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Use a lot of short hand and sometimes do not write whole word e.g. mem. prot = membrane protein , PT in the Passive transport section obviously means passive transport, conc.grd= concentration gradient
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Quick/Brief notes on Passive Transport, Introduction to Living cell and Cell organisation
Use a lot of short hand and sometimes do not write whole word e.g. mem. prot = membrane protein , PT in the Passive transport section obviously means passive transport, conc.grd= concentration gradient
Use a lot of short hand and sometimes do not write whole word e.g. mem. prot = membrane protein , PT in the Passive transport section obviously means passive transport, conc.grd= concentration gradient
Phospholipid: Head = hydrophilic, polar. Tail (F.A)= hydrophobic, non-polar
Integral prot= intrinsic, peripheral mem prot.=extrinsic Membrane Trafficking:- vesicles with phospholipid bilayer as mem. and mem. prot. In layer budded off donor compartment and contains lumenal contents. The vesicle is transported in cytoplasm to target compartment where it fuses. Target compartment now has contents and mem.prot Apoptosis triggered by specific localised signal that cause activation of class of proteases = caspases 14C used to date cells, close to that of atoms in DNA DNA molecule doesnt turnover as v. stable Fibroblasts = roving cells inv. In wound repair, cell surf. Recp. In mem. Processes sense chem. Emanating from wound which attract fibroblast (chemotaxis) Cell surf. Recep. In pl.mem. identify markers on cells destined for removal, macrophages remove old/dead cells Cytoskeleton determines overall shape of cell Gap junc = allow neighbours to share some materials, desmosomes = linked to IF to prov high tensile strength Dif. Cell express dif. Genes so make dif. Prot.--- prod. Some and not others Endosomes mature to lysosomes F.As comp of cell mem = hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions = amphipathic Role of ATP = Catabolic reaction (nutrients broken down) where ADP -> ATP and anabolic where ATP-> ADP Passive Transport Passive transport molecules move down concentration gradient no e. req. Active transport molecules move against concentration grad. E.. req. 4 Passive transport Process: - 1. Diffusion concentration grd. 2. Convection pressure grad. E.g. blood flow from heart to bl .v 3. Osmosis osmotic pressure 4. Electrochemical flux electrical and concentration grad Rate of diffusion = e. dif / resistance of transport Diffusion = random, un-directional thermal motion of molec. ( Bowmans Motion), no input from any other cell how fast => t=x 2 / 2D D = diffusion coeff.. Speed of diffusion decreases with increases dist.. diffusion only useful for short distances Convection transport = pulmonary ( pulmo..art to pulm.. vein) and systemic ( aorta to vena cava) Ficks Law: steady state diffusion decr.. constant conc.grd - Solute movem.. how much moved per unit time :-- Js = DA(change in concentration)/x Js = DA (c1-c2)/x - Change in conc,/x = conc.grad. - D = coeff. Of solute- solute size small = faster Ability of molecule to cross mem. relates to its permeability (P) Js = PA(change in conc.) Pa.dif.. reg. by solute size, capillary density, small distances and changes in metabolism PT = facilitated diffusion as powered by thermal e. of diffusing molec. (not cellular e.) Cell + Organisatiom of tissue Cell mem. :- all organelles + cell pl.mem.- bilayer transport of chem. btwn EC env. + IC of cell Mem.Lipids:- Phospholipids4 typesabundance of each in upper and lower layer alters prop. of mem. Cholesterol mem--- acts to limit movement of phosphor. Making mem, more rigid glycolipid outer surf.. of mem., w/ ass. Sugars, inv. In IC communication. Phospbilayer can move in relation to one another----- aids cell motility, breaks and tears sealed quickly, large molec. Can be embedded Centriole:- 9 sets of 3 microtubules, arranged right ang. to one another, in pairs, found in centrosome, roles--- organises microtubular n/w w/I cell, organises development of microtubules in cilia sER:- ER transport vesicle, cisternae of sER, irregular n/w of tubes and vesicles continuous w/ rER, lipid biosyn, prot. Processing, IC transport by packaging of prod. Into vesicles rER:- ribosomes, cisternae of rER, n/w of tubules, vesicles and flattened cisternae, continuous w/ nucl.env, prot syn and modification of newly syn. Prot. By glycosylation and struc. Changes Ribosomes:- 2 s-u, mRNA translation for prot. Syn site, occurs either in cytosol (cell prot. Syn) or attached to ER(mem./secretion prot. syn) Golgi.A:- trans face, cis face, golgi stacks, golgi transport vesicle, modification of prot. By addition of sugars, proteolysis (, activation of peptides), sorting and packaging of macromol. Into vesicles for transport w/ cell and for secretion Microtubules:- 13 profilaments ( alpha (- end) and beta( + end) tubulin, alternate spontaneous binding == profilament), 24/25 nm in diameter, one beta and one alpha = heterodimer, greater tendency to add at pos. end where beta is exposed, alpha has bound GTP which is not hydrolysed, beta may have GTP/GDP (under certain condition will excha. GDP for GTP as hydrolyses GTP to GDP+ Pi) constantly forming and unforming, grows out of centrosome and stabilised by ass. w/ various patterns, intracellular transport, pres in cilia and flagella, form cell cytosk., form filaments of mitotic spindle, form centrioles and basal bodies, helical arrangement, dissociation of tubulin at -ve end, thickest Intermediate Filaments:- vary in cells, cytokeration = epithelial type of IF, composed of variety of prot. Expressed in dif types of cell, 5 types, Microfilaments:- made of Actin, twisted 2 stranded fil., smallest, majority occur below cell mem where form crosslinked mesh which prov, mech. Support to cell mem., actin molecule form bundles which protrude out of cell mem forming microvilli, some cells actin interacts w/ myosin to generate movement Microvilli:- fingerlike projections found on apical surf. Of most epithelial cells, no. + shape correlates w/ absorp.. capacity of cell, incr. SA of cell Mitochondria:- intermem. Space (nucleotide phosphorylation), outer mem. (lipid syn.), matrix (site of krebs cycle), inner mem.( ETC), Cristae ( incr. SA), prov. e. to cells t/ oxid.phosph, not present in RBC , pres. In all others, own DNA and syn. Prot. Nucleus:- nucleolus = site of transcription and processing of ribosomal s-u before export, nucleoplasm, pores, nuclear env- inner + outer mem, contain, cell DNA, site of transcription Epithelia:- sheets of epithelial cells, cover o/s body, line many hollow organs, can have secretory and absorptive func, Squamous epithelium - squamous cells, skin and lining of some hollow organs, Types - stratified (many layers) and simple(= single layer) Glandular cells glands and lining of some hollow organs, Types- cuboidal, columnar Transitional cells adapted to lining kidney, bladder and rest of urological tract. Squamous epithelium:- multiple layer of squamous cell, joined by desmosomes, upper part of some= cells filled with large am. Of keratin= surf. Hard wearing, found in some organ linings e.g.mouth, oesophagus, anal canal and vagina Skin- epidermis = stratified squamous epithelium, dermis = fibrous CT