that
q2 21 q1 22 q2 23 12 FD2
d02
1
p E E E E E E E
T
' ' ' A = A + A + o + A
'
(38)
Where
( )( )
21 d2 d2 12 12,0 12 12,0
d02
1
E X X B cos G sin
T
' = o + o
'
(39)
( )
22 22 d2 d2
d01
1
E 1 B X X
T
' = (

'
(40)
( ) ( )
23 d2 d2 12 12,0 12 12,0 q10
d02
1
E X X G cos B sin E
T
' ' = o o
'
(41)
m1 m2
1 2 13 23 D 11 21 12 22
12 12
1 3 1 2 1 2
12 12
s
q1 q1 F
d01
13 11 12
q2 q2
23 21 22
T T
2H 2H T T K T T T T
p
2H 2H 2H 2H 2H 2H 2H 0
p
1 0 0 0
p E E E
T
0 E E E
p E E
0 E E E
A A

( | | | | | |
Ae Ae ( (
( | | |
( ( \ . \ . \ .
(
Ao Ao
( (
(
= +
e
' ' ( ( A A A (
'
( (
(
' ' A A
( (

(

D1
FD2
d02
1
E
T
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
A
(
'

We
completed step-6
We can now apply eigenvalue analysis to the computed state space model.
Simplifications for classical machines:
Let us assume machine-1&2 are classical (Type 0). Note the following:
- & are constant. A will be absent in the equation. Set all the terms containing
A to zero. Equation (27) for the incremental electrical torque becomes
'
e1 12 q2 13 12
T T E T A = A + Ao
(42)
- Set =
- The state variables are A , A . Hence, only the equations for these variables are to
be considered.
To obtain the state matrix equations for this case ignore the third row and the third column
of the state matrix. If both machines are classical, then the state matrix obtained by ignoring
the third and fourth rows and third and fourth columns of the state matrix.

FLOWCHART:



















PROGRAM:
cl ear al l ;
cl c;
Et =1. 0; xd=3. 4; xdp=0. 49; xq=3. 28; t d0p=6; f =60; r at i ng=80; kener gy=379. 2; xt =0. 8;
ngen=2;
p1=0. 5;
p=0. 5;
pf =0. 85;
basemva=160;
b=acos( pf ) ;
q1=p*t an( b) ;
q2=q1;
s=p1+q1*i ;
I 1=s' / Et ;
I 2=I 1;
Eq1p=Et +( xdp*i ) *( I 1) ;
Eq2p=Eq1p;
del t 10=angl e( Eq1p) ;
del t 20=angl e( Eq2p) ;
I L=I 1+I 2;
vL=Et - xt *i *I 1;
yL=I L/ vL;
zL=1/ yL;
a=r eal ( zL) ;
b=i mag( zL) ;
d=xdp+xt ;
l i nedat a=[ 1 3 0 d 0
3 2 0 d 0
0 3 a b 0] ;
i =sqr t ( - 1) ;
n1=l i nedat a( : , 1) ; nr =l i nedat a( : , 2) ; R=l i nedat a( : , 3) ;
X=l i nedat a( : , 4) ; Bc=j *l i nedat a( : , 5) ;
nbr =l engt h( l i nedat a( : , 1) ) ; nbus=max( max( n1) , max( nr ) ) ;
Z=R+j *X;
y=ones( nbr , 1) . / Z;
Ybus=zer os( nbus, nbus) ;
f or k=1: nbr
i f n1( k) >0&nr ( k) >0
Ybus( n1( k) , nr ( k) ) =Ybus( n1( k) , nr ( k) ) - y( k) ;
Ybus( nr ( k) , n1( k) ) =Ybus( n1( k) , nr ( k) ) ;
end
end
f or n=1: nbus
f or k=1: nbr
i f n1( k) ==n| nr ( k) ==n
Ybus( n, n) =Ybus( n, n) +y( k) +Bc( k) ;
end
end
end
Ybus
ygg=Ybus( 1: ngen, 1: ngen) ;
yg1=Ybus( 1: ngen, ngen+1: nbus) ;
y1g=Ybus( ngen+1: nbus, 1: ngen) ;
y11=Ybus( ngen+1: nbus, ngen+1: nbus) ;
YBUS=ygg- yg1*i nv( y11) *y1g;
m=[ 0 1; 1 0] ;
M=m. *YBUS;
Ep=[ abs( Eq1p) ; abs( Eq2p) ] ;
M0=M*Ep;
dI =[ - 1*i ; 1*i ] . *M0;
Eq10p=abs( Eq1p) ;
Eq20p=abs( Eq2p) ;
B12=i mag( YBUS( 1, 2) ) ; d120=0;
T13=B12*cos( d120) *Eq10p*Eq20p
T23=- T13;
H1=kener gy/ ( 2*80*2) ;
H2=H1;
a11=0;
a12=- ( ( T13/ ( 2*H1) ) - ( T23/ ( 2*H2) ) )
a21=2*pi *f ;
a22=0;
A=[ a11 a12; a21 a22] ;
ei g( A)
wn=sqr t ( det ( A) )
f n=wn/ ( 2*pi )











































OUTPUT:

Ybus =

0 - 0.7752i 0 0 +0.7752i
0 0 - 0.7752i 0 +0.7752i
0 +0.7752i 0 +0.7752i 1.3781 - 1.6415i

ans = 0 +9.7333i
0 - 9.7333i

T13 = 0.2978

a12 = -0.2513

ans = 0 +9.7333i
0 - 9.7333i

wn = 9.7333

fn = 1.5491




























RESULT
Thus the small signal stability analysis of a multi machine connected to an infinite bus has
been done.

Ex.No:3 Date:
INDUCTION MOTOR STARTING ANALYSIS
AIM:
To analyses the characteristics of an Induction motor at the time of starting using MATLAB
software package.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB software package
THEORY:
During the motor starting period, the starting motor appears to the system as small
impedance connected to a bus. It draws a large current from the system, about six
times the motor rated current, which therefore results in voltage drops (dips) in the
system and imposes disturbances to the normal operation of other system loads.
Since the motor acceleration torque is dependent on motor terminal voltage, in some cases
the starting motor may not be able to reach its rated speed due to extremely low terminal
voltage. This makes it necessary to perform a motor starting analysis. The purpose of
performing a motor starting study is twofold:
- To investigate whether the starting motor can be successfully started under
the operating conditions.
- To see if starting the motor will seriously slow down the normal operation of other
loads in the system.
STATIC MOTOR STARTING:
In Static Motor Starting, the starting motors are modeled by the locked-rotor
impedance during acceleration time, simulating the worst impact on normal operating
loads. This method is suitable for checking the effect of motor starting on the system
when the dynamic model is not available for starting motors.
DYNAMIC MOTOR ACCELERATION:
In the Dynamic Motor Acceleration calculation, the starting motors are represented by
dynamic models and the Motor Acceleration module simulates the entire process of motor
acceleration. This method is used to determine if a motor can be started and how much
time is needed for the motor to reach its rated speed, as well as to determine the
effect of voltage dips on the system.
- Time domain using dynamic model and inertia model
- Dynamic model used for the entire simulation
- Requires motor and load dynamic (characteristic) model
STATIC VERSUS DYNAMIC:
- Use Static Model When
- Concerned with effect of motor starting on other loads
- Missing dynamic motor information
- Use Dynamic Model When
- Concerned with actual acceleration time
- Concerned if motor will actually start
MOTOR MODELING:
1. Operating Motor
- Constant KVA Load
2. Starting Motor
- During Acceleration Constant Impedance
- Locked-Rotor Impedance
- Circuit Models
FINDING THE CURVE TYPE LOAD TORQUE:
To find the Speed Vs Torque Characteristics consider the following motor data (as per the
data sheet) for given motor as a Turbo-Compressor load type here load torque is proportional
to square of speed (i.e. TL N2)


























PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
J =63.87; Ns=1800;
KW=1678.5; KV=2.300;
V1=1.0*KV*1000; V2=1.0*KV*1000; V3=1.0*KV*1000;
Sbase=10;
R1=0.029; X1=0.226;
R2=0.022; X2=0.226;
Zbase=(KV^2)/ (Sbase);
r1=R1/ Zbase; x1=X1/ Zbase; r2=R2/ Zbase; x2=X2/ Zbase;
g=0; wt=0;
Nr=0.5 % speed in percentage
for k=1:100;
N(k)=Nr*Ns/ 100; %actual speed of the rotor
s(k)=(Ns-N(k))/ Ns; % slip
s1=(Ns-g)/ Ns; % Actual speed variation wrt earlier speed
d=(r1+(r2/ s(k)))^2+(x1+x2)^2; % Z-Transferred to rotor side
I1(k)=V1/ sqrt(d); % stator current
w=(2*pi*Ns)/ 60; % omega
Tm(k)=(3/ (w*d))*V1*V1*(r2/ s(k)); % Torque Developed
delws=(s(k)-s1); % ws variation
delwt=abs((J *1000*delws)/ Tm(k)); % wt variation from Inertia
g=N(k); % actual speed updated
wt=wt+delwt; % wt updated
at(k)=wt/ (314.15); % wt assigned for graph
Nr=Nr+1; % speed varied
end;
plot(s,Tm)
xlabel('Slip');
ylabel('Torque');
plot(at,Tm)
xlabel('Time in Seconds');
ylabel('Torque');
plot(at,I1)
xlabel('Time in Seconds');
ylabel('Current');
plot(N,Tm)
xlabel('Speed');
ylabel('Torque');












OUTPUT:
Nr = 0.5000
PLOT:




RESULT:
Thus the characteristics analysis of an Induction motor at the time of starting was analyzed
with the help of MATLAB software package.


Ex.No:4 Date:

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS OF TWO-BUS SYSTEM WITH STATCOM
AIM:
To conduct the load flow analysis of two-bus system with STATCOM using MATLAB software
package.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB software package
THEORY:
The STATCOM (or SSC) is a shunt-connected reactive-power compensation device that is
capable of generating and / or absorbing reactive power and in which the output can be
varied to control the specific parameters of an electric power system. It is in general a solid-
state switching converter capable of generating or absorbing independently controllable real
and reactive power at its output terminals when it is fed from an energy source or energy-
storage device at its input terminals. Specifically, the STATCOM considered in this chapter is
a voltage-source converter that, from a given input of dc voltage, produces a set of 3-phase
ac-output voltages, each in phase with and coupled to the corresponding ac system voltage
through a relatively small reactance (which is provided by either an interface reactor or the
leakage inductance of a coupling transformer). The dc voltage is provided by an energy-
storage capacitor. A STATCOM can improve power-system performance in such areas as the
following:
1. The dynamic voltage control in transmission and distribution systems;
2. The power-oscillation damping in power-transmission systems;
3. The transient stability;
4. The voltage flicker control; and
5. The control of not only reactive power but also (if needed) active power in the connected
line, requiring a dc energy source.
Furthermore, a STATCOM does the following:
- It occupies a small footprint, for it replaces passive banks of circuit elements by
compact electronic converters.It offers modular, factory-built equipment, thereby
reducing site work and commissioning time; and It uses encapsulated electronic
converters, thereby minimizing its environmental impact.
A STATCOM is analogous to an ideal synchronous machine, which generates a
balanced set of three sinusoidal voltages at the fundamental frequency with
controllable amplitude and phase angle. This ideal machine has no inertia, is
practically instantaneous, does not
Significantly alter the existing system impedance, and can internally generate reactive
(both capacitive and inductive) power.
- The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) installed the first 100-MVA STATCOM in 1995
at its Sullivan substation. The application of this STATCOM is expected to reduce the
TVAs need for load tap changers, thereby achieving savings by minimizing the
potential for transformer failure. This STATCOM aids in resolving the off-peak
dilemma of over voltages in the Sullivan substation area while avoiding the more
labor- and space-intensive installation of an additional transformer bank. Also, this
STATCOM provides instantaneous control and therefore increased capacity of
transmission voltage, providing the TVA with greater flexibility in bulk-power
transactions, and it also increases the system reliability by damping grids of major
oscillations in this grid.



