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Lymph System

Thymus
o Primary lymphoid organ (no nodule)
o Capsulated
o Dark cortex around outside
Education of thermocytes; kills thermocytes with self-antigens
Epithelial reticular cells (light pink colored; looks like a starfish)
form a net to hold thermocytes in the cortex
o Lighter colored medulla
o Stary-night appearance due to macrophages
o Epithelial reticular cells also around the blood thymus barrier
Want to keep blood out of the thymus because macrophages will
remove the T cells that recognize any foreign antigens
Thymic Medulla
o Hassalls Corpuscles 3
rd
type of reticular cell
Involuting thymus
o Gains adipose with age
Secondary lymphoid tissue
o Look for
Encapsulated: lymphoid nodes; spleen
Unencapsulated: MALT
All have nodular and diffuse regions
o Diffuse region: T cells
o Nodular area: B cells
o Germinal center: proliferation of B cells, especially during infection
Tonsils: 3 types: lingual, palatine, pharyngeal; look at epithelial layer to
distinguish
o Oral cavity: lingual and palatine
Stratified squamous non-ketatinizing
o Back of throat: pharyngeal
Pseudostratified (repiratory tract)
o Identifying tonsil features
Nodules
Crypts (looks like empty spaces in the tissue)
No capsule
Lymphocytes in the oral cavity sample the outside world
o Transcytosis: cell at top takes a sample and pass antigens it from cell to
cell
o Migration to the surface: lymphocytes can move up and infiltrate
Peyers patch
o Ilium of intestine
o Identifying features:
Villi
Column epithelium
Peyers patches sample the outside world by M-Cells
o Located on surface of epithelium
Lymph nodes
o Lymph is a drainage of fluid
o Afferent openings where lymph comes in, enters the subcapsular sinus
and then the trabecular sinus to the medullary sinus. As it enters here it
will be filtered and then exit through the efferent
There are many afferents and only one efferent to slow down fluid
movement and allow increased filtering
o Identifying features
Capsulated
Cortex
Medulla
Contains nodules and diffuse areas
Medullary Cords & Sinuses
o Medullary Cords: macrophages, T lymphocytes
o Sinuses: lymph, reticular fibers that jam everything up causing the lymph
to slow down
o High endothelial venule: where lymphocutes exit and enter the blood. Use
selectin to bind and enter the lymph node
o Paracortical reaction: when HEVs get activated and become sticky
Spleen
o Only lymphoid organ with no medulla and no cortex
o Red pulp: contains RBCs
o White pulp: only WBCs
o Encapsulated
o Central arteries surrounded by PALS (per-arterial lymphatic sheath)
o Path of blood: blood enters trabecular artery (CT indentation from the
capsule which artery enters through) and flows to the central artery
(surrounded by the PALS)
From the central artery, blood is dumped into the marginal zone
(has reticular fibers t slow down lymph movement); marginal
zone is the red halo surrounding the white pulp
From marginal zone, blood flows into red pulp cords and sinus
Red pulp cords are filled with cells
Central arteries end in pennicillar arteries
Pennicillar aeries dump blood into the red pulp cords and sinuses
In order to enter the venus system, the RBCs must squeeze past
the stave cells (filtration for old, inflexible cells)
If RBCs are old and inflexible, they do not enter the venous
system and are removed by macrophages
Typical path to identify:
o Are there nodules?
Yes- it is a secondary lymph organ
Eliminates thymus
o Capsulated:
Yes- eliminate tonsils
No- eliminates lymph nodes & spleen
o Arteries present?
Yes- spleen
o Villi present
Peyers patch or appendix
Appendix: villi, nodules, non-capsulated; will be the only
organ we can get a whole cross-section of

