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Chapter 1 Vocabulary
Cell- pore-like structure, empty box surrounded by a wall, plants and animals
Cell Surface Membrane- cell is surrounded by a thin membrane to small to be seen with a
light microscope
ucleus- larger structure within a cell, stains dark, holds chromatin
Chromatin- loosely coiled threads that collect together holding !", during nuclear
di#ision they are separate
!" $deoxyribonucleic acid%- a molecule which holds instructions that control cell
acti#ities
ucleolus- made of loops of !" from se#eral chromosomes
Cytoplasm- material between cell surface membrane and nucleus, holds other small
structures $organelles%, &elly-like
'rganelles- functionally and structurally distinct part of a cell
Mitochondria- can mo#e about and di#ide, speciali(ed to carry out aerobic respiration
)olgi "pparatus- internal sorting and distribution system within the cell
Centriole- appears as a small structure close to the nucleus, in#ol#ed in nuclear di#ision
Cell wall- outside the cell membrane, plants, rigid, definite shape, pre#ents cell from
bursting when water enters through osmosis
*lasmodesmata- fine strands of cytoplasm linking neighboring cells
+acuole- large permanent structures surrounded by a membrane, help regulate osmotic
properties of cells as well as holding fluid $food% for cell
,onoplast- controls the exchange between the #acuole and the cytoplasm
Chloroplasts- allow plants to carry out photosynthesis, large organelles, green in color
due to chlorophyll
Chlorophyll- green, responsible for light capture in photosynthesis
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)rana- seen within chloroplasts, during photosynthesis they absorb light, stacks of
membrane-bound sacs
,hylakoids- membrane-bound sacs in grana
Magnification- number of times larger an image is when compared to the real si(e of the
ob&ect M./0" $magnification . obser#ed image si(e0 actual si(e%
1esolution- the ability to distinguish between two separate points
uclear 2n#elope- surround a nucleus, two layers, outer layer is continuous with
endoplasmic reticulum
uclear *ores- pores in the nuclear en#elope, control exchange between the nucleus and
cytoplasm
2ndoplasmic 1eticulum$21%- the outer membrane of the nuclear en#elope, - kinds3
1ough 21- co#ered with many ribosomes, Smooth 21- no ribosomes, makes
lipids and steroids
1ibosomes- tiny organelles, two large structures3 large and small subunit, protein
synthesis, found free in cytoplasm and on rough 21
4ysosomes- spherical sacs surrounded by a single membrane and ha#e no internal
structure, contain digesti#e en(ymes that need to be separated from rest of cell to pre#ent
damage, breaking down of unwanted structures
Microtubules- tiny tubes made of protein called tubulin, starting point for the growth of
spindle microtubules for nuclear di#ision
*rotoctists- group that contains most eukaryotes
*rokaryotic Cell- !" lies free in cytoplasm and is naked, no 21, few organelles where
none ha#e and en#elope of two membranes, cell wall present
2ukaryotic Cell- !" contained in nucleus and is associated in structures called
chromosomes, 21 present, many organelles present, contains organelles bound by double
membrane structures, cell wall sometimes present
,issue- collection of cells, together with any intercellular secretion produced by them,
that is speciali(ed to perform one or more particular functions
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'rgan- part of the body which forms a structural and functional unit and is composed of
more than one tissue
System- collection of organs with a particular function
+ascular System- closed system of tubes or spaces conducting fluid
Mesophyll- a tissue made up of many similar cells, all with the same function
Stomata- pores in leaf epidermises that allow the exchanges of gases with the atmosphere
Mesophyll- the internal tissue of a leaf blade with chloroplasts for photosynthesis and
consisting of an upper layer
o *alisade Mesophyll $main photosynthetic tissue%
"nd a lower layer
o Spongy Mesophyll with large air spaces for gas exchange
6ylem and *hloem- contain more the on type of cell and together make #ascular tissue