PROGRAM:
cl ear al l ;
cl c;
n=3;
pd=[ 0 2. 566 1. 386] ; qd=[ 0 1. 102 0. 452] ;
qg=[ 0 0 0] ; pg=[ 0 0 0] ;
vs=[ 1 1 1] ;
t het a=[ 0 0 0] ;
con=0. 1;
yb=[ 20- 50j - 10+20j - 10+30j ;
- 10+20j 26- 52j - 16+32j ;
- 10+30j - 16+32j 26- 62j ] ;
zs=0. 01+0. 1j ;
bet a=angl e( zs) ;
r p=200; k=0. 9; m=1;
cont =. 1; vdc=1;
al pha=0;
b=i mag( yb) ; g=r eal ( yb) ;
an=angl e( yb) ; my=abs( yb) ;
i t er =1;
whi l e( cont >0. 01 && i t er <4)
i t er
t het a
vs
vc=( k*k) *( m) *( vdc) ;
pg( 3) =( ( vc*vs( 3) *cos( t het a( 3) - al pha+bet a) ) - ( vs( 3) *vs( 3) *cos( bet a) ) ) / abs( zs) ;
qg( 3) =( ( vc*vs( 3) *si n( t het a( 3) - al pha+bet a) ) - ( vs( 3) *vs( 3) *si n( bet a) ) ) / abs( zs) ;
pac=( ( vc^2*cos( bet a) ) - ( vs( 3) *vc*cos( bet a+al pha- t het a( 3) ) ) ) / abs( zs) ;
p=pg- pd; q=qg- qd;
f or o=1: n
pp( o) =0; qq( o) =0;
f or l =1: n
pe( o) =vs( o) *vs( l ) *my( o, l ) *cos( an( o, l ) - t het a( o) +t het a( l ) ) +pp( o) ;
pp( o) =pe( o) ;
qe( o) =- vs( o) *vs( l ) *my( o, l ) *si n( an( o, l ) - t het a( o) +t het a( l ) ) +qq( o) ;
qq( o) =qe( o) ;
end
end
pp; qq;
pchang( 1: 2) = p( 2: 3) - pp( 2: 3) ;
qchang( 1: 2) =q( 2: 3) - qq( 2: 3) ;
pdc=( vdc^2) / r p;
pext =pac- pdc;
del =[ 0 0 0 0 0] ;
del =[ pchang qchang pext ] ;
%cal cul at i on of j acobi an
f or k=2: n
f or l =1: n
i f k~=l
H( k, l ) =- vs( k) *vs( l ) *my( k, l ) *si n( an( k, l ) +t het a( l ) - t het a( k) ) ;
N( k, l ) =vs( k) *vs( l ) *my( k, l ) *cos( an( k, l ) +t het a( l ) - t het a( k) ) ;
J ( k, l ) =- vs( k) *vs( l ) *my( k, l ) *cos( an( k, l ) +t het a( l ) - t het a( k) ) ;
L( k, l ) =- vs( k) *vs( l ) *my( k, l ) *si n( an( k, l ) +t het a( l ) - t het a( k) ) ;
el se
H( k, l ) =- qq( k) - vs( k) *vs( k) *b( k, k) ;
N( k, l ) =pp( k) +vs( k) *vs( k) *g( k, k) ;
J ( k, l ) =pp( k) - vs( k) *vs( k) *g( k, k) ;
L( k, l ) =qq( k) - vs( k) *vs( k) *b( k, k) ;
end
end
end
H11( 1: 2, 1: 2) =H( 2: 3, 2: 3) ;
N12( 1: 2, 1: 2) =N( 2: 3, 2: 3) ;
J 21( 1: 2, 1: 2) =J ( 2: 3, 2: 3) ;
L22( 1: 2, 1: 2) =L( 2: 3, 2: 3) ;
j ac=zer os( 5, 5) ;
j ac=[ H11 N12; J 21 L22] ;
j ac( 1, 4) =0;
j ac( 2, 2) =( vs( 3) *vc*si n( t het a( 3) - al pha+bet a) / abs( zs) ) - ( qq( k) - vs( k) *vs( k) *b( k, k) ) ;
j ac( 2, 4) =- ( k*vdc*cos( t het a( 3) - al pha+bet a) ) / abs( zs) ;
j ac( 2, 5) =- ( k*m*vdc*si n( t het a( 3) - al pha+bet a) ) / abs( zs) ;
j ac( 3, 4) =0;
j ac( 4, 2) =- ( ( vs( 3) *vdc*cos( t het a( 3) - al pha+bet a) ) / abs( zs) ) - ( pp( k) -
vs( k) *vs( k) *g( k, k) ) ;
j ac( 4, 4) =( k*vdc*vs( 3) *si n( t het a( 3) - al pha+bet a) ) / abs( zs) ;
j ac( 4, 5) =( - k*m*vdc*vs( 3) *cos( t het a( 3) - al pha+bet a) ) / abs( zs) ;
j ac( 5, 2) =- ( k*vdc*m*vs( 3) *si n( al pha- t het a( 3) +bet a) ) / abs( zs) ;
j ac( 5, 4) =( k*m*vs( 3) *vdc*si n( al pha- t het a( 3) +bet a) ) / abs( zs) ;
j ac( 5, 5) =- ( ( vdc*k*vs( 3) *cos( al pha- t het a( 3) +bet a) ) -
( 2*k*k*m*vdc^2*cos( bet a) ) ) / abs( zs) ;
j ac;
del t a=( j ac) \ del ' ;
dt het a( 2: 3) =del t a( 1: 2) ;
t het a=t het a+dt het a;
dv=[ 0 0 0] ;
dv( 2: 2) =del t a( 3: 3) ;
vs=vs+dv;
con=max( abs( dv) ) ;
i t er =i t er +1;
m=m+del t a( 4) ;
al pha=al pha+del t a( 5) ;
end





























OUTPUT

iter =1

theta =0 0 0

vs =1 1 1

iter =2

theta =0 -0.0356 -0.0075

vs =1.0000 0.9633 1.0000

iter =3

theta =0 -0.4332 -0.6514

vs =1.0000 0.9600 1.0000






























RESULT
Thus the compensated voltage and angle in the given system is calculated by using
STATCOM as the compensator.

Ex.No:5 Date:

AVAILABLE TRANSFER CAPABILITY CALCULATION USING AN EXISTING LOAD FLOW
PROGRAM
AIM:
To calculate the value of Available Transfer Capability using Fast decoupled load flow
method.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB Software.
THEORY:
All over the world, power systems are being deregulated, restructured and private with an
objective to introduce competition and to improve the efficiency and economy of operation.
Single utility is dividing into different independent organization such as Gencos ,Transcos
and Discos. Gencos and Discos are given open access to transmission grid. An independent
system operator (ISO) regulates and maintains the grid sale of power (MW) between these
Gencos and Discos is encouraged and these transactions are called bilateral transactions.

In a day ahead market, ISO invites from various pairs of Gencos and Discos , the details
of Bilateral transactions entered into by them over and above the Pool transactions
already finalized. The ISO runs a computer program called Congestion Management and
determines the maximum quantum of these bilateral transactions that can be permitted in
the grid tomorrow without violating the transmission line and bus voltage operating limits.
The ISO implements these transactions the next day.

The market participants, Gencos and Discos, need to know the Available Transfer Capacity
(ATC) between various source nodes (Genco buses), and sink nodes (Disco buses) of the grid
tomorrow in order to finalize these bilateral transactions. ATC between as source node k and
a sink node m is defined as the difference between the Total Transfer capacity (TTC)
of MW power between nodes k and m and the base case MW flow (BCMW) between k and m.

ATCkm=TTCkm - BCMWkm
The TTCkm is the maximum MW power that can be transferred in the system between the
source node k and the sink node m without violating the line flow and node voltage operating
limits. ATCkm can be determined by conducting repeated Load flow analysis on the system
starting with the base cases load and increasing the generation at the k
th
bus and demand at
the m
th
bus by certain percentage until any of the line flow or bus voltage constraints is just
violated. The increased generation / load over the base case is the ATCkm.










PROGRAM:
cl ear al l ;
cl c;
basemva = 100; accur acy = 0. 001; maxi t er = 100;

% Bus Bus Vol t age Angl e - - - Load- - - - - - - - - - - Gener at or - - - - - St at i c Mvar
% No code Mag. Degr ee MW Mvar MW Mvar Qmi n Qmax +Qc/ - Ql
busdat a=[ 1 1 1. 05 0. 0 0 0 0 0 - 50 100 0
2 2 1. 05 0. 0 0 0 50 0 - 25 50 0
3 0 1. 00 0. 0 55 13 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 1. 00 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
5 0 1. 00 0. 0 30 18 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 1. 00 0. 0 50 5 0 0 0 0 5. 5] ;

% Li ne code
% Bus bus R X 1/ 2 B = 1 f or l i nes
% nl nr p. u. p. u. p. u. > 1 or < 1 t r . t ap at bus nl
l i nedat a=[ 1 6 0. 123 0. 518 0. 000 1
1 4 0. 08 0. 37 0. 000 1
4 6 0. 087 0. 407 0. 000 1
5 2 0. 282 0. 64 0. 000 1
2 3 0. 723 1. 05 0. 000 1
6 5 0. 00 0. 30 0. 000 0. 956
4 3 0. 00 0. 133 0. 000 0. 981] ;

j =sqr t ( - 1) ; i = sqr t ( - 1) ;
nl = l i nedat a( : , 1) ; nr = l i nedat a( : , 2) ; R = l i nedat a( : , 3) ;
X = l i nedat a( : , 4) ; Bc = j *l i nedat a( : , 5) ; a = l i nedat a( : , 6) ;
nbr =l engt h( l i nedat a( : , 1) ) ; nbus = max( max( nl ) , max( nr ) ) ;
Z = R + j *X; y= ones( nbr , 1) . / Z; %br anch admi t t ance
f or n = 1: nbr
i f a( n) <= 0 a( n) = 1; el se end
Ybus=zer os( nbus, nbus) ; %i ni t i al i ze Ybus t o zer o
%f or mat i on of t he of f di agonal el ement s
f or k=1: nbr ;
Ybus( nl ( k) , nr ( k) ) =Ybus( nl ( k) , nr ( k) ) - y( k) / a( k) ;
Ybus( nr ( k) , nl ( k) ) =Ybus( nl ( k) , nr ( k) ) ;
end
end
%f or mat i on of t he di agonal el ement s
f or n=1: nbus
f or k=1: nbr
i f nl ( k) ==n
Ybus( n, n) = Ybus( n, n) +y( k) / ( a( k) ^2) + Bc( k) ;
el sei f nr ( k) ==n
Ybus( n, n) = Ybus( n, n) +y( k) +Bc( k) ;
el se, end
end
end
cl ear Pgg
% Fast Decoupl ed Power Fl ow Sol ut i on
% Copyr i ght ( c) 1998 by Hadi Saadat .

