The U.S. Army Campaigns: Normandy: World War II: 6 June–24 July 1944
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The U.S. Army Campaigns - U.S. Army Center of Military History
William M. Hammond, U.S. Army Center of Military History
The U.S. Army Campaigns: Normandy
World War II: 6 June–24 July 1944
Sharp Ink Publishing
2023
Contact: info@sharpinkbooks.com
ISBN 978-80-283-2023-2
Table of Contents
Normandy 6 June–24 July 1944
Strategic Setting
Operations
Analysis
U.S. Divisions Active in the Normandy Campaign, 6 June–24 July 1944
Normandy 6 June–24 July 1944
Table of Contents
A great invasion force stood off the Normandy coast of France as dawn broke on 6 June 1944: 9 battleships, 23 cruisers, 104 destroyers, and 71 large landing craft of various descriptions as well as troop transports, minesweepers, and merchantmen—in all, nearly 5,000 ships of every type. The naval bombardment that began at 0550 that morning detonated large minefields along the shoreline and destroyed a number of the enemy’s defensive positions. To one correspondent, reporting from the deck of the cruiser HMS Hillary, it sounded like the rhythmic beating of a gigantic drum
all along the coast. In the hours following the bombardment, more than 100,000 fighting men swept ashore to begin one of the epic assaults of history, a mighty endeavor,
as President Franklin D. Roosevelt described it to the American people, to preserve . . . our civilization and to set free a suffering humanity.
The attack had been long in coming. From the moment British forces had been forced to withdraw from France in 1940 in the face of an overwhelming German onslaught, planners had plotted a return to the Continent. Only in that way would the Allies be able to confront the enemy’s power on the ground, liberate northwestern Europe, and put an end to the Nazi regime.
Strategic Setting
Table of Contents
The British Chiefs of Staff charged Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten and his Combined Operations Headquarters in September 1941 with investigating the feasibility of amphibious operations in the European theater of the war. Earlier, Admiral Sir Roger Keyes had undertaken some planning for commando raids, but Mountbatten was to do more. You are to prepare for the invasion of Europe,
British Prime Minister Winston S. Churchill told him. You must devise and design the appliances, the landing craft, and the technique. . . . The whole of the South Coast of England is a bastion of defense against the invasion of Hitler; you’ve got to turn it into the springboard for our attack.
American planners began formal cooperation with Britain in December 1941, just after the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor and the German and Italian declarations of war against the United States. In compliance with earlier, informal understandings, the two partners agreed to put first the defeat of Germany and its ally Italy if forced to wage a two-front war against both those nations and Japan. Shortly thereafter, British planners drafted a proposal, code-named Roundup, for an attack across the English Channel into France. The assault would come only after a series of major campaigns on the periphery of Europe, in Scandinavia, the Mediterranean, the Balkans, and the Soviet Union, where the Germans would have difficulty massing their power. Once bombing, blockade, partisan uprisings, and the fighting on those other fronts had weakened the enemy sufficiently, Roundup, or something like it, would begin.
Despite talk that a Continental invasion might come as early as 1942, Allied leaders in the end decided tentatively to make the assault in 1943, either through Western Europe or the Balkans. Because British forces would bear the burden of operations in Europe until the United States could complete its buildup for war, the decisions that came out of the conference hewed closely to Britain’s preference for attacks on Germany’s periphery. Although the British later accepted an American proposal, code-named Bolero, for the establishment in Britain of a million-man force trained and equipped for