Penetration resistance of reinforced

concrete containment structures

Tso-Liang Teng
a,
*
, Yi-An Chu
b
, Fwu-An Chang
c
,
Bor-Cherng Shen
d
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Da-Yeh University, 112, Shan-Jiau Road, Da-Tsuen,
Changhua 515, Taiwan, ROC
b
Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 90008-17-10,
Lung-Tan, Tao-Yuan 325, Taiwan, ROC
c
Department of Civil Engineering, University of National Defense Chung Cheng Institute of Technology,
Ta-Shi, Tao-Yuan 335, Taiwan, ROC
d
Institute of System Engineering, University of National Defense Chung Cheng Institute of Technology,
Ta-Shi, Tao-Yuan 335, Taiwan, ROC
Received 28 June 2004; accepted 7 October 2004
Available online 25 November 2004
Abstract
Containment structures not only provide a leak tight barrier, but also play a role in ensur-
ing that the structures can withstand the impact load from projectile impacts or internal plant
accidents. In assessing the containment structures of nuclear power plants, predicting the char-
acteristics of impact resistance in relation to design and safety considerations is relevant. This
investigation proposes a simple but eective method of performing numerical analysis on per-
foration resistance of reinforced concrete containment structures. In this work, normal and
oblique impacting is considered to examine the residual velocity and impact phenomena of
an ogive-nose steel projectile with various impact velocities against a reinforced concrete slab.
Additionally, a phase diagram is devised to describe the ballistic terminal phenomena of pro-
jectile and target. This model could assess the resistance to penetration to results in the opti-
mum design of the containment structures in nuclear power plants.
2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
0306-4549/$ - see front matter 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.anucene.2004.10.001
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +886 4 8511221; fax: +886 4 8511224.
E-mail address: tlteng@mail.dyu.edu.tw (T.-L. Teng).
Annals of Nuclear Energy 32 (2005) 281298
www.elsevier.com/locate/anucene
annals of
NUCLEAR ENERGY
1. Introduction
Containment structures in nuclear power plants represent the nal defensive bar-
rier of the system. To prevent the release of radioactive material owing to events like
aircraft impact and external accidents, reactors were covered by reinforced concrete
containment in an outer shell. After the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl accidents
in 1979 and 1986, respectively, containment structures received increased attention in
nuclear power plant design. Various dierent containments including prestressed lin-
ear concrete and double-containment walls have been widely used for accident pre-
vention. Most containment structures are made from reinforced concrete due to its
durability and ease of construction. Containment structures not only provide a leak-
tight barrier, but also play a role in ensuring that the structures can withstand the
impact load from projectile impacts or internal plant accidents. Recent legislation
(US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1997) requires that the risk of a nuclear acci-
dent due to air vehicle impact must be under one in one million during the life cycle.
Because of these considerations, evaluation of the impact resistance of the contain-
ment structures has became increasingly important.
Previous investigations on the design and perforation resistance of containment
structures can be categorized into experimental studies, empirical or semi-empirical
model based on experimental data and analytical or numerical solutions. Brandes
(1988) applied analytical solutions and experimental data to correct mathematical
model results and investigated the resistance of reinforced concrete to aircraft im-
pact. Moreover, Ansari and Yang (1988) applied computer-assisted techniques to
assess the impact damage to reinforced concrete. McHugh et al. (1983) conducted
an impact experiment on reinforced concrete target by scale modeling of a turbine
missile. Lagasco et al. (1996) predicted the failure location using the nite dierence
method. Impact problems can also be numerically simulated using the nite element
method (Zimmermann et al., 1980), ADINA code (Buchhardt et al., 1983) and ACI-
ASME code (Reedy, 1978). Ohnuma and Ito (1985) analyzed the transient response
of containment structures by using the prestress method. Additionally, Krieg et al.
(2001) considered the temperature distribution of the lower head response under
core melt-down conditions and predicted the reactor vessel integrity under severe
accident loading. Furthermore, Gomathinayagam et al. (1994) predicted crack
propagation using a simple shell element. Other parameters in containment struc-
ture design such as internal force and displacement of thick reinforced concrete
(Gyorgyi and Lenkei, 1996), or stiness (Shirai et al., 1994), can be determined
using the nite element method. On the other hand, the impact resistance and risk
of breach of containment structures after impact by foreign projectiles have been
experimentally examined by Berriaud et al. (1979), Schueller (1983), Brandes et
al. (1983), Mineer et al. (1991), Rericha (1996) and Romander and Sliter (1984)