ns=0; Vm=0; del t a=0; yl oad=0; del t ad=0;

nbus = l engt h( busdat a( : , 1) ) ;
f or k=1: nbus
n=busdat a( k, 1) ;
kb( n) =busdat a( k, 2) ; Vm( n) =busdat a( k, 3) ; del t a( n) =busdat a( k, 4) ;
Pd( n) =busdat a( k, 5) ; Qd( n) =busdat a( k, 6) ; Pg( n) =busdat a( k, 7) ; Qg( n) = busdat a( k, 8) ;
Qmi n( n) =busdat a( k, 9) ; Qmax( n) =busdat a( k, 10) ;
Qsh( n) =busdat a( k, 11) ;
i f Vm( n) <= 0 Vm( n) = 1. 0; V( n) = 1 + j *0;
el se del t a( n) = pi / 180*del t a( n) ;
V( n) = Vm( n) *( cos( del t a( n) ) + j *si n( del t a( n) ) ) ;
P( n) =( Pg( n) - Pd( n) ) / basemva;
Q( n) =( Qg( n) - Qd( n) + Qsh( n) ) / basemva;
S( n) = P( n) + j *Q( n) ;
end
i f kb( n) == 1, ns = ns+1; el se, end
nss( n) = ns;
end
Ym= abs( Ybus) ; t = angl e( Ybus) ;
i i =0;
f or i b=1: nbus
i f kb( i b) == 0 | kb( i b) == 2
i i = i i +1;
j j =0;
f or j b=1: nbus
i f kb( j b) == 0 | kb( j b) == 2
j j = j j +1;
B1( i i , j j ) =i mag( Ybus( i b, j b) ) ;
el se, end
end
el se, end
end
i i =0;
f or i b=1: nbus
i f kb( i b) == 0
i i = i i +1;
j j =0;
f or j b=1: nbus
i f kb( j b) == 0
j j = j j +1;
B2( i i , j j ) =i mag( Ybus( i b, j b) ) ;
el se, end
end
el se, end
end
B1i nv=i nv( B1) ; B2i nv = i nv( B2) ;
maxer r or = 1; conver ge = 1;
i t er = 0;
%St ar t of i t er at i ons
whi l e maxer r or >= accur acy & i t er <= maxi t er %Test f or max. power mi smat ch
i t er = i t er +1;
i d=0; i v=0;
f or n=1: nbus
nn=n- nss( n) ;
J 11=0; J 33=0;
f or i =1: nbr
i f nl ( i ) == n | nr ( i ) == n
i f nl ( i ) == n, l = nr ( i ) ; end
i f nr ( i ) == n, l = nl ( i ) ; end
J 11=J 11+ Vm( n) *Vm( l ) *Ym( n, l ) *si n( t ( n, l ) - del t a( n) + del t a( l ) ) ;
J 33=J 33+ Vm( n) *Vm( l ) *Ym( n, l ) *cos( t ( n, l ) - del t a( n) + del t a( l ) ) ;
el se , end
end
Pk = Vm( n) ^2*Ym( n, n) *cos( t ( n, n) ) +J 33;
Qk = - Vm( n) ^2*Ym( n, n) *si n( t ( n, n) ) - J 11;
i f kb( n) == 1 P( n) =Pk; Q( n) = Qk; end %Swi ng bus P
i f kb( n) == 2 Q( n) =Qk;
Qgc = Q( n) *basemva + Qd( n) - Qsh( n) ;
i f Qmax( n) ~= 0
i f i t er <= 20 %Bet ween t he 1t h & 6t h i t er at i ons
i f i t er >= 10 %t he Mvar of gener at or buses ar e
i f Qgc < Qmi n( n) , %t est ed. I f not wi t hi n l i mi t s Vm( n)
Vm( n) = Vm( n) + 0. 005; %i s changed i n st eps of 0. 05 pu t o
el sei f Qgc > Qmax( n) , %br i ng t he gener at or Mvar wi t hi n
Vm( n) = Vm( n) - 0. 005; end %t he speci f i ed l i mi t s.
el se, end
el se, end
el se, end
end
i f kb( n) ~= 1
i d = i d+1;
DP( i d) = P( n) - Pk;
DPV( i d) = ( P( n) - Pk) / Vm( n) ;
end
i f kb( n) == 0
i v=i v+1;
DQ( i v) = Q( n) - Qk;
DQV( i v) = ( Q( n) - Qk) / Vm( n) ;
end
end
Dd=- B1\ DPV' ;
DV=- B2\ DQV' ;
i d=0; i v=0;
f or n=1: nbus
i f kb( n) ~= 1
i d = i d+1;
del t a( n) = del t a( n) +Dd( i d) ; end
i f kb( n) == 0
i v = i v+1;
Vm( n) =Vm( n) +DV( i v) ; end
end
maxer r or =max( max( abs( DP) ) , max( abs( DQ) ) ) ;
i f i t er == maxi t er & maxer r or > accur acy
f pr i nt f ( ' \ nWARNI NG: I t er at i ve sol ut i on di d not conver ged af t er ' )
f pr i nt f ( ' %g' , i t er ) , f pr i nt f ( ' i t er at i ons. \ n\ n' )
f pr i nt f ( ' Pr ess Ent er t o t er mi nat e t he i t er at i ons and pr i nt t he r esul t s \ n' )
conver ge = 0; pause, el se, end
end
i f conver ge ~= 1
t ech= ( ' I TERATI VE SOLUTI ON DI D NOT CONVERGE' ) ;
el se,
t ech=( ' Power Fl ow Sol ut i on by Fast Decoupl ed Met hod' ) ;
end
k=0;
V = Vm. *cos( del t a) +j *Vm. *si n( del t a) ;
del t ad=180/ pi *del t a;
cl ear A; cl ear DC; cl ear DX
i =sqr t ( - 1) ;
f or n = 1: nbus
i f kb( n) == 1
S( n) =P( n) +j *Q( n) ;
Pg( n) = P( n) *basemva + Pd( n) ;
Qg( n) = Q( n) *basemva + Qd( n) - Qsh( n) ;
k=k+1;
Pgg( k) =Pg( n) ;
el sei f kb( n) ==2
S( n) =P( n) +j *Q( n) ;
Qg( n) = Q( n) *basemva + Qd( n) - Qsh( n) ;
k=k+1;
Pgg( k) =Pg( n) ;
end
yl oad( n) = ( Pd( n) - j *Qd( n) +j *Qsh( n) ) / ( basemva*Vm( n) ^2) ;
end
busdat a( : , 3) =Vm' ; busdat a( : , 4) =del t ad' ;
Pgt = sum( Pg) ; Qgt = sum( Qg) ; Pdt = sum( Pd) ; Qdt = sum( Qd) ; Qsht = sum( Qsh) ;
cl ear Pk Qk DP DQ J 11 J 33 B1 B1i nv B2 B2i nv DPV DQV Dd del t a i b i d i i i v j b j j
% Thi s pr ogr ampr i nt s t he power f l ow sol ut i on i n a t abul at ed f or m
% on t he scr een.
%
% Copyr i ght ( C) 1998 by H. Saadat .
%cl c
di sp( t ech)
f pr i nt f ( ' Maxi mumPower Mi smat ch = %g \ n' , maxer r or )
f pr i nt f ( ' No. of I t er at i ons = %g \ n\ n' , i t er )
head =[ ' Bus Vol t age Angl e - - - - - - Load- - - - - - - - - Gener at i on- - - I nj ect ed'
' No. Mag. Degr ee MW Mvar MW Mvar Mvar '
'
' ] ;
di sp( head)
f or n=1: nbus
f pr i nt f ( ' %5g' , n) , f pr i nt f ( ' %7. 3f ' , Vm( n) ) ,
f pr i nt f ( ' %8. 3f ' , del t ad( n) ) , f pr i nt f ( ' %9. 3f ' , Pd( n) ) ,
f pr i nt f ( ' %9. 3f ' , Qd( n) ) , f pr i nt f ( ' %9. 3f ' , Pg( n) ) ,
f pr i nt f ( ' %9. 3f ' , Qg( n) ) , f pr i nt f ( ' %8. 3f \ n' , Qsh( n) )
end
f pr i nt f ( ' \ n' ) , f pr i nt f ( ' Tot al ' )
f pr i nt f ( ' %9. 3f ' , Pdt ) , f pr i nt f ( ' %9. 3f ' , Qdt ) ,
f pr i nt f ( ' %9. 3f ' , Pgt ) , f pr i nt f ( ' %9. 3f ' , Qgt ) , f pr i nt f ( ' %9. 3f \ n\ n' , Qsht )
% Thi s pr ogr ami s used i n conj unct i on wi t h l f gauss or l f Newt on
% f or t he comput at i on of l i ne f l ow and l i ne l osses.
%
% Copyr i ght ( c) 1998 H. Saadat
SLT = 0;
f pr i nt f ( ' \ n' )
f pr i nt f ( ' Li ne Fl ow and Losses \ n\ n' )
f pr i nt f ( ' - - Li ne- - Power at bus & l i ne f l ow - - Li ne l oss- - Tr ansf or mer \ n' )
f pr i nt f ( ' f r om t o MW Mvar MVA MW Mvar t ap\ n' )
f or n = 1: nbus
buspr t = 0;
f or L = 1: nbr ;
i f buspr t == 0
f pr i nt f ( ' \ n' ) , f pr i nt f ( ' %6g' , n) , f pr i nt f ( ' %9. 3f ' , P( n) *basemva)
f pr i nt f ( ' %9. 3f ' , Q( n) *basemva) , f pr i nt f ( ' %9. 3f \ n' , abs( S( n) *basemva) )
buspr t = 1;
el se, end
i f nl ( L) ==n k = nr ( L) ;
I n = ( V( n) - a( L) *V( k) ) *y( L) / a( L) ^2 + Bc( L) / a( L) ^2*V( n) ;
I k = ( V( k) - V( n) / a( L) ) *y( L) + Bc( L) *V( k) ;
Snk = V( n) *conj ( I n) *basemva;
Skn = V( k) *conj ( I k) *basemva;
SL = Snk + Skn;
SLT = SLT + SL;
el sei f nr ( L) ==n k = nl ( L) ;
I n = ( V( n) - V( k) / a( L) ) *y( L) + Bc( L) *V( n) ;
I k = ( V( k) - a( L) *V( n) ) *y( L) / a( L) ^2 + Bc( L) / a( L) ^2*V( k) ;
Snk = V( n) *conj ( I n) *basemva;
Skn = V( k) *conj ( I k) *basemva;
SL = Snk + Skn;
SLT = SLT + SL;
el se, end
i f nl ( L) ==n | nr ( L) ==n
f pr i nt f ( ' %12g' , k) ,
f pr i nt f ( ' %9. 3f ' , r eal ( Snk) ) , f pr i nt f ( ' %9. 3f ' , i mag( Snk) )
f pr i nt f ( ' %9. 3f ' , abs( Snk) ) ,
f pr i nt f ( ' %9. 3f ' , r eal ( SL) ) ,
i f nl ( L) ==n & a( L) ~= 1
f pr i nt f ( ' %9. 3f ' , i mag( SL) ) , f pr i nt f ( ' %9. 3f \ n' , a( L) )
el se, f pr i nt f ( ' %9. 3f \ n' , i mag( SL) )
end
el se, end
end
end
SLT = SLT/ 2;
f pr i nt f ( ' \ n' ) , f pr i nt f ( ' Tot al l oss ' )
f pr i nt f ( ' %9. 3f ' , r eal ( SLT) ) , f pr i nt f ( ' %9. 3f \ n' , i mag( SLT) )
cl ear I k I n SL SLT Skn Snk





