o 6ylem- tubes called #essels made from dead cells, allows long distance tra#els of
water and mineral salts
o *hloem- contains tubes called sie#e tubes
Sie#e ,ubes- made from li#ing cells, allow long distance transport of organic compounds
i7e sugar
Chapter 2 Vocabulary
Macromolecules- giant molecule, polysaccharide, protein, nucleic acid
*olymer- many repeating sub units that are similar or identical to each other
Monomer- subunit of a polymer, &oin together on a bead like string
Condensation- the process in which two monosaccharides &oin together
)lycosidic 8ond- the bridge of the bond between oxygen and two molecules in which
they form a disaccharide
"mylose- made by condensations between a-glucose molecules, an unbreaking chain of
1,9 molecules build up, making the final molecule compact
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"mylopectin- made of many 1,9 linked a-glucose molecules but the chains are shorter
then amylase,
)lycogen- a substance with molecules similar to amylopectin us used as the storage
carbohydrate in animal cells
:ydrogen 8onds- weak, many can form because of the large number of ;': groups
,riglycerides- the combination of three fatty molecules with one glycerol molecule
*hospholipids- special lipid, each molecule has an unusual property of ha#ing one end
which is soluble in water, one of the three fatty acids can be replaced with a phosphate
group, therefore dissol#able in water
*eptide 8ond- strong co#alent bond, oxygen and two hydrogen atoms remo#ed from
amino acids form a water molecule
*olypeptide- a molecule made up of many amino acids linked together by a peptide bond
1ibosome- the sites where amino acids are &oined together to form polypeptides
8-pleated Sheet- when hydrogen bonding is much looser, a straighter shape then an a-
helix, easily broken at high temperatures and p: changes
,ertiary Structure- the way protein coils to form a precise 5! shape
<uaternary Structure- the association of different polypeptide chains
)lobular *rotein- a protein whose molecules curl up into a ball shape
=ibrous *rotein- protein molecules that form long strands
:aemoglobin- the oxygen- carrying pigment found in red blood cells and is a globular
protein
)lobin- each polypeptide chain, out of four, in a >uaternary structure
*rosthetic )roup- important, permanent, part of a protein molecule but doesnt contain
amino acids
Chapter 3 Vocabulary
2n(ymes- protein molecules which can be defined as biological en(ymes
4ock and ?ey :ypothesis- en(ymes ha#e particular shapes which certain substrates fit
perfectly into
/nduced =it :ypothesis- modern hypothesis for en(ymes and substrates, adds the idea
that the en(yme and substrate change slightly when the substrate enters the en(yme
"cti#ation 2nergy- temporary energy used to allow the substrate to con#ert to a product
Competiti#e /nhibition- if the concentration of the inhibitor rises, or that of the substrate
falls, it becomes less and less likely that the substrate will collide with an empty site
on-Competiti#e /nhibition- the inhibition is unaffected by how much substrate is
present
Chapter 4 Vocabulary
"ntigens- cell markers, allowing cell-cell recognition
"cti#e ,ransport- the mo#ement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane against
their concentration gradient using energy from ",*
!iffusion- the net mo#ement as a result of random motion of its molecule or ions of a
substance from a region of its higher concentration to a region of its lower concentration
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=acilitated diffusion- diffusion that takes place by crossing membranes with the help of
certain protein molecules
Aater *otential- the tendency of water molecules the mo#e from one place to another,
and the ability to measure this
'smosis- the net mo#ement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to
a region of lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane
2ndocytosis- in#ol#es the engulfing of the material by the cell surface membrane to form
a small sac or endocytic #acuole
*hagocytosis- cell eating- bulk uptake of solid materials a cell
*hagocytes- cells that speciali(e in phagocytosis
*inocytosis- cell drinking- bulk uptake of li>uid by a cell
