Name: _____________________

Period: ___
Properties of Light and Quantum Mechanics
(1) Microwave radiation has a wavelength of 1.0 cm. Determine the frequency and energy of this form of radiation.

(2) The first radio station in Los Angeles broadcasted with a frequency of 930 kHz. Determine the wavelength and energy of
this form of radiation.

(3) Blue light emits photons with an energy of 4.41x10
-19
J. Determine the frequency and wavelength of this light.

(4) It requires 7.29x10
-19
J of light energy to remove an electron from the surface of tungsten metal. Determine the frequency
and wavelength of photons with this energy.

(5) Calculate the energy of an electron in the first energy level of a hydrogen atom. Calculate the energy of an electron in the
second energy level of a hydrogen atom. How much energy is given off by an electronic transition from the second level to
the first energy level? What is the wavelength and frequency associated with this energy?

(6) Calculate the energy of an electron in the third energy level of a hydrogen atom. Calculate the energy of an electron in
the fifth energy level of a hydrogen atom. How much energy is given off by an electronic transition from the fifth level to the
third energy level? What is the wavelength and frequency associated with this energy?

(7) Label the orbital described by each set of quantum numbers.
(a) n = 3 and l = 1 (c) n = 5 and l = 3
(b) n = 2 and l = 0 (d) n = 4 and l = 2

(8) Which sets of quantum numbers are not allowed in a hydrogen atom? For the sets of quantum numbers that are incorrect,
state what is wrong.
(a) n = 2, l = 2, m
l
= 1, m
s
= (c) n = 5, l = 1, m
l
= 2, m
s
= -
(b) n = 3, l = 1, m
l
= 0, m
s
= - (d) n = 2, l = 0, m
l
= 0, m
s
=

(9) How many orbitals can have each designation?
(a) 2p (b) 3d (c) 4p
x
(d) n = 3 (e) n = 4

(10) How many electrons can have each designation?
(a) 1s (b) 2p (c) 3p
y
(d) 3d
xy
(e) 5f

(11) What is the maximum number of electrons in an atom that can have the given quantum numbers?
(a) n = 4 (c) n = 3 and m
l
= 0
(b) n = 5 and l = 2 (d) n = 3 and m
s
=

(12) Give the orbital notation for each atom/ion.
(a) Ge (b) Cs (c) Zr (d) Cl
-
(e) Sr
2+
(f) Zn
2+


(13) Give the electron configuration notation for each atom/ion.
(a) K (b) Ni (c) Pu (d) Mg
2+
(e) Br
-
(f) Ag
+


(14) Give the noble gas notation for each atom/ion.
(a) Si (b) Y (c) Ba (d) Ca
2+
(e) Au
3+
(f) Mo
2+


(15) Give the ground state and two possible excited states for oxygen.

(16) An excited state for different atoms is given. Identify the element and give the ground state configuration.
(a) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
3s
1
(b) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
5
4p
1
(c) [Kr] 5s
2
4d
7
5p
2
6s
1










Answers:
(1) = 3.0x10
10
Hz, E = 2.0x10
-23
J (2) = 323 m, E = 6.2x10
-28
J

(3) =6.66 x10
14
Hz, = 4.51x10
-7
m (4) = 1.10x10
15
Hz, = 2.73x10
-7
m

(5) E
2
= -5.445x10
-19
J, E
1
= -2.178x10
-18
J, E
2-1
= 1.6345x10
-18
J, = 2.465x10
15
Hz, = 1.22x10
-7
m

(6) E
5
= -8.712x10
-20
J, E
3
= -2.420x10
-19
J, E
5-3
= 1.549x10
-19
J, = 2.337x10
14
Hz, = 1.283x10
-6
m

(7) (a) 3p (b) 2s (c) 5f (d) 4d

(8) (a) not allowed, if n = 2 the maximum value of l is 1 (b) allowed
(c) not allowed, if l = 1, the maximum value of m
l
is 1 (d) allowed

(9) (a) 3 ( b) 5 (c) 1 (d) 9 (e) 16

(10) (a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 2 (d) 2 (e) 14

(11) (a) 32 (b) 10 (c) 6 (d) 9


(12) (a)
1s

2s

2p


3s

3p


4s

3d

4p


(b)
1s

2s

2p


3s

3p


4s

3d


4p


5s

4d


5p


6s

(c)
1s

2s

2p


3s

3p


4s

3d


4p


5s

4d


(d)
1s

2s

2p


3s

3p


(e)
1s

2s

2p


3s

3p


4s

3d


4p


(f)
1s

2s

2p


3s

3p


4s

3d



(13) (a) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
(b) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
8