OUTPUT:
Power Flow Solution by Fast Decoupled Method
Maximum Power Mismatch =0.000384573
No. of Iterations =7

Bus Voltage Angle ------Load------ ---Generation--- Injected
No. Mag. Degree MW Mvar MW Mvar Mvar

1 1.050 0.000 0.000 0.000 95.370 48.732 0.000
2 1.050 -2.329 0.000 0.000 50.000 12.977 0.000
3 0.926 -13.195 55.000 13.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
4 0.931 -9.827 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 5.000
5 0.909 -12.559 30.000 18.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
6 0.910 -12.300 50.000 5.000 0.000 0.000 5.500

Total 135.000 36.000 145.370 61.710 10.500


Line Flow and Losses

--Line-- Power at bus & line flow --Line loss-- Transformer
from to MW Mvar MVA MW Mvar tap

1 95.370 48.732 107.099
6 44.531 22.123 49.724 2.758 11.617
4 50.854 26.648 57.413 2.392 11.062

2 50.000 12.977 51.657
5 31.602 11.634 33.675 2.901 6.583
3 18.407 1.381 18.459 2.234 3.245

3 -55.000 -13.000 56.515
2 -16.173 1.864 16.280 2.234 3.245
4 -38.822 -14.869 41.572 0.000 2.680

4 0.000 5.000 5.000
1 -48.463 -15.586 50.907 2.392 11.062
6 9.629 3.039 10.097 0.102 0.479
3 38.822 17.549 42.604 0.000 2.680 0.981

5 -30.000 -18.000 34.986
2 -28.701 -5.051 29.142 2.901 6.583
6 -1.302 -12.955 13.020 0.000 0.616

6 -50.000 0.500 50.002
1 -41.773 -10.506 43.074 2.758 11.617
4 -9.527 -2.560 9.865 0.102 0.479
5 1.302 13.571 13.633 0.000 0.616 0.956

Total loss 10.388 36.282









RESULT:
Thus the Available Transfer Capability calculation using existing load flow program has been
done.