Chapter 5 Vocabulary
)ametes- reproducti#e cells
Bygote- one cell, the cell formed when two gametes from parents fuse
Chromosomes- thread like structures in a eukaryotic cell
?aryogram- a photograph of chromosomes prepared by cutting out indi#idual
chromosomes
:omologous- matching pairs of chromosomes
Sex Chromosomes- determine the sex of the indi#idual
"utosomes- all other chromosomes that arent sex chromosomes
)enes- code for a different feature
!iploid- when animals other then humans are examined, there are usually two sets of
chromosomes
:aploid- represented by n, a cell that contains only one set of chromosomes
Chromatids- chromosome &ust before cell di#ision, double structure, made of two
identical structures $chromatids%
/nterphase- the period between nuclear di#isions, each !" molecule in a nucleus makes
an identical copy of itself
Centromere- narrow region holding two chromatids together
4ocus- the gene for a particular characteristic always found at the same position
Maternal Chromosome- chromosomes from the female parent
*aternal Chromosomes- chromosomes from the male parent
"lleles- a gene for a gi#en characteristic may exist in different forms which are expressed
differently
Carrier- of only one copy of the faulty allele present, the person doesnt suffer but is
termed as a carrier
Mutation- a change in allele
)rowth- when a diploid (ygote, one cell, grows into an adult with millions of cells, new
cells must be genetically identical with the same number of chromosomes as the cells that
decided to produce them
Mitosis- type of nuclear di#ision that achie#es growth
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Sexual 1eproduction- for life cycle to achie#e sexual reproduction there must be a point
before fertili(ation takes place when the number of chromosomes is hal#ed
Meiosis- the type of nuclear di#ision that hal#es the chromosomes number
Cell Cycle- a controlled process of nuclear di#ision
S phase- synthesis of !", !" replicates so each chromosome is identical
)1 phase )- phase- separated by S phase, )- the new !" is checked and any errors
are usually repaired
M phase- $mitosis%, growth stops temporarily, the cell has di#ided in two, the whole cell
di#ides
*rophase- at the end of prophase a spindle is formed
Metaphase- centrioles go to poles, chromosomes line up in the middle, spindles reach
from chromosomes to centrioles
"naphase- chromatids mo#e to opposite poles, centromeres first, pulled by microtubules
,elophase- chromatids reach poles, from chromatin, replicate itself, forms telephone
shape
Cytokinesis- the di#ision of the cytoplasm and cell into two by constriction of the edges
of the cell
"sexual 1eproduction- the production of new indi#idual of a species by a single parent
organism
Cancer- uncontrolled mitosis, cancerous cells di#ide repeatedly, out of control,
de#eloping a tumor $tumor- irregular mass of cells%
Mutation- change in a cell
'ncogene- a mutated gene that causes cancer
Mutagen- factor whcich brings about any mutation
Carcinogen- any agent that causes cancer
+irus infection- some cancers caused by #iruses
:ereditary predisposition- genetic link to cancer
*rimary )rowth- smaller group of tumor cells
8enign- dont spread from their sight of orgin
Malignant- spread through the body, in#ading and destroying other tissues
Secondary )rowths- cells that can break off and spread through the blood and lymphatic
system to other parts of the body
Metastasis- spread of cancers in a secondary growth pattern
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Chapter 6 Vocabulary
)enetic Molecule-
o Carries instructions3 construction and beha#ior of cell and the way cells grow
together to form complete li#ing organisms
o "bility to be copied3 can di#ide o#er and o#er again, each time nucleus di#ides an
exact copy of the genetic molecule is passed to daughter cells
!" $!eoxyribonucleic "cid%- macromolecule, polymers, double helix
1" $1ibonucleic "cid%- macromolecule, polymers, single strand
ucleotides $nucleic acids%- molecule consisting of a nitrogen-containing base, a pentose
sugar, and a phosphate group
*olynucleotides $nucleic acid% chain of nucleotides
1ibose- pentose $@ carbon% found in 1"
!eoxyribose- pentose $@ carbon% found in !"
