Chapter 16
Earthquakes
Slide 2
Slide 3
Eventually, rocks reach the point where they will no longer bend, and they
___________________________
Slide 4
The sudden snap in brittle rock creates ___________________________
Slide 5
___________________________ is the current model of how the earthquakes are
created.___________________________ stress rocks.As
___________________________ is stressed it is ___________________________
Eventually ___________________________ ruptures along a fault.
A ___________________________ is a crack in Earth along which movement occurs.
Rocks that undergo strain,
Draw a diagram that shows the elastic rebound theory. Be sure to draw arrows that show
directions of stress.
Slide 7
List and describe three ways earthquakes may be generated.
1) _________________________________________________________________
_
2) _________________________________________________________________
3) _________________________________________________________________
Slide 8
Focus is
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
__
Epicenter is
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
__
Draw a diagram showing the focus and epicenter of an earthquake in and on Earth.
Slide 9
Name and define two types of seismic waves.
1) _________________________________________________________________
Slide 10
Name two types of body waves.
a) ___________________________
b) ___________________________
Slide 11
P-waves are also called ___________________________ or _____________________
cause particle motion that is ___________________________ to the direction of wave
travel. S-waves are also called ___________________________ or
__________________________ and cause particle motion that is
___________________________ to the direction of wave travel.
Slide 12
P-waves cause the rock to be ___________________________ and
___________________________ as the wave moves through the rock. The part of the
wave where particles are squeezed together is called the _______________________ and
the part of the wave where particles are stretched apart is called ___________________.
Name three things about P-waves.
a) _________________________________________________________________
b) _________________________________________________________________
_
c) _________________________________________________________________
Make a labeled drawing of a P-wave. Show the compression and rarefaction.
Slide 13
S-waves cause the rock to move ___________________________ to the direction the
wave travels through the rock.
Slide 14
___________________________waves are the slowest of all seismic waves. They are
the ___________________________ to arrive.
Name the two types of surface waves:
a) ___________________________
b) ___________________________
___________________________waves cause a side-to-side motion of rock on the
surface of the earth. ___________________________waves cause particles to move in a
rolling motion (___________________________) as waves move over Earth’s surface.
Make a sketch showing a love wave.
Slide 15
___________________________ waves are the most destructive because they cause the
most ___________________________ and they ___________________________
longer.
Slide 16
___________________________ is the study of earthquakes. Mankind has been trying
Slide 19
Explain how a seismograph is configured to measure vertical motion.
Slide 21
A ___________________________ is drawn on a map around the seismic station. The
___________________________ is somewhere along that circle. To pinpoint the
___________________________, the intersection of circles from three sites is needed.
Slide 22
Label The P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves on the seismogram below.
Slide 23
Let’s say the difference in arrival times of the p and s waves is 35 seconds, how far from
the epicenter is this recording station? _________________________
Slide 24
A _________________________ is then drawn around the seismic station on a map.
The radius of the circle is drawn to scale to represent the distance of the seismic station
Slide 25
Use the travel/time graph below and the map on the following page to find the epicenter
of an earthquake with the following P and S-wave arrival time differences.
3)Harvard, MA station = arrival of the P-wave 2:21:30 AM and arrival of the S-wave
2:26:40 AM.
2)Tulsa = ____________________________
3)Harvard = _____________________________
Slide 27
Use a drawing compass, a ruler, and the scale stated on the map to plot the epicenter on
the map of North America.
Slide 28
Name two ways that earthquake size is measured: ____________________________ and
____________________________
Slide 36
__________________________ is determined by measuring the waves from a
seismogram. The measurements are then compared to a scale called the
__________________________.
Slide 37.
The Richter scale magnitude is determined by measuring the
__________________________ of the wave on the seismogram. This is then compared
to the __________________________ scale.
Slide 39
In other words, a magnitude 6.7 earthquake releases over ________________________
times (30 times 30) the energy of a 4.7 earthquake - or it takes about 900 magnitude 4.7
earthquakes to equal the energy released in a single 6.7 earthquake! There is no
beginning nor end to this scale. However, rock mechanics seems to preclude earthquakes
smaller than about ________________________ or larger than about
________________________.
Slide 41
Another way to express magnitude is by _______________________.Moment
magnitude does not use the seismogram only for determination of the energy released
during the quake. It is determined from the _______________________ of the rock,
_______________________of the rupture, and the amount of
_______________________ along the fault. It is more complicated to determine, but is
a more reliable indicator of seismic energy release.
Slide 42
Where do we most likely find earthquakes around the world? ______________________
Name three seismically active ares of the earth.
a)______________________________________________
b)______________________________________________
c)______________________________________________
Slide 43
Name six western states that are most prone to seismic activity.
a) _______________________
b) _______________________
Slide 44
Slide 45
List 7 effects of earthquakes. Define terms and add notes where needed.
a) _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
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b) _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
__
c) _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
__
d) _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
___
e) _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
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f) _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
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g) _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
___
Slide 46-48
Before an earthquake occurs...
* Fasten shelves securely to walls, and place heavy objects on lower shelves.
* Store breakable items in low, closed cabinets.