Ex.No:6 Date:
STUDY OF VARIABLE SPEED AND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM - DFIG

AIM:
To study the variable speed and energy conversion system DFIG.
THEORY:

Fig 7.1: Simple wind energy conversion system
A variable alternative to adjust speed over a wide range at minimum cost. The aim of wind
turbine energy system is to continuously increase output power. The rated output power of
production-type units reached 200 kW. The average output power of new installations
climbed to 600 kW. The largest series production units today are specified to deliver 1.5-MW
output power. It is anticipated that in the near future, power rating of wind turbines will
increase further, especially in offshore applications. For example, the prototype of a
NordexN80 with a rated power of 2.5 MW was installed in March 2000 near Aachen. Many
low-power wind turbines built to-date were constructed according to the Danish concept in
which wind energy is transformed into electrical energy using a simple squirrel-cage
induction machine directly connected to a three-phase power grid. The rotor of the wind
turbine is coupled to the generator shaft with a fixed-ratio gearbox. Some induction
generators use pole-adjustable winding configurations to enable operation at different
synchronous speeds.
The construction and performance of fixed-speed wind turbines very much depends on the
characteristics of mechanical sub circuits, e.g., pitch control time constants, main breaker
maximum switching rate, etc. The response time of some of these mechanical circuits may be
in the range of tens of milliseconds. As a result, each time a gust of wind hits the turbine, a
fast and strong variation of electrical output power can be observed. These load variations
not only require a stiff power grid to enable stable operation, but also require a sturdy
mechanical design to absorb high mechanical stresses. This strategy leads to expensive
mechanical construction, especially at high-rated power.


Fig 7.2: Doubly fed induction generator wind turbine system

DOUBLY FED INDUCTION GENERATOR SYSTEM:
Recent developments seek to avoid most disadvantages of direct-in-line converter based
ASGs. Fig. 5 shows an alternative ASG concept that consists of a doubly fed induction
generator (DFIG) with a four-quadrant ac-to-ac converter based on insulated gate bipolar
transistors (IGBTs) connected to the rotor windings. Compared to direct-in-line systems, this
DFIG offers the following advantages:
- Reduced inverter cost, because inverter rating is typically25% of total system power,
while the speed range of the ASG is 33% around the synchronous speed
- Reduced cost of the inverter filters and EMI filters, because filters are rated for
0.25p.u. total system power, and inverter harmonics represent a smaller fraction of
total system harmonics.
- Improved system efficiency; Table 2 shows the system losses for different windmill
concepts. The losses are shown separately for the generator and for the IGBT
inverters. Approximately 2-3% efficiency improvement can be obtained.
- Power-factor control can be implemented at lower cost, because the DFIG system
(four-quadrant converter and induction machine) basically operates similar to a
synchronous generator. The converter has to provide only excitation energy .In
addition, compared to silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) based Kramer drives, the DFIG
with a four-quadrant converter in the rotor circuit enables decoupled control of active
and reactive power of the generator.

TURBINE POWER CHARACTERISTICS:
The DFIG is controlled to follow the ABCD curve in Turbine Power Characteristics.
Turbine speed optimization is obtained between point B and point C on this curve. The wind
turbine model is a phasor model that allows transient stability type studies with long
simulation times. In this case study, the system is observed during 50 s. The 6-wind-turbine
farm is simulated by a single wind-turbine block by multiplying the following three
parameters by six, as follows:
- The nominal wind turbine mechanical output power: 6*1.5e6 watts
- The generator rated power: 6*1.5/ 0.9 MVA (6*1.5 MW at 0.9 PF)
- The nominal DC bus capacitor: 6*10000 microfarads
The mode of operation is set to Voltage regulation in the Control Parameters dialog box. The
terminal voltage will be controlled to a value imposed by the reference voltage (Vref=1 pu) and
the voltage droop (Xs=0.02 pu).

Fig 7.3 Turbine Power Characteristics


TURBINE RESPONSE TO A CHANGE IN WIND SPEED:
Observe the turbine response to a change in wind speed. Initially, wind speed is set at 8 m/ s,
and then at t=5s, wind speed increases suddenly at 14 m/ s. Waveforms for a Gust of Wind
(Wind Farm in Voltage Regulation Mode) illustrates the waveforms associated with this
simulation. At t=5 s, the generated active power starts increasing smoothly (together with the
turbine speed) to reach its rated value of 9MW in approximately 15s. Over that time frame
the turbine speed increases from 0.8 pu to 1.21 pu. Initially, the pitch angle of the turbine
blades is zero degree and the turbine operating point follows the red curve of the turbine
power characteristics up to point D. Then the pitch angle is increased from 0 deg to 0.76 deg
to limit the mechanical power. Observe also the voltage and the generated reactive power.
The reactive power is controlled to maintain a 1 pu voltage. At nominal power, the wind
turbine absorbs 0.68 Mvar (generated Q=-0.68 Mvar) to control voltage at 1pu. If you change
the mode of operation to Var regulation with the Generated reactive power Qref set to zero,
you will observe that the voltage increases to 1.021 pu when the wind turbine generates its
nominal power at unity power factor (Waveforms for a Gust of Wind (Wind Farm in Var
Regulation Mode)).
Waveforms for a Gust of Wind (Wind Farm in Voltage Regulation Mode):



Waveforms for a Gust of Wind (Wind Farm in Var Regulation Mode):













Simulation of a Voltage Sag on the 120 kV System:
Now observe the impact of voltage sag resulting from a remote fault on the 120 kV systems.
In this simulation the mode of operation is initially Var regulation with Qref=0 and the wind
speed is constant at 8 m/ s. A 0.15 pu voltage drop lasting 0.5 s is programmed, in the 120
kV voltage source menu, to occur at t=5 s. The simulation results are illustrated in Voltage
Sag on the 120 kV System (Wind Farm in Var Regulation Mode). Observe the plant voltage
and current as well as the motor speed. Note that the wind farm produces 1.87 MW. At t=5 s,
the voltage falls below 0.9 pu and at t=5.22 s, the protection system trips the plant because
an undervoltage lasting more than 0.2 s has been detected (exceeding protection settings for
the Plant subsystem). The plant current falls to zero and motor speed decreases gradually,
while the wind farm continues generating at a power level of 1.87 MW. After the plant has
tripped, 1.25 MW of power (P_B25 measured at bus B25) is exported to the grid.
Voltage Sag on the 120 kV System (Wind Farm in Var Regulation Mode):

Now, the wind turbine control mode is changed to Voltage regulation and the simulation is
repeated. You will notice that the plant does not trip anymore. This is because the voltage
support provided by the 5 Mvar reactive power generated by the wind turbines during the
voltage sag keeps the plant voltage above the 0.9 pu protection threshold. The plant voltage
during the voltage sag is now 0.93 pu (Voltage Sag on the 120 kV System (Wind Farm in
Voltage Regulation Mode)).