itrogen containing bases-
o *urine 8ases
"denine $"%
)uanine $)%
o *yrimidine 8ases
,hymine $,%
Cytosine $ C %
Eracil $E, 1"%
:ydrogen 8onds- hold strands of !" together
Complementary base pairing- important in polynucleotide pairing
o "0,
o C0)
Conser#ati#e 1eplication- one completely new double helix is made from the old one
Semi-conser#ati#e 1eplication- each new molecule will contain one old strand and one
new strand
!ispersi#e 1eplication- each new molecule would be made of old bits scattered randomly
through the molecules
)ene- part of !" molecule, nucleotide se>uence codes for one polypeptide
Mutation- altered polypeptide
"lleles- #ariants of genes
,ranscription- first stage, in nucleus a complimentary copy of the code from a gene is
made by building a molecule of a different type of nucleic acid $messenger 1"% using
one strand of S" as a template- !" code copied onto an m1" molecule
,ranslation- last stage, m1" lea#es nucleus and attaches onto a ribosome in the
cytoplasm
,ransfer 1"- triplet bases of one end of a region where an amino acid can attach at the
other end, -F different sorts
"nticodon- triplet of bases
Codon- complementary triplet of bases
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*olyribosomes- group of ribosomes on same m1" molecule
Chapter 7 Vocabulary
!iffusion- the net mo#ement as a result of random motion of its molecule or ions of a
substance from a region of its higher concentration to a region of its lower concentration
Carbon !ioxide, 'xygen, 'rganic utrients, /norganic /ons and Aater- re>uirements of
plant cells
,ranspiration- reduces water potential in the lea#es and sets up a water potential gradient
throughout the plant
Monocotyledons- $ex7 grasses% ha#e long narrow lea#es
!icotyledons- lea#es with blades and stalks
Mesophyll- mid leaf, where cells are not tightly packed and ha#e many spaces around
them filled with air
Stomata- air in these spaces ha#e direct contact with air outside the leaf through small
pores, called the stomata
,ranspiration- loss of water #apor through lea#es of plants
o 2ffected by
:umidity
Aind speed
4ight intensity
+ery dry conditions
6erophytes- plants that li#e in places where water is in short supply
+essel 2lements, ,racheid- cells in#ol#ed with the transport of water
=ibers- elongated cells with lignified walls that help to support the plant, dead cells
*arenchyma cell- standard plant cells, contain unthickened cellulose cells walls and
contain all organelles a plant is expected to contain
4ignin- this substance is laid down as #essel elements begin life
4umen- empty space left behind after contents of the cell die due to the buildup of lignin
6ylem +essel- long nonli#ing tube caused by the ends of cell walls of neighboring #essel
elements break down completely to form a long tube
Mass =low- how water is mo#ed up through the xylem #essels, all water molecules mo#e
together as a body of li>uid like water in a ri#er
Cohesion- water molecules are attracted to each other through hydrogen bonding
"dhesion- water molecules are attracted to lignin walls
"poplast *athway- water enters plant cells through seeping across roots
Symplasr *athway- water to mo#e into cytoplasm through osmosis, then into ad&acent
cells through interconnecting plasmodesmata
2ndodermis- cells ha#e thick, waterproof, waxy band of suberin
Suberin- forms an impenetrable barrier to water in the walls of the endodermis cells
*assage Cells- water can continue to pass freely
2pidermis- outer layer of cells
1oot :airs- thin extensions, reach in to soil to absorb water
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Mycorrhi(as- fungi located in plants which ser#e similar purposes to root hairs
,ranslocation- can be applied to transport both xylem and phloem, mo#ing from one
place to another
"ssimilates- substances which the plant makes itself
Sie#e 2lements- what assimilates are transported in
*hloem ,issue-contains sie#e tubes and other types of cell, responsible for the
translocation of assimilates such as sucrose through a plant
Companion Cells- cell within an unthickened cellulose wall and dense cytoplasm that is
found in close association with a phloem sie#e element to which it is directly linked #ia
plasmodesmata, the companion cell and the sie#e element form a functional unit
*hloem Sap- li>uid inside phloem sie#e