for various projectile velocities and impact angles. In the analytical and empirical
formula approach, Eibl and Kobler (1994) and Amde et al. (1996) used analytical
and experimental methods to provide semi-empirical formulas to evaluate the frac-
ture behavior of containment structures following impact by aircraft, missiles or
explosive materials.
282 T.-L. Teng et al. / Annals of Nuclear Energy 32 (2005) 281298
Nuclear plants cannot be guaranteed to be impervious to every imaginable form
of attack, but the reinforced concrete containment structurescoupled with redun-
dant safety and plant shutdown systemsare designed to withstand very substantial
impacts from hurricanes and airborne objects. In assessing the performance of con-
tainment structures of nuclear power plants, predicting the characteristics of impact
resistance in relation to design and safety considerations is relevant. Owing to the
complexity of the containment structures and the highly non-linear physics that is
applicable, using numerical analysis methods is dicult. Additionally, the modeling
and numerical simulation of reinforced concrete under a high velocity impact is
much more complex than for plain concrete.
This investigation proposes a simple but eective method of performing numerical
analysis on perforation resistance of reinforced concrete containment structures. The
equivalent inclusion method (Mura, 1987 and Teng et al., 2002) were introduced and
employed to obtain the material properties for use in nite element calculations.
When the equivalent inclusion method is applied, the reinforced concrete can be con-
sidered a homogeneous material, simplifying the nite element meshes and markedly
reducing the computational cost of the analyses. Thus, the numerical programming
is simplied and the computation of the equivalent material moduli is signicantly
facilitated, making the proposed method extremely useful and practical for analyzing
impacts on reinforced concrete. To determine the accuracy of the proposed method
in this investigation, the procedure is applied to an ogive-nose steel projectile impact
with a reinforced concrete slab, and the results are compared with the experimental
data by Hanchak et al. (1992). In this work, normal and oblique impacting is con-
sidered to examine the residual velocity and impact phenomena for a projectile with
various impact velocities. Additionally, a phase diagram is devised to describe the
ballistic terminal phenomena of projectile and target. This phase diagram can be
used to predict the terminal status of a projectile under various impact velocities
and angles of obliquity. This model could be used to assess the resistance of penetra-
tion to conrm the optimum design of the containment structures of nuclear power
plants. It is also useful in designs for military structures and weapon systems.
2. Fundamental theorem
This section introduces the equivalent inclusion method developed by Mura
(1987) and applied by Chao and Hung (1999), the steel-reinforced concrete idealized
as an anisotropic homogeneous material. The reinforcing steel bars are treated as
cylinderical inhomogeneities within the concrete matrix. Based on the equivalent
inclusion method, the cylindrical inhomogeneities are treated as equivalent to cylin-
drical inclusions with the same congurations but with ctitious internal eigen-
strains. In this paper, an inhomogeneity is dened to have material properties
dierent from those of the matrix. However, an inclusion is dened to have the same
material properties as the matrix. The strain elds within the equivalent inclusions
can be obtained by Eshelbys solutions (Eshelby, 1957, 1959). MoriTanakas aver-
age stress theory (Mori and Tanaka, 1973) is then applied to investigate the overall
T.-L. Teng et al. / Annals of Nuclear Energy 32 (2005) 281298 283
stress-strain relations and derive the equivalent material compliance matrix as a
function not only of the material moduli of the concrete and reinforcing steel bars,
but also the volume fractions and the orientations of the reinforcing steel bars.
2.1. Equivalent elastic compliance tensor
This section derive the equivalent material compliance tensor for an isotropic elas-
tic matrix with multiphase inclusions, based on equivalent inclusion method and
MoriTanakas average stress theory.
Consider a nite but suciently large region of a composite body D as shown in
Fig. 1, containing N distinctly shaped, randomly distributed, ellipsoidal or elliptic
cylindrical inhomogeneities X
P
N
K1
X
K
. The Kth inhomogeneity has elastic moduli
C
K
ijkl
and volume fraction f
K
. The surrounding matrix is denoted by DX and has
elastic moduli C
ijkl
.
Assume that the body is subjected to uniform surface traction t
1
j
r
1
ij
n
i
. When
no inhomogeneity is in the domain, the uniform strain in the composite body is
e
1
and the corresponding uniform stress is r
1
= Ce
1
. If the N inhomogeneities
are all present in the domain, then the average stress disturbances in the matrix
and the Kth inclusion are denoted as r
M
and r
X
K
, respectively. The corresponding
average strain disturbances are represented as e
M
and e
X
K
. Consequently, the average
stress in the matrix can be written as
r
1
r
M
C e
1
e
M