Muscle
Three types
o Skeletal: striated
Visceral: near organs
o Cardiac: striated
o Smooth: non-striated
Skeletal muscle
o Organization (from large to small)
Muscle: surrounded by epimysium
Muscle fascicle: group of muscle cells, surrounded by perimysium
Myofiber: muscle cell, surrounded by endomysium; consists of
Myofibrils: repeating sarcomeres linked end to end,
contain many:
o Myofilaments: thin (actin- globular protein) and
thick (myosin- long, stringy protein)
o Identifying features
Striated
Nuclei are pushed to the outside (due to large amount of
protein)
If longitudinal cut, nuclei look like cigars
o do not confuse with fibroblasts which will look like
flat, long hockey pucks
o Sarcomere
Z-line: bookends of sarcomere, where actin filaments attach
M-Band: center (middle) of sarcomere, where myosin attach
I-Band: light area surrounding Z-line, consist of actin
A-Band: dark area surrounding M-Band, consist of actin and
myosin (giving a darker appearance)
H-Band: Light area surrounding M-Band, consists of myosin
ZIA ~ CIA
o Two molecules necessary for contraction
Calcium: stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum; binds to troponin complex
causing tropomyosin to move so myosin can bind to actin
ATP
o Triad: consists of T-tubule (invaginations that go all the way in to the
myofibrils; where acetylcholine signal from nerve travels down)
surrounded by Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (an ER for the muscle cell where
calcium is stored and released by nerve signal; white area surrounding T-
tubule) on both sides
Skeletal muscle is the only muscle that has a triad
How this happens:
T-tubule is extension of plasma membrane of muscle
cell; carries nerve impulse to all of the myofibrils in muscle
cell
o T-tubule has voltage gated Na channels
As nerve impulse travels down T-tubule, it triggers the SR
that surrounds it to release calcium
This allows all the sarcomeres in the myofibrils to contract
simultaneously
Triads are located on the A-Band/I-band junction
Dystrophin: protein that connects all the myofibrils to the
Sarcolemma
Defects in dystrophin cause Duchenne Muscular
Dystrophy
o Cells die and accumulate adipose
o Fiber types:
Fast twitch: white fibers (less mitochondria and RBCs); good for
quick bursts of energy (power-squat)
Slow twitch: red fibers; more mitochondria (marathon runner)
o Motor unit density
Determines fine or coarse control
o Sensory perception
Muscle spindle: also known as stretch receptor
Located in the muscle
When stimulated, tells that muscle (the actual muscle
where it is located) to CONTRACT and the antagonistic
muscle to RELAX
Golgi Tendon Organ:
Located in the tendon
o When stimulated, tells muscle that it is connected to
tendon to RELAX and the antagonistic muscle to
CONTRACT
o Prevents the muscle from getting ripped off
Cardiac Muscle
o Identifying features:
Striated
Branched fibers
Intercalated disks (dark areas that look like they separate/connect
the cells)
Nuclei centrally located if cross-section
More space between cells
See blood vessels (clear circle surrounded by thin pink muscle)
o Intercalated disks
Staircase appearance
End to end junctions; lots of desmosomes; no gap junctions
Lateral cell to cell junctions; contains gap junctions (allow the
transfer of a signal since there are no T-tubules)
o Cardiac muscle has DYADS (not triads)
One T-tubule per sarcomere (not flanked on both sides)
T-tubule is located on the Z-line of a sarcomere
o Specialized myocardial cells
Purkinjie cells
Only located right by the endocardium
Wanna be nerve cell
Both conducts and contracts
o Cross between nerve and contractile cells
Method of propagating signal from SA node
o Myocardial endocrine cells
Secretes two hormones; both are diuretics released when you
have high blood pressure; found in the atrium only (not ventricles)
Atrial Natriuretic Factor
Brain Natriuretic Factor
Smooth Muscle
o Identifying features
No striations
Usually a perpendicular arrangement
Single nuclei (cigar shaped) located inside the cell; only one nuclei
per cell
Usually found in tubular organs; helps with peristalsis
o Important characteristics
Gap junctions
Dense bodies (similar to Z-lines); allows muscle to twist and turn
and become convoluted
Limited connective tissue
No T-tubules, Caveolae instead (invaginations into the cell that
allow the nerve to get in)
o Three ways smooth muscle contracts:
Electrical: atypical neuromuscular synapse; Bouton En Passant
Mechanical: response to stretch
Hormonal: limited to smooth muscle
Skeletal and cardiac muscle do not respond to hormones
Muscular repair
o Skeletal: satellite cells
o Cardiac: may have satellite cells
o Smooth: rapid proliferation
How to identify muscle:
o Striated?
Yes- skeletal or cardiac (less obvious in cardiac)
o Branching present?
Yes cardiac
o Nuclei location
Periphery- skeletal
Centrally located- cardiac or smooth
o Number of nuclei per cell
Multinucleated- cardiac
Mononucleated- smooth
Smooth muscle has a spindle-like appearance (thick in the
middle, stringy at the end)
o Intercalated disks present? (Look staggered)
Yes- cardiac or smooth
scanning EM pictures are of high magnification and will be able to identify
small features and organelles (mitochondria)
o Ducts present?
Yes smooth muscle

Nervous Tissue
Sensory neurons come in through dorsal root
o Pseudounipolar cell bodies in dorsal root
o Dorsal root sensory ganglia
Euchromatic nucleus
Prominent nucleus
Ring of satellite cells
No synapses (just cell bodies)
Motor neurons cell bodies exist in ventral horn with 1
st
pre-ganglionic
o Sympathetic: Long post-ganglionic unmyelinated axon
o Parasympathetic: Long pre-ganglionic that synapses close to target organ;
short unmyelinated post-ganglionic axon
Nerves in PNS are mixed (sensory, motor, autonomic)
Autonomic ganglia
o paravertebral & ganglia near target organs
o multipolar
o Scattered satellite cells
o Myeteric plexus:
Surrounded by two layers of smooth muscle
Found only in the gut
Schwann cell
o can wrap around multiple axons if unmyelinated but only one axon if
myelinated

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