(c) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
4p
6
5s
2
4d
10
5p
6
6s
2
4f
14
5d
10
5p
6
7s
2
5f
6
(d) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6

(e) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
4p
6
(f) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
4p
6
5s
2
4d
8


(14) (a) [Ne] 3s
2
3p
2
(b) [Kr] 5s
2
4d
1
(c) [Xe] 6s
2

(d) [Ar] (e) [Xe] 6s
2
4f
14
5d
6
(f) [Kr] 5s
2
4d
2


(15) ground: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
excited: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
3s
1
or 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
3p
1
(answers will vary)

(16) (a) neon: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
(b) iron: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
6
(c) cadium:[Kr] 5s
2
4d
10

















Name: _____________________
Period: ___
Periodic Trends
(1) List each set of atoms/ions from smallest to largest radius.
(a) Mg, Be, Ca (b) C, B, N
(c) Li
+
, K
+
, Na
+
(d) P
3-
, As
3-
, N
3-

(e) Cs, Sr, Si, O (f) Al, B, Ca, Mg

(2) Which of the elements listed has the highest first ionization energy?
(a) K, Li, Na (b) C, O, Be
(c) Na, Cl, Al (d) Ba, Ca, Be

(3) Which of the elements listed has the highest electronegativity?
(a) O, N, F (b) Se, O, S
(c) I, Br, Cl (d) Mg, Si, S

(4) Complete the following table:

(a) P or Cl? (b) F or Br?
Which element
has a larger
atomic radius?
Explain.

Which element
has a higher
ionization
energy?
Explain.

Which element
has a higher
electronegativity?
Explain.



(5) Which has a larger radius, the neutral atom or the ion? Explain.
(a) F or F
-
(b) Mg or Mg
2+


(6) Order the following ions from smallest to largest: Sc
3+
, P
3-
, Ca
2+
, S
2-
, K
+
, Cl
-




















Answers:
(1) (a) Be<Mg<Ca (b) N<C<B (c) Li
+
<Na
+
<K
+
, (d) N
3-
< P
3-
<As
3-
(e) O<Si<Sr<Cs (f) B<Al<Mg<Ca

(2) (a) Li (b) O (c) Cl (d) Be

(3) (a) F (b) O (c) Cl (d) S

(4)
(a) P or Cl? (b) F or Br?
Which element
has a larger
atomic radius?
Explain.
- atomic radius decreases across a row
- since Cl has more protons than P, the nucleus of Cl has
a greater attractive force than the nucleus of P and
therefore pulls its electrons in more tightly and P has a
larger atomic radius than Cl
- atomic radius increases down a group
- since Br has valence electrons with n=4 and F has
valance electrons with n=2 I has a larger atomic
radius than F
Which element
has a higher
ionization
energy?
Explain.
- IE increases across a row
- since Cl has more protons than P, the electrons of Cl
are held more tightly than P and Cl has a higher IE
than P
- IE decreases down a group
- since electrons of Br are further away from the
attractive force of the nucleus than electrons of F they
are easier to remove and F has a higher IE than Br
Which element
has a higher
electronegativity?
Explain.
- EN increases across a row
- since Cl is a smaller atom than P, atoms in a bond are
in closer proximity to the attractive force of the nucleus
and Cl has a higher EN than P
- EN decreases down a group
- since F is a smaller atom than Br, atoms in a bond are
in closer proximity to the attractive force of the nucleus
and F has a higher EN than Br

(5) (a) F<F
-
When the F
-
ion is formed electrons are gained so the anion is larger than the neutral atom.

(b) Mg>Mg
2+
When the Mg
2+
ion is formed electrons are lost so the cation is smaller than the neutral atom.

(6) Sc
3+
< Ca
2+
<K
+
< Cl
-
< S
2-
<P
3-






























Name: _____________________
Period: ___
Bonding
(1) Draw a Lewis structure for each of the following molecules.

(a) SiO
2


(b) SiH
4


(c) NBr
3


(d) ClF
5


(e) Cl
2
O

(f) PF
5


(g) BH
3


(h) IF
3


(i) SCl
4


(j) XeF
4


(k) SCl
6


(l) SeO
3


(m) SbCl
5


(n) BeF
2


(o) IF
5


(p) CF
4


(q) SF
2


(r) SeF
6


(s) PCl
3


(t) KrF
4


(u) BrF
3


(v) SeF
4





(2) Draw a Lewis structure for each of the following ions and determine the formal charge on each atom.

