CICLO DE WILSON

Reconstruccin de la evolucin geolgica de una regin

GEOTECTONICA
TRABAJO PRACTICO N 11
OBJETIVOS
Realizar una revisin general de diversos mecanismos y
procesos, originados en la evolucin tectnica de una
regin.
Preguntas del practico tiende a reunir un cuestionario que
englobe todos los prcticos desarrollados en la cursada.
El trabajo prctico pretende ser un resumen de la cursada
l Ci l d Wil l t t i con el Ciclo de Wilson y los procesos geotectnicos.
CICLO DE WILSON
Describe la evolucin de las placas tectnicas y su p y
interaccin a travs del tiempo geolgico.
La tectnica de placas es una de las grandes teoras
unificadoras en geologa.
La tectnica de placas/ciclo de Wilson, explican la
generacin de todas las rocas que existen sobre la
Tierra.
NOTA: todas y cada una de las roca, se formaron en
un conjunto especifico de condiciones tectnicas.
Cratn Estable (A-I)
EtapaA EtapaA CratnEstable.
Et I Et I C t C ti t l E t bl EtapaI EtapaI CratnContinentalEstable
Divergencia
Rifting en continentes y apertura de las Rifting en continentes y apertura de las
cuencas ocenicas (B-C-D)
EtapaB EtapaB HotSpot/rifting.
EtapaC: EtapaC: margendivergentetemprano, pp g g p ,
creacindenuevaocenica.
Convergencia
Cierre de cuencas ocenicas (Subduccin) y
colisin de continentes (E-F)
EtapaE EtapaE Creacindeunlmiteconvergente:
arco de islas volcnicas arcodeislasvolcnicas
EtapaF EtapaF ArcodeIslas/continentecolisin,
orgeno(formacindemontaas).
Etapa Etapa GG Orgeno por subduccion corteza Etapa EtapaGG Orgenopor subduccion corteza
oceanica /continente.
EtapaH EtapaH ContinentContinentOrgenode
Collision
Etapa A - Cratn Estable.
-Continente erosionado al nivel del mar, equilibrio
isosttico
CICLO DE WILSON
isosttico.
- No hay terremotos o actividad volcnica, por
decenas a cientos de millones de aos.
Etapa B - Hot Spot / rifting.
-Inicio punto caliente con pluma de magma
primitivo en la base del continente,
Levantamiento trmica de la corteza produce - Levantamiento trmica de la corteza, produce
un gran domo seguido por fallamiento normal y
rifting.
Etapa C - Margen divergente temprana, Creacin
de Nueva Corteza Ocenica Corteza
- Una serie de puntos calientes pueden unirse y
activar el punto caliente en un sistema de rift activar el punto caliente en un sistema de rift.
- Rifting forma una nueva cuenca ocenica: con
produccin de volcanismo,
- Rocas gneas mficas primitivos (basalto y g ( y
gabro)
Etapa D - Margen divergente completo.
Nuevo continente y la nueva cuenca ocenica - Nuevo continente y la nueva cuenca ocenica
Central, dorsales ocenicas, margen continental
pasivo.
Etapa E - Creacin de un lmite convergente: arco de islas volcnicas
- Inicia Ciclo de Wilson Convergencia, creacin de un nuevo lmite de placas, subduccin,
cierre de cuenca ocenica, corteza ocenica se rompe en algn sitio y comienza a descender
hacia el manto por diferencia de densidad con la corteza continental
Etapa F - colisin continente / Isla Arco
-Colisin continente/arco islas, sutura, cierra zona
subduccin cese actividad volcnica subduccin, cese actividad volcnica.
Etapa G Orgeno subduccion Cort Oc/Contin
- Arco volcnico continental trinchera melange Arco volcnico continental, trinchera, melange,
esquistos azules, frente volcnico, antearco,
retroarco, desarrollo de grandes fallas inversas
(FPC) hasta formar altas montaas.