in DX; 1
and the average stress in the Kth inclusion can be written as
r
1
r
X
K
C

K
e
1
e
M
e
K

; 2
where e
K
e
X
K
e
M
is the average strain disturbance in the Kth inhomogeneity due to
the presence of the Kth inhomogeneity itself. The average strain disturbance in the
Kth inhomogeneity due to the presence of the inhomogeneities is denoted as e
M
in
Eq. (2). The summation of e
M
and e
K
, denoted as e
X
K
e
M
e
K
, is the average strain
disturbance in the Kth inhomogeneity due to all of the inhomogeneities.
Based on the equivalent inclusion method, the Kth inhomogeneity is replaced by
inclusion with the same elastic moduli C as the matrix and with ctitious equivalent
eigenstrains e

K
. Therefore, Hookes law for the Kth equivalent inclusion becomes
r
1
r
X
K
C e
1
e
M
e
K
e

K

in X
K
; 3
Fig. 1. Schematic view of matrix and inhomogeneities.
284 T.-L. Teng et al. / Annals of Nuclear Energy 32 (2005) 281298
where e

K
represents the ctitious equivalent eigenstrain in the Kth inclusion. Since
the applied surface traction is uniform and the inhomogeneities are ellipsoidal, the
strain disturbances e
K
are uniformly distributed in X
K
, and they can be related to
be ctitious equivalent eigenstrain e

K
by Eshelbys solution as
e
K
S
K
e

K
in X
K
; 4
where S
K
is Eshelbys tensor for the Kth inclusion due to the presence of itself.
Based on MoriTanakas average stress theory (Schueller, 1983), the volume aver-
age of the disturbed stresses must vanish, yielding
1
X
N
K1
f
K
" #
r
M

X
N
K1
f
K
r
X
K
0; 5
where f
K
is the volume fraction of the Kth inclusion and 0 6
P
N
K1
f
K
6 1. After sev-
eral steps of straightforward algebraic manipulation, the overall strain eld, e
D
, of
the composite body D can be derived as (Reedy, 1978)
e
D
e
1

X
N
K1
f
K
e

K
C
1
r
1
; 6
where C
1
is the equivalent elastic compliance tensor and is written as
C
1
I
X
N
K1
f
K
P
1
K
C

K
C

" #
C
1
: 7
The tensor P
K
in Eq. (7) is dened as
P
K
C

K
C

S
K

X
N
K1
f
K
S
K
I

" #
C; 8
and where I is the identity tensor or the unit tensor.
2.2. Equivalent compliance tensor of reinforced concrete slabs
Embedded reinforcing steel bars in reinforced concrete slabs are typically ar-
ranged in a two-layer orthogonal arrangement, as shown in Fig. 2. In this section,
Eqs. (7) and (8) are applied to demonstrate the calculation of the equivalent elastic
compliance tensor associated with the reinforced concrete slabs. From Eq. (8), the
elastic compliance tensor for reinforced concrete with steel bars in a two-layer
orthogonal arragement can be shown to be
C
1
I f
1
P
1
1
C