Callose- a carbohydrate a sie#e plant is sealed with
"cti#e 4oading- produces a pressure difference to transport sucrose
Sink- where sucrose is taken out of phloem
Chapter 8 Vocabulary
Closed System- 8lood remains within heart, interconnecting tubes, and blood #essels
Systemic Circulation- blood out of the left #entricle into the aorta, to all parts of the body
except lungs, back to the #ena car#e on right side of the heart
*ulmonary Circulation- blood is pumped out of the pulmonary arteries, to the lungs, to
pulmonary #eins, back to left side of the heart
!ouble circulatory system- pulmonary and systemic circulation $mammalian heart%
"rteries- carry blood away from the heart
o 2ndothelium- inner lining tissue, made up of flat cells that fit together like a
pu((le, #ery smooth, minimi(ing friction
o ,unica media- middle layer contains muscle, collagen, and elastic fibers
o ,unica externa- outer coat, containing elastic fibers and collagen fibers
"rterioles- as arteries reach tissue they are transporting blood and branch into smaller
#essels called arterioles
+eins- carry blood towards the heart
o +enules- as blood lea#es a capillary bed the capillaries gradually &oin with one
another forming larger #essels $#enules%, which e#entually form #eins
o Semilunar +al#es- keep blood flowing in the right direction, formed from
endothelium, mo#e blood towards the heart, blood can only mo#e up through the
#eins but cannot mo#e down
Capillaries- link arteries and #eins, taking blood to almost e#ery cell in the body
o Capillary beds- a network throughout e#ery tissue in the body except the cornea
and cartilage
*lasma- blood is composed of cells floating in pale yellow li>uid called plasma
*lasma *roteins- solutes in blood contain protein molecules that remain in the blood at all
time
,issue =luid- 10C of the body is spaces between cells, these spaces are filled with this
leaked plasma
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:omeostasis- bodies contain an o#erall constant le#el of fluid to pro#ide an optimum
work en#ironment
4ymph +essels, 4ymphatic- tiny blind-ending #essels which are found in almost all
tissues of the body
'edema- if the protein concentration and rate of loss from plasma are not in balance with
the concentration and rate of loss from tissue fluid, this buildup is oedema
4ymph- fluid inside lymphocytes, identical to tissue fluid, has a different name because
its in a different part of the body
Subcla#ian +eins- &ust beneath the collar bone, gradually transport lymph back to larger
#eins
4ymph nodes- at inter#als along lymph #essels, in#ol#ed in protection against disease
2rythrocytes- red blood cells
o Shaped like a biconca#e disc
o +ery small
o +ery flexible
o o nucleus, mitochondria, or endoplasmic reticulum
4eucocytes- white blood cells
o :a#e a nucleus
o 4arger then red blood cells
o Spherical or irregular, not biconca#e
*hagocytes- white blood cell, uses phagocytosis to destroy in#ading microorganisms
4ymphocytes- secrete chemicals called antibodies
:emoglobin- red pigment in blood, transports oxygen in blood
o /s able to pick up oxygen and release oxygen
o *artial pressure- different concentrations of oxygen
o Saturated- maximum amount of oxygen
o !issociation cur#e- percentage of saturation of each sample can be plotted against
the partial pressure of oxygen, has an S shape
o "mount of hemoglobin is effected by partial pressure of oxygen and partial
pressure of carbon dioxide
o Carbonic "nhydrase- en(yme in cytoplasm of red blood cells, cataly(es C'- I
:-' to form carbonic acid :-C'5 which then dissociates to :I, hydrogen ion, I
:C'-, hydrogen carbonate ion
o :emoglobin readily combines with hydrogen ions forming heamoglobonic acid
::b7
8ohr 2ffect- presence of partial pressure carbon dioxide causes hemoglobin to release
oxygen
Carbonheamoglobin- when carbon monoxide is inhaled it diffuses in red blood cells
across the al#eoli walls in red blood cells
"ltitude Sickness- when reaching a high altitude in days the body doesnt ha#e time to
ad&ust in the drop of oxygen
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Chapter 9 Vocabulary
:eart3 cardiac muscle
"orta3 largest blood #essel, arches, with branches leading to the head and back down
through the body
*ulmonary "rtery3 blood #essel lea#ing the heart to right and left lungs