(a) OCN
-


(b) NH
4
+


(c) H
3
O
+


(d) CO
3
2-


(e) BrF
2
+


(f) PCl
6
-


(g) IF
4
-


(h) XeF
5
+


(i) IF
4
+


(j) SF
5
+


(k) XeF
3
+



(l) SiCl
5
-


(m) BH
4
-


(n) ClF
2
+


(o) ClF
4
+


(p) SCN
-


(q) AsF
6
-


(r) TeF
5
-


(s) BO
3
3-


(t) ICl
4
-


(u) KrF
3
+


(v) PO
3
3-



(3) Draw the VSEPR diagram for each of the molecules in questions 1. State the name of the shape. Give the hybridization
of the central atom. Classify each as polar or non polar.

(4) Determine the VSEPR shape for each ion in question 2. Give the hybridization of the central atom.

(5) Draw the Lewis Structures for each of the following ions and determine the formal charge on each atom. Draw any
possible resonance structures.

(a) ClO
-
(c) SO
3
2-



(b) NO
2
-
(d) PO
4
3-




(6) The Lewis structure for propyne is shown below.



Determine the total number of sigma and pi bonds and the hybridization of the indicated atoms.


(7) The Lewis structure for ethanoic acid is shown below.



Determine the total number of sigma and pi bonds and the hybridization of the indicated atoms.


(8) The Lewis structure for the ethanamide is shown below.



Determine the total number of sigma and pi bonds and the hybridization of the indicated atoms.


(9) The following table shows the melting point of some ionic compounds. Account for the observations in terms of lattice
energy.

Ionic Compound Melting Point (C)
NaCl 801
NaBr 755
CaO 2572


(10) Consider the compounds OF
2
and OCl
2
. Which of these compounds would have a higher bond energy? Which of these
compounds would have a shorter bond length? Explain.


(11) Draw a Lewis structure for the compounds N
2
H
4
and N
2
H
2
. Which of these compounds would have a higher bond
energy for the nitrogen-nitrogen bond? Which of these compounds would have a shorter bond-length for the nitrogen-
nitrogen bond? Explain.

Answers:

(1)
(a)


(b)


(c)


(d)


(e)


(f)



(g)

(h)



(i)


(j)


(k)


(l)


(m)


(n)


(o)


(p)


(q)

(r)


(s)


(t)


(u)


(v)






















(2)
(a)


(b)


(c)


(d)


(e)


(f)

(g)


(h)



(i)


(j)


(k)

(l)


(m)


(n)


(o)


(p)


(q)

(r)


(s)


(t)


(u)


(v)
















(3)
(a)

linear, non-polar, sp

(b)

tetrahedral, non-polar, sp
3


(c)

trigonal pyramidal, polar, sp
3


(d)

square pyramidal, polar,
d
2
sp
3


(e)

bent, polar, sp
3


(f)

trigonal bipyramidal, non-
polar, dsp
3


(g)

trigonal planar, non-polar, sp
2


(h)


T-shaped, polar, dsp
3


(i)

irregular tetrahedral, polar,
dsp
3


(j)

square planar, non-polar,
d
2
sp
3


(k)

octahedral, non-polar, d
2
sp
3

(l)

trigonal planar, non-polar,
sp
2


(m)

trigonal bipyramidal, non-
polar, dsp
3


(n)

linear, non-polar, sp

(o)

square pyramidal, polar,
d
2
sp
3


(p)

tetrahedral, non-polar, sp
3


(q)

bent, polar, sp
3


(r)

octahedral, non-polar, d
2
sp
3


(s)

trigonal pyramidal, polar, sp
3


(t)

square planar, non-polar,
d
2
sp
3


(u)

T-shaped, polar, dsp
3



(v)

irregular tetrahedral, polar,
dsp
3



(4) (a) linear, sp (b) tetrahedral, sp
3
(c) trigonal pyramidal, sp
3

(d) trigonal planar, sp
2
(e) bent, sp
3
(f) octahedral, d
2
sp
3

(g) square planar, d
2
sp
3
(h) square pyramidal, d
2
sp
3
(i) irregular tetrahedral, dsp
3

(j) trigonal bipyramidal, dsp
3
(k) T-shaped, dsp
3
(l) trigonal bipyramidal, dsp
3