1
C

f
2
P
1
2
C

2
C
h i
C
1
; 9
where
P
1
1
C

1
C

S
1
f
1
S
1
I

f
2
S
2
I

C
h i n o
1
; 10
T.-L. Teng et al. / Annals of Nuclear Energy 32 (2005) 281298 285
P
1
2
C

2
C

S
2
f
1
S
1
I

f
2
S
2
I

C
h i n o
1
: 11
Sub-indices 1 and 2 represent the two phases of mutually orthogonal cylindrical
inhomogeneities with axes in directions of the coordinate axes x
1
and x
2
,
respectively.
For the two-way orthogonal arrangement of reinforcing steel bars with identical
shape and material properties C

1
C

2
; Eshelbys tensor S
2
can be obtained from S
1
by cyclically permuting the indices (1, 2, 3). Using Voight notation, the orthotropic
equivalent compliance tensor C
1
can be further transformed into a 6 6 matrix,
C
h i
1

1
E
11
m
21
E
22
m
31
E
33
0 0 0
m
12
E
11
1
E
22
m
32
E
33
0 0 0
m
13
E
11
m
23
E
22
1
E
33
0 0 0
0 0 0
1
G
23
0 0
0 0 0 0
1
G
31
0
0 0 0 0 0
1
G
12
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
; 12
where E
ij
; G
ij
and m
ij
are the equivalent elastic moduli; the equivalent shear moduli
and the equivalent Poissons ratio of the equivalent reinforced concrete materials or
structures.
The equivalent material is homogeneous but anisotropic, which can be modeled
with properly chosen constitutive model in a general-purpose nite-element code.
With these transformations based on the equivalent inclusion method, the nite ele-
ment meshes for material equivalent to of a reinforced concrete slab are as simple as
those for a simple concrete slab.
3. Numerical verication
To demonstrate the performance of the proposed model and thus verify the accu-
racy of the calculation procedure, this section considers the normal impact of an
ogive-nosed steel projectile on a reinforced concrete slab at dierent velocities.
x
1
x
3
inhomogeneity 1
inhomogeneity 2
Fig. 2. Two-layer orthogonally embedded reinforcing steel bars.
286 T.-L. Teng et al. / Annals of Nuclear Energy 32 (2005) 281298
The numerical simulation was performed using an explicit, two-dimensional hydro-
dynamic nite element code DYNA-2D (Hallquist, 1990), with the equivalent elastic
moduli obtained using the equivalent inclusion method. The results are compared
with the experimental results of Hanchak et al. (1992). Fig. 3 illustrates the 610
mm 610 mm 178 mm reinforced concrete slab. The structure comprises three
orthogonal bilayers of square grids of reinforcing steel bars with a diameter of
5.69 mm. The spaces between the parallel steel bars are 76.2 mm in both directions.
Consequently, the volume fractions in the directions of the coordinate axes x
1
and x
2
are f
1
= f
2
= 0.005. In this case, the concrete material properties of the target, includ-
ing uni-axial compressive strength, density, elastic moduli, and Poissons ratio were
taken to be 140 MPa, 2520 kg/m
3
, 20.68 GPa and 0.18, respectively. The steel bars
used have density, elastic modulus, and Poissons ratio of 7850 kg/m
3
, 199 GPa and
0.3, respectively (Chen, 1996). Fig. 4 illustrates the geometry for the 25.4 mm caliber,
solid steel rod projectile with the caliber radius head (CRH) = 3 and total length
143.7 mm. The steel projectile is assumed to be elastic perfectly plastic, with mass
density of 8020 kg/m
3
, a modulus of elasticity 206.9 GPa, Poissons ratio of 0.3,
yielding stress of 1.724 GPa. Normal impacts of the projectile into a target slab at
velocities of 76, 382, 443, 587, 743 and 998 m/s, were simulated.
610 mm
76.2 mm
76.2 mm
6
1
0
m
m