Wind Farm Waveforms during Fault at Bus B25 (Wind Farm in Voltage Regulation
Mode):

Wind Farm Waveforms During Fault at Bus B25 (Wind Farm in Var Regulation Mode):



















Ex.No:7 Date:
STUDY OF VARIABLE SPEED AND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM - PMSG
AIM:
To study the variable speed and energy conversion system PMSG
THEORY:
A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into electrical power. A
wind turbine used for charging batteries may be referred to as a wind charger

Fig 8.1 Simple Wind Energy Conversion System
A variable alternative to adjust speed over a wide range at minimum cost. The aim of wind
turbine energy system is to continuously increase output power. The rated output power of
production-type units reached 200 kW. The average output power of new installations
climbed to 600 kW. The largest series production units today are specified to deliver 1.5-MW
output power. It is anticipated that in the near future, power rating of wind turbines will
increase further, especially in offshore applications. For example, the prototype of a
NordexN80 with a rated power of 2.5 MW was installed in March 2000 near Aachen. Many
low-power wind turbines built to-date were constructed according to the Danish concept in
which wind energy is transformed into electrical energy using a simple squirrel-cage
induction machine directly connected to a three-phase power grid. The rotor of the wind
turbine is coupled to the generator shaft with a fixed-ratio gearbox. Some induction
generators use pole-adjustable winding configurations to enable operation at different
synchronous speeds.

The construction and performance of fixed-speed wind turbines very much depends on the
characteristics of mechanical sub circuits, e.g., pitch control time constants, main breaker
maximum switching rate, etc. The response time of some of these mechanical circuits may be
in the range of tens of milliseconds. As a result, each time a gust of wind hits the turbine, a
fast and strong variation of electrical output power can be observed. These load variations
not only require a stiff power grid to enable stable operation, but also require a sturdy
mechanical design to absorb high mechanical stresses. This strategy leads to expensive
mechanical construction, especially at high-rated power.

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG):
A permanent magnet synchronous generator is a generator where the excitation field is
provided by a permanent magnet instead of a coil.

Fig 8.1 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator with wind turbine and grid
In the above block diagram consisting of the wind is given to the wind turbine ,in the wind
turbine gear box is available ,gear box and the PMSG is decoupled with a shaft. Then the
wind turbine transforms wind energy into the mechanical energy. The mechanical energy is
given to the PMSG then it is converted to the electrical energy, then electrical energy is given
to the back to back converter where filter is eliminates the harmonics. Then the transformer
is the improves the level of voltages i.e is step up the voltages. where wind turbine controls
the pitch angle control(),the generator side converter controls the speed of the generator and
the speed of the torque and maximum output power at low wind speeds. Then the grid side
converter controls the dc-link capacitor constant and reactive power delivered to the grid.
The kinetic energy of the wind produces a mechanical torque with the blade of a wind
turbine, which is converted into the electric energy through the PMSG and back-to-back
converter and then supplied to the grid. The generator-side converter controls the speed of
the generator to draw the maximum output power from the wind turbine and the grid-side
inverter controls the frequency and active/ reactive powers for the grid connection.

Variable speed use is good for extracting more prime mover power as in wind turbine
or for providing optimum efficiency for the prime mover by increasing its speed with power.
Variable speed also allows for a more flexible generator system.
The advantages of PM machines over electrically excited machines can be
summarized as follows according to literatures:
- Higher efficiency and energy yield, No additional power supply for the magnet field
excitation,
- Improvement in the thermal characteristics of the PM machine due to the absence of
the field losses,
- Higher reliability due to the absence of mechanical components such as slip rings,
Lighter and therefore higher power to weight ratio. However, PM machines have some
disadvantages, which can be summarized as follows:
- High cost of PM material, Difficulties to handle in manufacture,
- Demagnetization of PM at high temperature. In recent years, the use of PMs is more
attractive than before, because the performance of PMs is improving and the cost of
PM is decreasing. The trends make PM machines with a full-scale power converter
more attractive for direct-drive wind turbines. Considering the performance of PMs is
improving and the cost of PM is decreasing in recent y









Ex.No:8 Date:

COMPUTATION OF HARMONIC INDICES GENERATED BY A RECTIFIER FEEDING A R-L
LOAD
AIM:
To perform the harmonic analysis of single phase full bridge converter with R-L load
using Matlab (Simulink).
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB Simulink Software.
THEORY
HARMONICS:
There are certain loads on the system that produce harmonic currents. These currents result
in distorted voltages and currents that can adversely impact the system performance in
different ways. Generally this load is called as non linear load. The current wave shape on a
non-linear load is not the same as the voltage as shown in fig2.


Fig 1:-Voltage and Current waveforms for non-linear loads
Typical examples of non-linear loads include rectifiers (power supplies, UPS units, discharge
lighting), adjustable speed motor drives, ferromagnetic devices, DC motor drives and arcing
equipment. The current drawn by non-linear loads is not sinusoidal but it is periodic,
meaning that the current wave looks the same from cycle to cycle. Periodic waveforms can be
described mathematically as a series of sinusoidal waveforms that have been summed
together as shown in fig 2.
















Fig 2:-Waveform with symmetrical harmonic components
The sinusoidal components are integer multiples of the fundamental where the fundamental.
The only way to measure a voltage or current that contains harmonics is to use true-RMS
reading meter. If an averaging meter is used, which is the most common type, the error can
be significant.

HARMONIC ANALYSIS:
Harmonic analysis is the branch of mathematics that studies the representation of functions
or signals as the superposition of basic waves. It investigates and generalizes the notions of
Fourier series and Fourier transforms. The basic waves are called "harmonics", hence the
name "harmonic analysis".

RECTIFIER:
DEFINITION: Converting AC (from mains or other AC source) to DC power by using power
diodes or by controlling the firing angles of thyristors / controllable switches.

BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM:


Input can be single or multi-phase (e.g. 3-phase).
Output can be made fixed or variable.

FLOWCHART:







SIMULINK DIAGRAM:




OUTPUT:




HARMONIC ANALYSIS FOR OUTPUT VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS














RESULT:
Hence the harmonic analysis of a single phase full bridge converter using a RL branch
is simulated.


Ex.No:9 Date:
DESIGN OF ACTIVE FILTER FOR MITIGATING HARMONICS


AIM:
To Design the active filter to improve power quality by mitigation harmonics

THEORY:

As the development of modern power electronics technology and the wider application of
various nonlinear devices, the current distortion makes increasingly serious pollution to the
grid. Therefore, harmonic current compensation has been drawn great attention.Active power
filter is a new type of power electronic device using for dynamic suppressing harmonics and
compensating reactive power. It can compensate harmonics with varying amplitude and
frequency, and can overcome the shortage of passive filter effectively. It is a harmonics
suppression device with prospect .

In 1980s, with the self turn-off power semiconductor appeared, PWM control technology and
the instantaneous reactive power theory for three-phase system put into use, study on active
power filter become fast.Because of extensive use for three-phase four-wire in power system,
such as industry, official and business, many people pay more attention to the trouble which
is caused by harmonics and unbalance of three-phase. Therefore, it is important to
compensate harmonics and reactive power in three-phase four-wire system This paper
introduces a shunt active power filter for three-phase four-wire system. It presents the
principles and structure. And the design and performance of a 3KW experimental prototype
is proposed.

PRINCIPLE AND STRUCTURE:

The structure of a shunt active power filter used for three-phase four-wire is shown in Fig. 1.
In this system, the load may product harmonics and unbalance current in three-phase, and
current is flown in neutral wire.