(m) tetrahedral, sp
3
(n) bent, sp
3
(o) irregular tetrahedral, dsp
3

(p) linear, sp (q) octahedral, d
2
sp
3
(r) square pyramidal, d
2
sp
3

(s) trigonal planar, sp
2
(t) square planar, d
2
sp
3
(u) T-shaped, dsp
3

(v) trigonal pyramidal, sp
3


(5)
(a)


(b)



(c)

(d)


(6) 6 sigma and 2 pi
1: sp
3
, 2: sp, 3: sp

(7) 7 sigma and 1 pi
1: sp
3
, 2: sp
2
, 3: sp
3


(8) 9 sigma and 1 pi
1: sp
3
, 2: sp
3
, 3: sp
3


(9) In the compound calcium oxide, the ions each have a charge of two compared to the compounds sodium chloride and
sodium bromide in which the ions each have a charge of one. The higher the charge on the ion, the larger the lattice energy
of the compound. Since calcium oxide has the largest lattice energy, it has the highest melting point. In comparing sodium
chloride and sodium bromide, the relative size of ions must be considered. The smaller the ion, the larger the lattice energy.
Since the chloride ion is smaller than the bromide ion, sodium chloride has a higher lattice energy than sodium bromide. As
a result, the melting point of sodium chloride is greater than the melting point of sodium bromide.

(10) Oxygen has valence electrons in the n = 2 energy level. Fluorine has valence electrons in the n = 2 energy level and
chlorine has valence electrons in the n = 3 energy level. Since chlorine has a larger atomic radius than fluorine, the bond
between oxygen and chlorine will have a longer bond length than the bond between oxygen and fluorine.
Since oxygen and fluorine have valence electrons in the same energy level, the orbital overlap between oxygen and fluorine
will be greater than between oxygen and chlorine As a result, the bond between oxygen and fluorine will be stronger and
higher in energy than the bond between oxygen and chlorine.

(11)

N
2
H
4
N
2
H
2




The nitrogen-nitrogen bond in N
2
H
2
would be stronger (higher in energy) than the bond in N
2
H
4
because it is a double bond
rather than a single bond. The nitrogen-nitrogen bond in N
2
H
2
would also be shorter than the bond in N
2
H
4
.













Name: _____________________
Period: ___
Intermolecular Bonds

(1) Identify all of the intermolecular bonds present in each substance by placing an X in the appropriate column(s).

Substance
London
Dispersion
Forces
Dipole
Interactions
Hydrogen
Bonding
H
2
O
PCl
3

C
3
H
8

CO
2

NH
3

He
CH
3
Cl
SF
4

I
2

CH
4

CH
3
OH
N
2

CH
3
NH
2

CO
N
2
H
2

C
2
H
2

XeF
4

AsH
3

NO
HCN



(2) Complete the following table. Explain the relative boiling points/heats of vapourization in terms of intermolecular forces.
Which substance would be the most soluble in water?

Molecule Structure Intermolecular Bonds Boiling Point H
vap

Ethane

-183 C 14 kJ/mol
Ethanol

78 C 39 kJ/mol
Chloroethane

12 C 26 kJ/mol








Answers:

(1)
Substance
London
Dispersion
Forces
Dipole
Interactions
Hydrogen
Bonding
H
2
O X X X
PCl
3
X X
C
3
H
8
X
CO
2
X
NH
3
X X
He X
CH
3
Cl X X
SF
4
X X
I
2
X
CH
4
X
CH
3
OH X X X
N
2
X
CH
3
NH
3
X X X
CO X X
N
2
H
2
X X X
C
2
H
2
X
XeF
4
X
AsH
3
X X
NO X X
HCN X X

(2) Ethane: London dispersion forces; Ethanol: London dispersion forces, dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding,
Chlorothane: London dispersion forces and dipole interactions. Ethane has the lowest boiling point because the molecules
are held together only by London dispersion forces, the weakest type of intermolecular bonds, which are easily broken.
Chloroethane has an intermediate boiling point as the molecules are held together by both London dispersion forces and
dipole interactions. The dipole interactions result in stronger intermolecular bonds. Ethanol has the highest boiling point as
the molecules participate in hydrogen bonding, the strongest type on intermolecular bond.

Ethane has the weakest intermolecular forces and therefore has the lowest heat of vapourization. Ethanol has the strongest
intermolecular forces and therefore has the largest heat of vapourization. Chloroethane has moderately strength of
intermolecular bonds and therefore has an intermediate value for heat of vapourization.

Ethanol would be the most soluble in water since has the capacity to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. None of
the other molecules would be able to form hydrogen bonds with water, so they would be less soluble.