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PHYSIOLOGY
Blood :- Is a specialized biological fluid consist of RBC,WBC,& platelets
suspended in a complex fluid medium known as bloods plasma .blood is
circulated around the body through blood vessels by the pumping action
. of the heart

-:Characteristic of blood

. Blood ph is (7.35-7.45) slightly alkaline-1

. (°Blood temp. is (38C-2
. (Salts concentration in blood (0.85-0.9%-3
. Blood volume (8%) of total body weight-4

Functions of blood
. Transport oxygen (o2) from lungs to the body's tissues -1
. Transport carbon dioxide (co2) from tissue to lungs-2
. Transport enzymes to the various cells -3
Transport hormones from endocrine glands to the target -4
. organs
Transport produced waste from the tissue to the lungs -5
. ,kidneys,& sweat glands
.Regulate normal body temp-6
. Maintain the acid –base balance-7

-:Blood components
. Plasma consist (55%) of blood contents -1
. The cells consist (45%) of blood contents-2
. a-Erythrocytes (R.B.C) red blood cells
. b-Leucocytes (W.B.C) white blood cells
. (c- Thrombocytes (platelets

Plasma :- Is an complex solution and suspension of chemical

substances ,slightly alkaline fluid with atypical yellowish color .it consists
of (90%) water and (10%) dry matter ,nine parts of it are made up by
organic substances where as one part is made up by minerals .these
organic substance are composed of lipids, proteins (globulins , albumins
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,& fibrinogen) ,glucose, glycoprotein ,hormones ,amino acid & vitamins
. ( ++.the mineral substances are dissolved in ionic form (Na+ , K+ , Ca

-: Functions of plasma proteins

. Source of amino acid and protein -1

.Responsible of osmosis pressure of blood -2
Responsble of normal suspension of R.B.C-3
. Responsible of solubility of lipid &carbohydrates-4
. Add antibodies to the blood-5
. Maintain the normal blood pressure-6
. (-Transport some ions like (k+,Na+,Cl+,HCO3-7

Serum:- The protein of plasma remaining after coagulation of blood , same of

. plasma but without fibrinogen, prothrombin (|| factor ), V factor ,V|| factor

(Erythrocytes:- (R.B.C

Are BI-CONCAVE Discs with thick end edges ,appearing circular

. when seen in face view

:Characteristics of R.B.C
. Appear the bi-concave discs-1
Its diameter is about (7.2)Microns & thickness is-2
. about(2.2)Microns
. Mature cell without nucleus-3
Its contain a red pigment called (haemoglobin) responsible of-4
. transport gases
. Life of span is about (120)days-5
. Function of (R.B.C)is transport gases-6
Number of (R.B.C)is (4.5)millions/mm3 in male and about-7
.(4.8)millions/mm3 in female

-:(Production of erythrocytes (RBC

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PHYSIOLOGY
.It called erythropoiesis *
It start of production (RBC ) in liver and spleen in five month , pregnancy but after five *
.months
.(it start bone marrow in production of (R.B.C *
: (production Factors of (RBC
.( Proteins (amino acid-1
.Iron-2
vitamen b12, folic acid &-3
. vitamin b6
Intrisic factor in stomach-4
-: (Function of (RBC
Carriage of oxygen .this depends on-1
the haemoglobin they contain
Helping in the regulation of the ph of-2
the blood
. Carrying of blood group antigens-3
The factor which stimulating
: (RBC) production

: Hypoxia (decrease O2 in tissues) due to-1

.a- Anaemia
.b-Diseases of the heart & lung
Hormonal stimulation example androgen hormone because that (RBC)-2
.cunt in male more than female

.Bleeding -3

-:( Leukocytes (white blood cell

Leukocytes (WBC) are responsible of the defense of organism ,in
the blood they are much less numerous than red cells . the
number of leukocytes in the blood varies according to age ,
sex ,and physiological condition .in normal adult there are
roughly (6.000-10.000)/Cu.mm

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PHYSIOLOGY
:Leukocytes divided into tow groups
. Granulocytes 2- Lymphoid cells or agranulocytes -1

Granulocytes:- Is due to the presence of granules in the cytoplasm-1

of these cells they developed from red bone marrow

-: (A) Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes

About (60-70%) of circulating leukocytes .they are (12-15)Mm in diameter with

a nucleus consisting of (2-5)lobes (usually 3) linked by fine threads of chromatin
.neutrophile are very active in phagocyting bacteria and are present in large
. amount in the pus of wound

