Chapter 1

Power Systems Gate Material Vignan University
Dept. of Electrical Engineering Page 1

CHAPTER-1
PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES

1. TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS
Basic Structure of a Power System
The basic structure of a power system is shown in Fig. 1.1.

Fig. 1.1 A typical power system.
It contains a generating plant, a transmission system, a subtransmission system and a
distribution system. These subsystems are interconnected through transformers T
1
, T
2
and T
3
. Let us
consider some typical voltage levels to understand the functioning of the power system. The electric
power is generated at a thermal plant with a typical voltage of 22 kV (voltage levels are usually
specified line-to-line). This voltage is stepped up to 400 kV through transformer T
1
for power
transmission. Transformer T
2
steps this voltage down to 66 kV to supply power through the sub
transmission line to industrial loads that require bulk power at a higher voltage. Most of the major
industrial customers have their own transformers to step down the 66 kV supply to their desired
levels. The purpose of these change in voltage is to minimize the transmission ine cost for a given
power level. Distribution systems are designed to operate for much lower power levels and are
supplied with medium level voltages.
The power distribution network starts with transformer T
3
, which steps down the voltage from
66 kV to 11 kV. The distribution system contains loads that are either commercial type (like office
buildings, huge apartment complexes, hotels etc) or residential (domestic) type. Usually the
commercial customers are supplied power at a voltage level of 11 kV whereas the domestic

consumers get power supply at 400-440 V. Note that the above figures are given for line-to-line
voltages. Since domestic customers get single-phase supplies, they usually receive 230-250 V at their
inlet points. While a domestic customer with a low power consumption gets a single-phase supply,
both industrial and commercial consumers get three-phase supplies not only because their
consumption is high but also because many of them use three-phase motors. For example, the use of
induction motor is very common amongst industrial customers who run pumps, compressors, rolling
mills etc.

The main components of a power system are generators, transformers and transmission lines.

Necessity of Transmission Lines:- Bulk amount of powers generation could able to produce on
economical basis by employing synchronous generators at remote locations. The bulk amount of
power from the remote generating station could able to be carried out to the load centre by using
suitable network and the network is called transmission network (or) transmission lines.
Necessity of Extra High Voltages for transmission system:
1. The size of the conductor is reduced so that the cost of the conductor is reduced. Ex:- For the
same power, same length and same material the size of the conductor will become 1/n
th
of
original size as the operating voltage increased by n times.
2. The transmission line loss will be reduced Ex:- For the same power, same length, same
material the copper loss becomes 1/n
th
to that of original loss as the voltage increased by n
times.
Special Case: As the level of voltage is increasing beyond certain limit, for the same amount of
power to be transmitted, the extra cost required for insulation is more than the saving in conductor
cost, so the selection of operating voltage to transmit the power is the compromise between
in saving of conductor cost and extra cost required for insulation.
Selection of the size of conductor in transmission lines:- In transmission lines there are no
taping (or) consumers in the middle. So the current throughout the transmission line is same from
the generating station to the load centre. Hence the conductor is designed based on current
carrying capacity (or) constant current density. This is up to 220kv transmission line only.
In case of the voltages beyond 220kv, the concept of corona is predominant than that of current
carrying capacity. So the transmission lines are designed based on concept or corona


Types of Conductors:-
Mainly we are having four types of conductors.
1. Solid conductors. 2. Homogeneous Stranded conductors.
3. Composite Stranded conductors. 4. Bundled conductors
Solid Conductors:-

Fig 1.2 Solid conductor

Solid conductors is single piece of conductor
These conductors may be of copper (or) Aluminum
It is having high mechanical strength and tensile strength
Circular solid conductor will be preferred to make electrical field same
throughout the surface of the conductor.
There is no application of solid conductors as transmission lines
Flat (or) solid conductors are used for power transformer winding.
Homogeneous Stranded Conductors:- A number of strands are taken and are twisted
together to increase the current carrying capacity by maintaining the same operating voltage.