1
7
8

m
m
Fig. 3. Reinforced concrete target geometry.
101.6mm
=25.4 mm
R=76.2 mm
Fig. 4. Projectile geometry (CRH = R// = 3).
T.-L. Teng et al. / Annals of Nuclear Energy 32 (2005) 281298 287
First, Eshelbys tensors S
1
and S
2
for the steel bars in the x
1
and x
2
directions,
respectively, were determined by directly substituting Poissons ratio of the matrix
(the original concrete) and the cross sections of the steel bars into the associated for-
mula for equivalent cylindrical inclusions. Substituting the values of S
1
and S
2
, the
material moduli of the matrix and the steel bars and the associated volume fractions
f
1
= f
2
= 0.005 into Eqs. (9)(11) yielded the equivalent compliance tensor C
1
. Final-
ly, the associated equivalent elastic moduli E
ij
, shear moduli G
ij
and Poissons ratio m
ij
of the reinforced concrete material were determined to be q 2565 kg=m
3
; E
11

E
22
20:8 GPa; E
33
20:7 GPa; m
12
m
13
0:175; m
23
0:172; G
12
9 GPa. The
residual velocity of the projectile can be determined using the nite element code with
this equivalent material model. The numerical techniques applied to the nite element
analyses, included the erosion algorithm and the use of a failure criterion to express
the fracture of the concrete slab. Fig. 5 compares the numerical results with the exper-
imental data of Hanchak et al. (1992). The residual velocities, predicted by the nite
element simulation to vary with the impact velocities, agree closely with the experi-
mental data, and thus are veried.
4. Impact response of reinforced concrete slab
The ballistic and the ricochet limits of steel reinforced concrete slab with various
thickness for a specic projectile were studied using nite element analyses combined
with the equivalent inclusion method for various reinforced concrete slabs. Fig. 6
200.00 400.00 600.00 800.00 1000.00
Vs (m/s)
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1000.00
V
r