-: b)Eosinphils

Are far less numerous than neutrophils .about only (2-4%) of leukocyte in
normal blood .the cell has a diameter of (12-15)Mm and contain a
characteristic (bi-loped) nucleus ,the endoplasmic reticulum ,golgi
. complex and mitochondria are poorly developed

-: c)Basiophils

Make up less than (1%) of blood leukocytes and therefore difficult of locate in
smears of normal blood they are about (9-10)Mm in diameter .cytoplasm is very
rich in granules which take a dark purple color .the nucleus is bi-ortri-blood

-:(A granulocyte (lymphoid cells -2

They developed from lymphoid tissues ,no granules in their cytoplasm ,no lobes
nucleus

-: a-Lymphocytes

Are common in the blood (20-40%)& (8-10)Mm in diameter and generally

they are smaller than the other leukocytes but they are still a few larger
than red cell .the nucleus is round and large compare to the cell and it
. occupies most of it .these cell differentiated into (T)&(B)-lymphocytes

-: b-Monocytes

Are bone –marrow derived ,a granulocytes with diameter (12-20)Mm

the nucleus is oval ,horse-shoe or kidney shape . the cytoplasm is

.transparent but with an appearance of ground glass

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PHYSIOLOGY
Leukocytosis:- It is total white blood cells count is higher than 11000/Cu.Mm
-: of blood which occurs in

. Bacterial infection 2- Exercises-1

Leukopenia :- It is a total white blood cells count is lower

-: than 4000/C"u.Mm of blood which occur in

Measles. 2-Typhoid fever 3- Radiation or drugs which cause bone marrow -1

. depression

-:(Platelets (Thrombocytes
Disc shape ,non-nucleated .life is about (10)days .numbers of platelets is about
(150.000-400.000)Mm formed in red bone marrow .diameter is (2)Mm .the main
function of platelets is to stop the loss of blood from wounds (hemostasis )to
his purpose . they aggrate and release factors which promote the blood
. coagulation

:Hemostasis

Means different mechanisms which prevent blood loss ,whenever a vessels is

ruptured or severed series of events is achieved to arrest bleeding (by from
platelets plug at the site of the injury & this plug is converted into clot by
.(formation of fibrin

-:Coagulation

The process of clotting called (coagulation), if the blood clots too easily the
result can be (thrombosis ) clotting in an broking blood vessel . if the blood
take too long of clot ,a hemorrhage can result clotting involves various chemical
known as (coagulation factors ).in plasma ,these factors are called (plasma
coagulation factors )a few platelets coagulation factors are released by
.platelets ,clotting is complex process

-: Anticoagulation materials

Aspirin ,Heparin ,Warafrin ,Clopidogrel ,Enoxaparin ,Dana paroid ,Thrombin,

.Inhibitors ,Trinzaparin , sodium ,Citrate , acid-Citrate

-: Coagulation factor

I: fibrinogen-1
II: prothrombin-2
III: thromboplastin-3
Iv :Calcium ion-4
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V: proacceler in or orlabile factor -5
VI :Not assigned -6
. VII serum prothrombin conversion accelerator(SPCA) or stable factor-7
. VIII :Antihemophilic factor -8
.(IX :Christmas factor or plasma thromboplastin component (PTC -9
X: Stuart factor or stuart-prower factor -10
.(XI : Plasma thromboplasin antecedent (pta-11
XII :Hageman factor-12
.(XIII : Fibrin stabilizing factor (FSF -13

-: Platelet coagulation factors *

(platelet factor (pf1 , pf2 , pf3 ,pf4

: Thrombocytopenia
It is decrease of platelet count (50.000-100.000)per micro liter of blood
: Causes of thrombocytopenia
Decrease production of platelets due to B12 deficiency , radiation , -1
.( chemotherapy & tumor of bone marrow (leukemia
Increase destruction of platelets by some drugs -2
Ex : Aspirin
-: Platelets functions
.( Haemostasis (arrest bleeding -1

.Clot retraction after coagulation -2

Diagram of clotting blood process

Prothrombin

++Prothrombin activator ca

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PHYSIOLOGY
Thrombin

Fibrinogen monomer

++Ca

Fibrin fibers

Thrombin activated (fibrin

stabilizing) Factor-

Cross –linked fibrin fibers