Fig 1.3 Stranded conductor
All strands are of same material
Compared to stranded conductor it is having high mechanical strength and
low tensile strength.
Stringing is easy in stranded conductor so transportation is easy

Composite Stranded Conductor:- Strands of different material are twisted together to form
the stranded conductor. Its purpose is to improve the tensile strength
Ex:- ACSR(Aluminium conductor steel reinforced)

As the layer size in increased the number of strands will be increases in the
following manner.
1+6+12+18+24+30
d- is the diameter of each conductor and n is the number of layers then
diameter of stranded conductor is
D=(2n-1)d
Generally ACSR conductor is represented by x/y
x number of Al strands (or) steel strands
y number of Al strands (or) steel strands
In Power conductors the number of Aluminum number of steel strands
Bundled Conductors:-
When voltage is above 230KV, corona loss and interference with the communication
lines is more. Corona occurs when the surface potential gradient of a conductor exceeds the
dielectric strength of the surrounding air. This causes ionization of the area near the
conductor. The high voltage surface gradient is reduced by using two or more conductors per
phase in close proximity. This is called conductor bundling. The conductors are bundled in
groups of two, three or four as shown in below Fig. The conductors of a bundle are separated
at regular intervals with spacer dampers that prevent clashing of the conductors and prevent
them from swaying in the wind.
( ) d D d D D selfGMD GMR
s s b s
= = = =
4
2
2 ,

Fig: Two conductors per phase

( )
3 9
3
3 ,
d d D d d D D
s s b s
= =
Fig: Three conductors per phase

( )
4
16
4
4 ,
09 . 1 2 d d d D d d d D D
s s b s
= =
Fig: Four conductors per phase
Parameters of Transmission lines:-
Parameters are:-
Resistance:- It is due to the property of conductor that it opposes the flow of current
Inductance:- Due to magnetic field around the conductor
Capacitance:- Due to electrostatic field around the conductor
Resistance:-
D.C resistance of a wire is given by O =
A
l
R
dc

Where is the resistivity of the wire in - m, l is the length in meter and A is the
cross sectional area in m
2
. However the resistance of an overhead conductor is not the same
as that given by the above expression. When alternating current flows through a conductor,
the current density is not uniform over the entire cross section but is somewhat higher at the
surface. This is called the skin effect and this makes the ac resistance more than the dc
resistance. Moreover in a stranded conductor, the length of each strand is more that the length
of the composite conductor. Temperature also affects the resistivity of conductors.

1
2
1
2
t T
t T
R
R
+
+
=
Where R
1
and R
2
are resistances at temperatures t
1
and t
2
respectively and T is a
constant that depends on the conductor material and its conductivity.
Inductance:- Current carrying conductor produces a magnetic field around it the magnetic
flux lines are concentric with their direction specified by Maxwells right hand thumb rule

I
L

=

where L is the inductance in Henry, is the flux linkage in Weber-turns and I is the phasor
current in Ampere
Internal inductance per unit length is
7
int
10
2
1

= L
Fig:- Cross section of a round conductor
Inductance between any two points outside the conductor

1
2 7
ln 10 2
D
D
L
ext

= H/mt
Inductance of single phase line

7
1
1
10 ln 2
2
1

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
r
D
L H/mt

'
1
7
1
ln 10 2
r
D
L

= H/mt
1
'
1
7788 . 0 r r =
Loop Inductance
r r r = =
2 1

'
7
2 1
ln 10 4
r
D
L L L
loop

= + = H/mt
Inductance of 3-phase line with Asymmetrical spacing (Transposed)

'
3
7
1
ln 10 2
r
D D D
L
ca bc ab
= H/mt

3
ca bc ab
D D D GMD=
Fig:- Portion of a transposed line
If lines are of equilateral spacing
Then D D D D
ca bc ab
= = =

'
7
ln 10 2
r
D
L
a

= H/mt

Capacitance:-
Capacitance is due to Electrostatic field around the conductor
v
q
C =
Where C is the capacitance in Farad, q is charge in coulombs, v is potential difference
volts.
Capacitance of a single phase circuit:-

|
.
|
\
|
=
r
d
C
ln
12
tc
F/mt
Capacitance to neutral:-

|
.
|
\
|
=
r
d
C
n
ln
2
1
tc
F/mt
Capacitance of 3-phase line with Asymmetrical spacing(Transposed):-
|
.
|
\
|
=
r
GMD
C
an
ln
2tc
F/mt

With equal spacing Then D D D D
ca bc ab
= = =

D D D D GMD
ca bc ab
= =
3

|
.
|
\
|
=
r
D
C
an
ln
2tc
F/mt
3
ca bc ab
D D D GMD=

Effect of earth on transmission line capacitance:-
Earth surface is considered as a equipotential surface To considered the effect
of earth we are considering image conductors below the ground at a depth equal
to the height of the overhead conductor above the ground with opposite
charge(Method of images)
xx
xy
xy
H
H
r
D
C
ln ln
=
tc
F/mt
xx
xy
n
H
H
r
D
C
ln ln
2
=
tc
F/mt
If conductors are very much above the ground then H
xy
=H
xx