+enae Ca#ae3 right side of heart, - large #eins bringing blood from head and from rest of
body to heart
*ulmonary +eins3 bring blood back to heart from left and right lungs
Coronary arteries3 surface of heart, branch from aorta and deli#ers oxygenated blood to
walls of heart
Septum3 separates two chambers on left from two chambers on right, blood cant pass
through
"trium$atria, auricle%3 upper chamber on each side of the heart
+entricles3 lower chambers blood flows from atria to #entricles then s>uee(ed into
arteries
o 8lood from 42=, #entricle flows into aorta
o 8lood from 1/):, #entricle flows pulmonary arteries
"tria #entricular #al#es3 #al#es between atria and #entricles
o Mitrial $bicuspid%3 #al#es on left
o ,ricuspid3 #al#e on right
Cardiac Cycle3 DF times a min7, se>uence of e#ent which make up one heartbeat, 5 stages
"trial Systole3 when heart is filled with blood atrial wall contracts,
pressure isnt great, pushes blood into atrio#entricular #eins and into
#entricles
+entricular Systole3 thick muscular walls of #entricles s>uee(e inwards on
the blood, pushing it out of heart
+entricular !iastole3 muscle relaxes, pressure in #entricles drops, as heart
muscle relaxes blood from #eins flow into atria, some into #entricles, the
whole process e#entually begins again
Myogenic3 cardiac muscle differs from other parts of body, myogenic- naturally contracts
and relaxes, doesnt need to recei#e impulses from a ner#e to make it contract
Sinoatrial ode $S", *acemaker%3 speciali(ed patch of muscle in the wall of right
atrium
"tri#entricular ode $"+%3 rout through patch of conducting fibers situated in septum
*urlenry ,issue3 conducting fibers that run down septum between #entricles
=ibrillation3 heart wall flutters #7 contracting as a whole then relaxing as a whole- almost
always fatal unless treated immediately
2lectrocardiogram $2C)%3 detection0record of wa#es flowing through heart, graph of
#oltage against time
o *3 wa#e of excitation o#er atrial walls
o <,1,S3 wa#e of excitation o#er #entricle walls
o ,3 reco#ery of #entricle walls
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Chapter 10 Vocabulary
)as 2xchange Surface3 oxygen from the external en#ironment is diffused into the body
and carbon dioxide is diffused out
"l#eoli3 gas exchange surface in the lungs
,rachea3 air way leading from the throat to the lungs
8ronchi $8ronchus%3 base of the trachea, subdi#ide into each lung
8ronchioles3 each bronchus di#ides many times
Cartilage3 in trachea and bronchi keeps airways open and air resistance low
Mucus3 lining in nasal passages and other airways
)oblet Cells3 produces mucus
Mucin3 swells the upper part of each goblet cell
2lastic =ibers3 found in al#eolar wall, stretch during breathing and recoil during
expiration to help force air out
Macrophages3 phagocytic white blood cells
Chapter 11 Vocabulary
*assi#e Smoking- breathing in someone elses cigarette smoke
,ar- mixture of compounds that settles n the lignin of the airways in the lungs and
stimulates a series of changes that may lead to obstructi#e lung diseases and cancers
Signs- #isible expression of a diseas which a doctor could identify through examination
Symptoms- cant be detected, can only be identified through expression of the patient
Chronic obstructi#e pulmonary diseases $C'*!%- asthma, chronic bronchitis,
emphysema
o Chronic 8ronchitis- damage and obstruction of the airways
o 2mphysema- large space appear where the al#eoli ha#e burst, reducing surface
area for gas exchange, less oxygen absorbed into blood
Cardio#ascular !iseases- diseases of the heart and circulatory system, such as coronary
heart disease $C:!% and stroke
Multifactorial- many different factors contribute to de#elopment of diseases
1isk =actors- increase chances of de#eloping one of the cardio#ascular diseases
icotine- addicti#e drug in tobacco
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"therosclerosis- build up of atheroma
o "theroma- fatty material $cholesterol, fibres, dead muscle cells, platelets%
4ipoproteins- tiny balls of lipid and protein
o 4ow !ensity $4!4s%- transport cholesterol from liber to the tissues, including
artery walls
o :igh !ensity $:!4s%- remo#e cholesterol from tissues and transport it to the li#er
to be excreted
*la>ues- rough patches in the lining of the arteries, making them less elastic and
restricting the flow of blood