(
m
/
s
)
Hanchak (1992)140MPa(20ksi)
equivalent method
Fig. 5. Residual velocity V
r
versus striking velocity V
s
.
288 T.-L. Teng et al. / Annals of Nuclear Energy 32 (2005) 281298
illustrates the dimensions of the steel reinforced concrete slab and the arrangement
of the reinforcement. The reinforced concrete slabs had a width of 4000 mm, and
thicknesses of 600, 700 and 800 mm. The concrete material properties of the target,
including uni-axial compressive strength, density, elastic moduli, and Poissons ratio
were 140 MPa, 2520 kg/m
3
, 20.68 GPa and 0.18, respectively.
There were three layers of square grids of reinforcing steel bars with a diameter of
25.4 mm, orthogonally arranged. The spaces between the parallel steel bars were 150
mm in both directions. The volume fractions for 600, 700 and 800 thicknesses were
0.034, 0.029 and 0.025, respectively. The associated equivalent elastic moduli E
ij
,
shear moduli G
ij
and Poissons ratio m
ij
of the reinforced concrete material were
determined based on Eqs. (9)(12) and are listed in Table 1. The equivalent elastic
moduli E
ij
are about 20% higher than the elastic modulus of concrete matrix. The
equivalent poissions ratios are about 7% lower than the poissions ratio of the con-
crete matrix. The material moduli of the reinforced concrete slabs are orthotropic
due to the orthogonally arranged steel bars.
The solid steel projectile used had density 8380 kg/m
3
, elastic modulus 200 GPa,
Poissons ratio 0.3 and yield stress 1.14 GPa.
4.1. Normal impact response
The penetration of projectile at impact velocities of 50, 100, 150, 240 m/s into the
reinforced concrete slabs of 600, 700 and 800 mm in thickness was investigated. A
series of calculations were performed to forecast the residual velocities of projectile
12.7mm
4000mm
8
#
@ 150 mm 150 mm
12.7mm
600-800mm
Fig. 6. Reinforced concrete target geometry.
Table 1
The equivalent material properties of reinforced concrete slabs
Plate thickness 600 mm 700 mm 800 mm
Principal elastic modulus, E
11
(GPa) 25.7 25.6 25.5
Principal elastic modulus, E
22
(GPa) 25.7 25.6 25.5
Principal elastic modulus, E
33
(GPa) 25.6 25.5 25.4
Poissons ratio m
12
0.158 0.161 0.163
Poissons ratio m
23
0.167 0.169 0.17
Poissons ratio m
31
0.167 0.169 0.17
Shear modulus, G
12
(GPa) 11.6 11.5 11.4
T.-L. Teng et al. / Annals of Nuclear Energy 32 (2005) 281298 289
as shown in Table 2. Perforation occurred with 600 and 700 mm thick concrete slabs
at a velocity of 240 m/s. The residual velocity of the projectile was 167 and 79 m/s,
respectively. The projectile was embedded when the thickness of the concrete slab in-
creased to 800 mm. Figs. 7(a)(c) illustrate deformed mesh plots of the penetration
of a steel projectile into reinforced concrete slabs at 240 m/s. From Table 2, the bal-
listic limits of a 600 mm thickness concrete slab can be found to be 100150 m/s,
increasing to 150240 m/s for a 700 mm thickness concrete slab, and exceeding
240 m/s when thickness is increased to 800 mm. Consequently, the ballistic limit in-
creases with increasing concrete slab thickness.
4.2. Oblique impact response
Generally, the impact velocity, mass and nose-shape of a projectile as well as the
target material, impact angle and other factors, inuence the depth and attitude of a
projectile after penetration. Most previous studied in this area have been limited to
cases where the impact is normal to the target surface. However, projectiles generally
hit a plane surfaces at oblique angles. To analyze the overall protection capability of
a concrete structure, this section considers the same conditions as in the previous sec-
tion, but with an oblique impact. The angle b between the projectile trajectory and
the outward normal vector of the target surface is dened as the angle of impact,
which is illustrated in Fig. 8. The methodology was used to forecast the trajectories
of projectiles that penetrate the equivalent reinforced concrete slab at various angles
of obliquity and impact velocities of 100, 150 and 240 m/s, which were also used to
determine the impact phase diagram. The numerical techniques applied to the nite
element analyses, including the erosion algorithm and the failure criterion, where the
same as those applied in the normal impact analysis.
Fig. 9 shows that, for a 30 oblique impact at 240 m/s, the projectile creates a hole
and successively perforates the target in the initial impact direction. The residual
velocity of the projectile predicted by this analysis is 146 m/s. Fig. 9 also illustrated
that the angle of impact of the projectile does not change during concrete slab per-
foration, and the concrete structures have no ability to protect against projectiles
striking at an angle of 30 and a speed of 240 m/s. Figs. 1012 show the results
for a 30 oblique impact at velocities of 150, 100 and 50 m/s, respectively. Figs. 10
and 11 show that projectile penetrates the target surface along a curved trajectory,
and then emerges from the target surface with a reduced velocity. Fig. 10 shows frac-
ture induced scabbing of the lower surface. In Fig. 11 the formation of the penetra-
Table 2
Residual velocity of a projectile with normal impact
Slab thickness 600 mm 700 mm 800 mm
Striking velocity 50 m/s 0 m/s () 0 m/s () 0 m/s ()
Striking velocity 100 m/s 0 m/s 0 m/s 0 m/s
Striking velocity 150 m/s 79 m/s 0 m/s 0 m/s
Striking velocity 240 m/s 167 m/s 79 m/s 0 m/s
(), perforation did not occur.
290 T.-L. Teng et al. / Annals of Nuclear Energy 32 (2005) 281298
Fig. 7. Projectile perforating a concrete slab (b = 0, m
s
= 240 m/s) with thickness: (a) 600 mm, (b) 700 mm,
and (c) 800 mm.
T.-L. Teng et al. / Annals of Nuclear Energy 32 (2005) 281298 291
tion path and exit crater clearly generate intense shock waves following impact. Fig.
11 shows the projectile creates a shallow scabbing at the rear side of the target. Fig.
12 shows that the projectile rocochet from the target.
4.3. Impact phase diagram
The impact response of a projectile can be classied into penetration through the
target (perforation), embedded in target and ricocheted o the target. Numerical
Normal vector
of concrete
Trajectory plane
Projectile
Fig. 8. Schematic of oblique impact.
Fig. 9. Projectile perforating a concrete slab (600 mm thickness) (b = 30, m
s
= 240 m/s).
292 T.-L. Teng et al. / Annals of Nuclear Energy 32 (2005) 281298
simulation results with dierent striking velocities demonstrate that the residual
velocity of a projectile decreases with increasing concrete slab thickness. If the pro-
jectile has no more energy to continue penetrate with a non-zero residual velocity,
Fig. 10. Projectile embedded concrete slab (600 mm thickness) (b = 30, m
s
= 150 m/s).
Fig. 11. Projectile embedded in a concrete slab (600 mm thickness) (b = 30, m
s
= 100 m/s).
T.-L. Teng et al. / Annals of Nuclear Energy 32 (2005) 281298 293
then the response can be considered a ricochet response. The impact phase diagram
for various impact velocities and angles of impact was interest for calculating ballis-
tic limit for a concrete slab. The impact phase diagram of an ogive-nose steel projec-
perforation
embedded
ricochet
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Obliquity (degree)
V