Fig. 1: The structure of active power filter for three-phase four-wire system


The shunt active power filter is a voltage source inverter controlled as a current source by
means of pulse width modulation signals. As it can be seen in Fig. 1, the filter is connected in
paralleled with the nonlinear load. Harmonic current compensation is achieved by injecting
equal but opposite harmonic current components at the point of connection, therefore
canceling the original distortion and improving the power quality . In most cases, the load
also needs reactive power, which can also be generated by the same current source. In three-
phase unbalanced and nonlinear loads, it is also possible to redistribute power and to keep
the system balance. The active power filter is composed of the reference current calculating
circuit, current tracking circuit, driving circuit and the main circuit. While, the generation
circuit of compensating current is composed of the last three parts Three-phase four-wire
system is different from three-phase three-wire system because of the neutral wire. Thus,
handling zero-sequence components of three-phase current is the key point. Reference
current calculating circuit should product the reference current correctly and fast in three-
phase four-wire system. That means it should detect the harmonics, fundamental negative-
sequence current components and zero-sequence current components of the compensating .
The generation circuit of compensating current should product compensating current
correctly according to the reference current signals.
Because the sum of three-phase current is not zero in three-phase four-wire system, the
detection method based on instantaneous reactive power theory should be modified. The way
is to calculate the zero-sequence current components, then subtract them from three-phase
current. Finally three-phase current without zero-sequence components can be detected by
the method based on instantaneous reactive power theory. The compensating current signals
of the neutral wire can be also calculated by turning the polarity of the neutral wire current
over . The principle of reference current calculating circuit is shown in Fig. 2. In which,
are load currents. The zero-sequence component of three-phase current is
calculated as:
(1)

Then zero-sequence components can be subtracted from three-phase current:
(2)
Eventually the three-phase currents without zero-sequence component will comply
with:
(3)

Fig. 2: The principle diagram of reference current calculating circuit

Afterward, as shown in Fig. 2, the three-phase currents without zero-sequence
components are coordinately transformed and achieve corresponding active power
current component ip and reactive power current component iq, then it can acquire dc
component through the low pass filters. Fundamental positive-sequence
components can be calculated by inverse coordinate transformation. When the
positive-sequence components are subtracted from load current ia,ib,ic, there will be reference
current ica
*
,icb
*
,icc
*
. After the compensating currents generated by the reference signals offset
the harmonics, the currents flowing into source which are equal to fundamental positive-
sequence components are sinusoid and balanced

Design of Shunt Active Power Filter:
Active power filter is an advanced power electronic device, which can be used for integrated
compensating harmonics, reactive currents and negative-sequence currents. Because of the
characteristics of real time and accurate compensation, it is possible to take full advantage of
digital signal processing and many other technologies. If so, the performance of active power
filters can be improved significantly.

CONTROL CIRCUIT
The control circuit consists of current control and voltage control. The principle is shown in
Fig. 3. The current controller uses the current error between reference current and
compensating current filtered by a proportional-integral regulator as the modulating signal.
The current control circuit uses a tracking PWM current control and timing comparing. The
comparator is judged at each clock-cycle, so the PWM control signals change once at least
one clock cycle. The clock-cycle limits the highest frequency of switching devices in the main
circuit, thus damages to the devices due to over-high switching frequency may be avoided.
The shortcoming of this control method is that the tracking error of compensating current is
unfixed.

For voltage control, it mainly means controlling of DC-link voltage. There are two control
techniques: PI control and fuzzy control. PI control is similar to the current control, but there
is some difference. When the supply voltage is unbalanced or distorted, the input of the
voltage controller is not the actual supply voltage but a unitary sinusoidal waveform in phase
with the supply voltage . Therefore, the active power filter will have good performance even
under the condition of unbalanced or distorted source voltage. In other words, PI control
uses the voltage error between DC-link voltage and its reference filtered by a proportional-
integral regulator multiplied by the unitary sinusoidal waveform in phase with the supply
voltage to obtain the reference current.


fig. 3: The principle diagram of control circuit

Fuzzy control can be also applied to DC-link voltage control. The input of the controller is the
error voltage and its incremental variation. And the output is the incremental variation of the
amplitude of the active current injected into active power filter. Compared with PI control,
fuzzy control has better dynamic response and can keep the DC-link voltage stability well.
However, fuzzy control makes the controller complicated. This paper adopts PI control as
control method.

MAIN CIRCUIT
In three-phase four-wire system, active power filter not only compensates the harmonics of
three-phase current, but also suppresses the current of neutral wire to get rid of the neutral
wire current of the source. There are many methods to suppress the neutral current.
Generally, four-leg converter and three-leg converter are commonly used . The structures of
their main circuit are shown respectively in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5.For four-leg structure, to
compensate the neutral current is provided through the forth leg which products the
compensating current of the neutral wire, which offset the neutral current of the source side.
The compensating principle of this method is easy, but it makes the circuit more complicated
and the cost is high. In this paper, the main circuit uses three-leg converter. Through
reference current calculating circuit, it can acquire reference current signals of compensating
three-phase currents and the neutral current. The compensating current of three-phase
currents is equal to the sum of harmonics, fundamental negative-sequence and zero-
sequence components in load current which offsets the load current. So the supply current
flowing into the source which is equal to the fundamental positive-sequence components
becomes sinusoidal and balanced. For three-leg structure, to keep the DC-link voltage
balance is to control the neutral current to be zero . From the point of active power filter, the
sum of harmonics and fundamental negative-sequence components of three-phase current
without zero-sequence components is aero. The sum of zero-sequence components of three-
phase current is equal to the compensating neutral current which is regulated through DC-
link control.


Fig. 4: The four-leg structure of main circuit


Fig. 5: The three-leg structure of main circuit

After compensation of active power filter, the three-phase supply current will be sinusoidal
and balanced, the neutral current of the source will be zero.
A 3kW shunt three-phase four-wire active power filter experimental prototype is constructed.
Firstly, the minimum DC-link voltage Uc should be greater than the value three times of AC
phase peak voltage Em. If DC-link voltage is too small, compensation current can not track
instruction current as requests, and the compensation effect will be unsatisfied. On this
basis, the greater Uc is, the faster ic changes, the higher voltage the devices should endure .
Secondly, the smaller inductance L is, the faster ic changes. Thirdly, the longer current
controlling cycle tc is, the greater ripple current tracking error has. The value of tc also
determines the highest time of harmonic which the active power filter can compensate and
the frequency demands for switching devices.
The work process of active power filter is also the process of capacitor charging and
discharging. The fluctuation of DC-link voltage can be explained by the changes of the stored
charges volume, and the volume can be obtained from the integral of current to time.
According to the parameters design method for capacitance in and , the capacitor C under
ideal condition can be calculated by equation (4)), where C is capacitor value; Q is the electric
charges stored on capacitor; u is reference capacitor voltage; Q1 is the maximal charge,
is the maximal voltage fluctuation; ia
*
is compensating current of phase a; i is fundamental
active current; Id is load current.


DRIVING CIRCUIT
IGBT is used as switching device in this system. The IGBT driving circuit uses the driving
block M57962L produced by MITSUBISHI company in J apan. This drive block is a mix
integrated circuit. Because of gathering the drive and over-current protecting circuit, it can
satisfy the needs perfectly.




EXPERIMENT RESULTS

According to the design described above, a 3 KW experimental prototype of shunt active
power filter for three-phase four-wire system is developed. The experiment results are given
in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7. The nonlinear load is composed of the inductance three-phase transistor
rectifier bridge. Fig. 6 is the waveform of the supply current before using the active power
filter. It is three-phase unbalanced and distorted current source. Fig. 7 is the waveform of the
supply current after compensation, and it is three-phase balanced and sinusoidal current.
This indicates that the proposed active power filter has a good performance and the design
method is basically correct.


Fig. 6: Three-phase currents before compensation

Fig. 7: Three-phase currents after compensation