,hrombus- when blood can no longer flow smoothly due to clots
,hrombosis- interrupts blood flow e#en more, star#ing tissues of oxygen and nutrients
Coronary :eart !isease $C:!%- disease of the arteries that causes damage to, or
malfunction of, the heart
o "ngina *ectoris- main symptom in C:!, se#ere chest pain caused by exertion,
goes away during rest
o :eart "ttack$myocardial infarction%- ma&or artery in heart is obstructed by a
blood clot, part of the heart muscle is star#ed of oxygen and dies
o :eart =ailure- blockage of main coronary artery and gradual damage to heart,
heart weakens and fails to pump efficiently
Stroke- when an artery in the brain bursts
Cerebral /nfarction- the brain tissue in the are supplied by the artery is star#ed of oxygen
and dies
2pidemiology- study of patterns of disease and the factors that influence diseases
8y-*ass 'peration- using a blood #essel form the chest, arm, or leg to replace a diseased
#essel
Chapter 12 Vocabulary
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/nfectious !iseases- diseases caused by pathogens
*athogens- an organism that causes an infectious disease
on-/nfectious !iseases- of the gas exchange and cardio#ascular systems $lung cancer
C:!, long term diseases%
!isease- co#ers a wide range of human conditions, an illness or disorder of the body or
mind that leads to poor health and is associated with a set of symptoms
Carriers- people who lack symptoms howe#er spread symptoms
,ransmission Cycle- the way pathogens transfer from one host to another
+accination- ma&or control method for infectious diseases, makes us immune so that
pathogens dont reproduce and li#e within us and spread to others
Causati#e agents- agents that cause a disease, must be disco#ered if a disease is going to
be controlled
o Malaria- on increase since 1HDFs
o "/!S- recogni(ed in 1HG1, infecting agent :/+
o ,uberculosis $,8%- nearly eradicated, shown an increase since 1HDF
o Measles- unknown in de#eloped countries, serious health risk to children in
po#erty
2ndemic- diseases always in populations
/ncidence- the number of people who are diagnosed o#er a certain period of time, usually
a week, moth or year
*re#alence- number of people who ha#e that disease at any one time
2pidemic- occurs when there is a sudden increase in the number of people with a disease
*andemic- occurs when there is an increase in the number of cases throughout a continent
of across the world
Morality- death rate from different diseases
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Choleragen- when bacteria reach the small intestine they secrete this toxin, disrupts the
function of the epithelium lining the intestine, so that salts and water lea#e the blood
causing se#ere diarrhea
'ral rehydration therapy- gi#en to one if they cant drink due to a disease
*rophylactic- pre#entati#e drugs, stopping an infection occurring if a person is bitten by
an infected mos>uito
, helper lymphocytes- control the immune systems response to an infection
'pportunistic /nfections- when the body is unable to defend itself from infection and
allows the body to obtain a range of pathogens
Contact tracing- an important part of controlling the spread of :/+, if a person is
diagnosed :/+ I is willing to identify the people whom he or she has put at risk through
sexual intercourse or needle sharing, those at risk will be offered an :/+ test
8road Spectrum- antibiotics are effecti#e against a wide range of bacteria
arrow Spectrum- antibiotics are effecti#e against a #ery few bacteria
"ntibiotics- drugs that are used to treat or cure bacterial and fungal infections
Selecti#e toxicity- killing or disabling pathogens but ha#e no effect on host cells
Chapter 13 Vocabulary
/mmunity- *rotection against infectious diseases
"ntigen " substance that is foreign to the body that stimulates an immune response
*hagocytes-" type of cell that ingests and destroys pathogens or damaged body cells by
the process of phagocytosis
/mmune 1esponse- Complex Series of responses of the body to the entry of a foreign
antigen
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Cytokinesis- 1eleased by helper , cells, that stimulate 8 cells to di#ide, de#elop into
plasma cells, and secrete antibodies
"cti#e /mmunity-/mmunity gained when an antigen enters the body, an immune response
occurs and antibodies are produced by plasma cells