s

(
m
/
s
)
Fig. 13. Projectile impact response (concrete slab thickness, 600 mm).
Fig. 12. Projectile ricochet from concrete slab (600 mm thickness) (b = 30, m
s
= 50 m/s).
294 T.-L. Teng et al. / Annals of Nuclear Energy 32 (2005) 281298
perforation
embedded
ricochet
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Obliquity (degree)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
V

s

(
m
/
s
)
Fig. 15. Projectile impact response (concrete slab thickness, 800 mm).
perforation
embedded
ricochet
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Obliquity (degree)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
V

s

(
m
/
s
)
Fig. 14. Projectile impact response (concrete slab thickness, 700 mm).
T.-L. Teng et al. / Annals of Nuclear Energy 32 (2005) 281298 295
tile against an equivalent reinforced concrete slab with a thickness of 600800 mm
were constructed base on the numerical results from Section 4.1 for normal impact
and Section 4.2 for oblique impact. Figs. 1315 illustrate the impact phase diagram
of projectile with dierent striking velocities, as well as the angle of obliquity to the
concrete slab with thicknesses of 600, 700 and 800 mm, respectively.
For normal impact responses, the ballistic limit of a 600 mm thickness concrete
slab is between 100 and 150 m/s, increasing to 150240 m/s for a 700 mm thickness
concrete slab, and exceeding 240 m/s for 800 mm. For the 30 oblique impact re-
sponse, ricochet will not occur when the striking velocity is 100240 m/s for a 600
mm thickness concrete slab and exceeds 240 m/s for the 700 and 800 mm thick con-
crete slabs. When the obliquity exceeds 40, ricochet will occur for the three thick-
ness concrete slabs if the striking velocity is below 240 m/s. These impact phase
diagrams provides a practical reference for studying oblique impacts on reinforced
concrete slabs, particularly for designers of military defense structures, weapon sys-
tems, nuclear power plants, and other facilities.
5. Conclusions
Containment structures in nuclear power plants must be designed to withstand
very substantial impacts fromhurricanes and airborne objects. The analysis of impact
response on reinforced concrete is important in containment structure design. How-
ever, the penetration resistance to impact by a projectile is one of the most challenging
analytical problems in fortication engineering. Solving this problem involves geo-
metrical and material modeling and the complicated process of determining material
parameters. A simple but reasonably eective model for estimating the penetration of
reinforced concrete structures is extremely useful, especially for designers of military
defense structures, weapon systems, nuclear power plants, and other facilities. This
study has shown the value of the equivalent inclusion method for idealizing the rein-
forced concrete slabs as homogeneous orthotropic materials to obtain the equivalent
material properties for nite element analyses. The equivalent stiness matrix of the
reinforced concrete targets and the associated equivalent material moduli are deter-
mined. The nite element meshes for the equivalent material of a reinforced concrete
slab are as simple as those for plain concrete material.
The numerical results demonstrate generally agree well with the experimental re-
sults, and provide a practical approach for studying oblique impacts. The equivalent
inclusion method is considered to have been demonstrated as a useful technique for
analyzing reinforced concrete structures subjected to projectile impact.
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