- Desarrollo de Arco Volcnico, reciclado de
magmas, engrosamiento corteza, cristalizacin,
contaminacin de magmas de andesitas dacitas y
riolitas emplazamiento de batolitos riolitas, emplazamiento de batolitos.
- Desarrollo de backarc-basin y complejos de
subduccin, .
Etapa H - Orgeno Continente / Continente
-Cierre ocano remanente, colisin continente / continente.
Elementos similares con orgeno Contin/Arco Islas - Elementos similares con orgeno Contin/Arco Islas.
- Sedimentos se depositan en una cuenca antepas.
Etapa I Craton estable Continental
-Montaas erosionadas, sierras bajas. , j
- Desarrollo de penillanura .
Interpretacion Tectonica:
1. Cuntas asociaciones petrotectnicas se pueden identificar?
2. Qu indica la asociacin de metabasitas y esquistos glaucofnicos ?
3. Que indican la variacin del grado metamrfico de los complejos precmbricos?
4. Existen evidencias de algn terreno alctono?; de ser as, indicar:
a. cuales son esas evidencias,
b. cual sera el terreno aloctono.
5. Qu inferira de las secuencias plegadas y corridas de edad silrico-devnicas?
6. Que relacin existe entre la anomala de Bouguer observada (AB) y los sismos?
7. Qu causas pueden tener los sismos del sector oriental, y que indican? p y q
8. Existen evidencias de regmenes de subduccin?; de ser as, indicar:
a. Cuntos regimenes reconoce,
b. que caractersticas presentan. q p
9. Existen ciclos orognicos, de ser as, indicar:
a. cuntos ciclos reconoce,
b. que caractersticas son las que los identifican?. b. que caractersticas son las que los identifican?.
10. Sobre la base de perfiles y/o cortes esquemticos, reconstruya la evolucin geolgica de
la regin en estudio.
A Simple Wilson Cycle
The Opening and Closing of An Ocean Basin
A more complete version of the Wilson cycle is available at:
http://geollab.jmu.edu/Fichter/Wilson/Wilson.html
The Wilson Wilson cycle cycle begins in Stage Stage A A with a stable
continental craton. A hot spot (not present in the
drawings) risesupunder thecraton, heatingit, causingit
to swell upward stretch and thin like taffy crack and to swell upward, stretch and thin like taffy, crack, and
finally split intotwopieces. Thisprocessnot only splits
a continent in two it also creates a new divergent plate
boundary.
Stage Stage BB - the one continent has been separated into Stage Stage BB the one continent has been separated into
two continents, east and west, and a new ocean basin
(the ophiolite suite) is generated between them. The
ocean basin in this stage is comparable to the Red Sea
today As the ocean basin widens the stretched and today. As the ocean basin widens the stretched and
thinned edges where the two continents used to be
joined cool, become denser, and sink below sea level.
Wedges of divergent continental margins sediments
accumulateonbothnewcontinental edges accumulateonbothnewcontinental edges.
Stage Stage C C - the ocean basin widens, sometimes to
thousands of miles; this is comparable to the Atlantic
ocean today. As longas theocean basin is opening we
arestill intheopeningphaseof theWilsoncycle. arestill intheopeningphaseof theWilsoncycle.
Stage D Stage D - the closing phase of the Wilson Cycle begins
when a subductionzone (new convergent plate boundary)
forms. The subductionzone may form anywhere in the
oceanbasin andmayfaceinanydirection Inthismodel ocean basin, and may face in any direction. In this model
we take the simplest situation; a subductionzone
developing under the edge of one continent. Once the
subductionzone is active the ocean basin is doomed; it
will all eventuallysubduct anddisappear Theseare will all eventually subduct and disappear. These are
remnant ocean basins.
Stage E Stage E - most of the remnant ocean basin has subducted
and the two continents are about to collide. Subduction
under theedgeof acontinent hasalot of results Deepin under the edge of a continent has a lot of results. Deep in
the subductionzone igneous magma is generated and rises
to the surface to form volcanoes, that build into a
cordilleran mountain range (e.g. the Cascade mountains of
Washington Oregon andnorthernCalifornia) Also alot Washington, Oregon, and northern California.) Also, a lot
of metamorphism occurs and folding and faulting.
