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This document discusses the composition and properties of minerals and rocks that make up Earth's crust. It begins by listing the objectives of explaining the difference between rocks and minerals and being able to identify minerals based on physical properties. It then discusses the most common elements in the crust and the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron structure of many silicate minerals. The rest of the document focuses on the properties of minerals like hardness, cleavage, crystal structure, and examples of common mineral groups like oxides, sulfides, and sulfates. It also discusses how minerals are the building blocks of rocks and provides examples of identifying physical features of minerals.
This document discusses the composition and properties of minerals and rocks that make up Earth's crust. It begins by listing the objectives of explaining the difference between rocks and minerals and being able to identify minerals based on physical properties. It then discusses the most common elements in the crust and the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron structure of many silicate minerals. The rest of the document focuses on the properties of minerals like hardness, cleavage, crystal structure, and examples of common mineral groups like oxides, sulfides, and sulfates. It also discusses how minerals are the building blocks of rocks and provides examples of identifying physical features of minerals.
This document discusses the composition and properties of minerals and rocks that make up Earth's crust. It begins by listing the objectives of explaining the difference between rocks and minerals and being able to identify minerals based on physical properties. It then discusses the most common elements in the crust and the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron structure of many silicate minerals. The rest of the document focuses on the properties of minerals like hardness, cleavage, crystal structure, and examples of common mineral groups like oxides, sulfides, and sulfates. It also discusses how minerals are the building blocks of rocks and provides examples of identifying physical features of minerals.
CRUST Chemical composition Rock-Forming Minerals L2 Objectives and Outcomes: At the end of this lecture, students will be able to differentiate between rocks and minerals. Able to recognize minerals base on their physical properties such as hardness, cleavage, color etc. Relative abundance of the most common elements on Earths crust Two representations of the silicon oxygen tetrahedron A. The four large spheres represent oxygen atoms and the blue sphere represents a silicon atom, the spheres are drawn in proportion to the radii of the atoms. B. A model of the tetrahedron using rods to depict the bonds that connect the atoms Common Silicate minerals. Note that the complexity silicate structure increases down the chart Silicate structure Minerals and Rocks Minerals are solid crystals The atoms are arranged in order Definite chemical composition Inorganic Minerals are the building blocks of rocks include rare gems and common minerals Properties of minerals Solubility e.g Halite,Sylvite and Gypsum Hardness Cleavage: basal, prismatic, cubic, rhombohedral or octahedral Streak colour Density Optical properties Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Common nonsilicate mineral groups Rock aggregates of one or more minerals Mohs scale of mineral hardness Crystal form is the external expression of a mineral's orderly internal structure, A. Pyrite commonly known as "fool's gold" often forms cubic crystals that may contain parallel lines called striations. (Photo by GeoScience/PH) B. Quartz sample that exhibits well-developed hexagonal (six- sided) crystals with pyramidal-shaped ends. (Photo by Breck P. Kent) Sheet type. cleavage common to the micas. (Photo by Chip Clark) Conchoidal fracture. The smooth curved surfaces result When minerals break in a glasslike manner. (Photo by E. 1. Tarbuck) Smooth surfaces produced when a mineral with cleavage is broken. The sample on the left (flourite) exhibits four planes of cleavage (eight sides), whereas the other two samples exhibit three planes of cleavage (six sides). Also notice that the mineral in the center (halite) has cleavage planes that meet at 90-degree angles, whereas the mineral on the right (calcite) has cleavage planes that meet at 75- degree angles. (Photo by GeoScience/PH) Some common rock-forming minerals. Silicate minerals are common constituent of igneous rock, while the nonsilicates along with quartz and clay are prominent minerals in many sedimentary rocks Thick beds of halite (salt) are being drilled at an underground mine near Grand Saline, Texas (Courtesy of Morton International Inc. Chicago, IL 60606) Uses of nonmetallic materials
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