*assi#e /mmunity-/mmunity gained when without an immune response, antibodies are
in&ected $artificially% or passed from mother to child across the placenta or in breast milk
$naturally%
+accination-Contains antigens for a disease, by in&ection or orally
*athogens-"n organism that causes infectious disease
:erd /mmunity-Ahen a large number of people are #accinated at the same time
1ing +accination-Ahen one person reports an infectious disease and the surrounding
area0households are treated for that disease as well
eutrophil-" phagocytic white blood cell
1eceptor-" cell that is sensiti#e to a change in the en#ironment and that may generate an
action potential as a result of a stimulus
/mmunological Memory-,he ability of the immune system to respond >uickly to antigens
that it recogni(es as ha#ing entered the body before
Malnutrition-" poor response can be caused by this, particularly with an inade>uate
intake of protein
/mmune System-,he bodys defense system
"nti-8ody-" glycoprotein made by plasma cells deri#ed from 8-lymphocytes, secreted
in response to an antigen
/mmunoglobulins-"n antibody
Crabb 1D
Macrophages- " phagocytic cell found in tissues throughout the bodyJ act as antigen-
presenting cells $"*Cs%
Memory Cells-4ymphocytes which de#elop during an immune response and retain the
ability to respond >uickly when an antigen enters the body on a second or any subse>uent
occasion
Chapter 14 Vocabulary
:abitat- place where an organism li#es
*opulation- a group of organisms of the same species which li#e in the same place at the
same time and can interbreed with each other
Community- all the organisms of all the different species li#ing in a habitat
2cosystem- a relati#ely self-contained interacting community of organisms and the
en#ironment in which they li#e and with which they interact
ice- its role in the ecosystem
Metabolic 1eactions- constant supply of energy , chemical reactions that take place
within li#ing cells
"denosine ,riphosphate- ",* the energy of a cell
1espiration- process of breaking down ",* molecules high in energy
*hotosynthesis- sunlight is captured by chlorophyll in chloroplasts and supply energy to
plants
"utotrophs- organisms that can synthesis complex organic molecules from simple
inorganic compounds
Crabb 1G
:eterotrophs- organisms take in organic molecules because they are unable to synthesis
them
*roducers- green plants, other photosynthetic organisms produce food, pro#iding the
entire input of energy in an ecosystem
Consumers- animals, fungi, microorganisms, consume the organic chemicals made by
producers
=ood Chain- the way in which energy flows form producer to consumers can be shown
by drawing
,rophic 4e#els- producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer
$feeding le#els%
=ood Aeb- interrelationships between many food chains
!ecomposers- li#e in soil, feed on detritus
!etritus- dead organisms and waste material
!etriti#ores- larger animals that feed on detritus
Saprotrophic- feeding in#ol#ing secreting digesti#e en(ymes outside the body then
absorbing the small molecules that are produced
*roducti#ity or *rimary *roducti#ity- the rate at which plants con#ert light energy into
chemical potential energy
)ross *rimary *roducti#ity- total >uantity of energy con#erted into chemical potential
energy by plants
et *rimary *roducti#ity- energy which remains as chemical energy after the plants ha#e
supplied their own needs in respiration
Crabb 1H
itrogen =ixation- before nitrogen can be used by li#ing organism it must be con#erted
from - into some more reacti#e form like ammonia :5 or nitrate '-5
itrogenase- an en(yme that bacteria use to fix nitrogen
Mutualism- two organism of different species li#e #ery closely together each meeting
some of the others needs
"mino "cids- transported out of nodules into xylem, distributed to all parts of the plant
and used within cells to synthesis proteins
itrate /ons- taken in by root hairs to acti#ate transport
!eaminated- gotten rid of, nitrogen becomes part of urea
"mmonification- production of ammonia
itrifying 8acteria- a group of bacteria rapidly con#ert ammonia in the soil to nitrite ions
and then nitrate ions
itrification- con#ersion of ammonia to nitrates
!etrifying 8acteria- pro#ide themsel#es with energy by re#ersing nitrogen fixation and
con#erting nitrate to nitrogen gas, which is returned to the air