Stage F Stage F - the two continents, separated in Stages A and
B now collide. The remnant ocean basin is completely
subducted Technicallytheclosingphaseof theWilson subducted. Technically the closing phase of the Wilson
cycle is over. Because the subductionzone acts as a ramp
the continent with the subductionzone (a hinterland)
slides up over the edge of the continent without out it (a
foreland) foreland).
Stage G Stage G - once the collision has occurred the only thing left for the mountain to do is erode down to sea level - a
peneplain. The stage G drawing is a distortion, however. With the collision the continental thickness doubles, and
since continental rock is light weight, both will rise as the mountain erodes, much like a boat rises when cargo is
takenoff of it Thus inreality most of thehinterlandcontinent will beerodedaway andtheforelandcontinent will taken off of it. Thus, in reality, most of the hinterland continent will be eroded away, and the foreland continent will
eventually get back to the earth's surface again.
The Cyclical Openingand Closingof The Cyclical Openingand Closingof
No rock is accidental. No rock is accidental. No idea in geology is more profound than
thi it f th t t th h l f l di fl
The Cyclical Opening and Closing of The Cyclical Opening and Closing of
Ocean Basins Ocean Basins
this; it runs fromthe center to the whole of geology and influences
every subdisciplineof the field. Genuine understanding of the
science of geology begins with one's ability to understand and
explain why no rock is accidental.
Tectonics is concerned with deformation in the earth and the
forces which produce deformation. Plate tectonics is the theory that
the earth's lithosphere (outer rigid shell) is composed of several
dozen "plates", or pieces, which float on a ductile mantle, like slabs
of ice on a pond. In plate tectonic theory earth history, at its
simplest isoneof platesriftingintopiecesdivergingapart and simplest, is one of plates rifting into pieces diverging apart and
new ocean basins being born, followed by motion reversal,
convergence back together, plate collision, and mountain building.
This cycle of opening and closing ocean basins is the Wilson
Cycle.
Pl t t t i i f th t if i th i i l Plate tectonics is one of the great unifying theories in geology.
Virtually every part of the earth's crust, and every kind of rock and
every kind of geology can be related to the plate tectonic
conditions which existed at the time they formed. Nothing in
geology makes sense except in terms of plate tectonic theory.
One of the most important messages of modern understanding of
plate tectonics and the Wilson cycle is that beginning with a parent
igneous rock of mafic/ultramafic composition all the other rocks
now on the earth can be generated. The most important message of
theplatetectonicrockcycleisthat eachandeveryrockformsonly the plate tectonic rock cycle is that each and every rock forms only
under a specific set of tectonic conditions.
Version completa del Wilson cycle Wilson cycle at:
http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/fichter/Wilson/Wilson.html
Most geologic activity occurs at the three kinds of
plate boundaries:
(1) (1) divergent boundaries divergent boundaries where plates are moving
apart and new crust is being created,
(2) (2) convergent boundaries convergent boundaries where plates are moving
together and crust is being destroyed, and
(3) (3) transform boundaries transform boundaries where plates slide past
one another.
Very interesting geology occurs along transform
boundaries, as all the faulting along the San Andreas
fault system in California attests to, but this model
does not include transform boundaries.
StageA: A StableContinental Craton. Stage A: A Stable Continental Craton.
Stage B: Hot Spot and Rifting
Stage C: Creation of New Oceanic Crust: Early Divergent Margin
Stage D: Full Divergent Margin
Stage E: Creating a Convergent Boundary: Volcanic Island Arc g g g y
Mountain Building
Stage F: Island Arc-Continent Collision Mountain Building
Stage G: Cordilleran Mountain Building
Stage H: Continent-Continent Collision Mountain Building g g
Stage I: Stable Continental Craton
Version completa del Wilson cycle Wilson cycle at:
http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/fichter/Wilson/Wilson.html