With the effect of earth capacitance increases.
For Bundled conductors:-

GMR
GMD
L ln 10 2
7
1

= H/mt

|
.
|
\
|
=
GMR
GMD
C
an
ln
2tc
F/mt
S.No Line Description R L X
L
C X
c

1 Length increases Increases Increases Increases Increases Decreases
2
Distance of
separation increases
No relation Increases Increases Decreases Increases
3
Radius of conductor
increases
Decreases Decreases Decreases Increases Decreases
4 Symmetrical spacing No relation decreases Decreases Increases Decreases
5
Unsymmetrical
spacing
No relation Increases Increases Decreases Increases
6
Effect of earth taken
into account
No relation No change No change Increases Decreases
7
Height of the
conductor increases
No relation No change No change Decreases Increases


2. PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION LINES:-
Synopsis:-
The important considerations in the operation of Transmission line are voltage drop,
Power loss, Efficiency
The performance of transmission lines depends on the R,L,C and conductor - G
Effect R - Voltage drop- IR and power loss -I
2
R
Effect L - Voltage drop-2t fl ( quadrature with the current)
Effect C - Charging current= fc V
X
V
C
t 2 =
Effect G - It is due to leakage current it is predominant only during bad
Whether conditions (so we are neglecting G)
In Overhead lines reactance effects are more
In Underground cables reactance effects are small and capacitance effects are more.
Efficiency:-

losses output
output
+
= q
100
3
%
2

+
=
R I P
P
r
r
q (3-phase)
By knowing the efficiency of the system we can understand how much amount of
power loss in the form of heat.
Losses in the network depend on the resistance.
In case of transmission lines R is less (area of cross section of conductor is more) so
power loss in transmission lines is very less (about 2-5%).
In distribution network size of conductor is less so resistance is more losses will be
more, so losses in the distribution system will be more(about 8-10%)
Voltage Regulation:- It is the change of voltage at receiving end from No load to full load
while keeping the sending end voltage constant and also supply frequency made as constant
ro
V = No load receiving end voltage

r
V = Full load receiving end voltage

100 %
e=
r
r ro
V
V V
r ro
V V e=
As the load at the load end increases from no load to full load the mechanical
input will also increases. So that the the mechanical input is equal to the electrical
output which will result as the synchronous machine is working at synchronous
speed.

However the excitation will remain same so that the sending end voltage is
Constant

Percentage regulation 2.1

The performance of Transmission will be analyzed in % regulation of line
rather than actual regulation
By knowing the regulation of line we can understand the change of voltage
from no load to full load.
Voltage drop
r s
V V =
In transmission lines due to shunt capacitance the regulation of line is not same as
voltage drop. Because
s Ro
V V e
The performance of transmission line will be studied in terms of regulation rather
than the efficiency because of shunt capacitance effect of the line.
Wavelength of transmission line:-
For f =50Hz (where f is the frequency of supply)
u = f
= wavelength i.e the length of the line
u =velocity of the wave=
8
10 3 m/sec
6000
50
10 3
8
=
= =
f
u
km 2.2


Classification of Transmission lines:-
Transmission lines are classified based on the physical length of the line at specified
frequency (50Hz/60Hz)
1. Short Transmission lines length<80KM Capacitance effect is ignored
(R and L are lumped)

2. Medium Transmission lines length (80-250)KM Capacitance effect is considered
(R,L and C are lumped)

3. Long Transmission lines length>250KM Capacitance effect is considered
(R,L and C are lumped for steady state)
(R,L and C are lumped for Transient behaviour)
ABCD PARAMETSRS:-

Consider the power system shown in Fig. 2.1. In this the sending and receiving end
voltages are denoted by V
S
and V
R
respectively. Also the currents I
S
and I
R
are entering and
leaving the network respectively. The sending end voltage and current are then defined in
terms of the ABCD parameters as

2.2

R R S
DI CV I + = 2.3

Fig. 2.1 Two port representation of a transmission network.

V
S
,I
S
and V
R
,I
R
are per phase quantities.
If A=D the network is symmetric
If AD-BC=1 the network is Reciprocal (or) bilateral
A network is said to be Reciprocal the ratio of response to excitation will be
same even though their positions are interchanged.
R R S
BI AV V + =

C
A
I
V
S
S
=

Open circuit at receiving end:-
From (2.2) we see that

0 =
=
R
I
R
s
V
V
A
2.4
This implies that A is the ratio of sending end voltage to the open circuit receiving end
voltage. This quantity is dimension less.

0 =
=
R
I
R
s
V
I
C
=Open circuit admittance in mhos
Wc Y C = =

2.5

100 %
e=
R
R Ro
V
V V

100 %
e=
R
R
S
V
V
A
V

Short Circuit at receiving end:-

O =
=0 R
V
R
s
I
V
B
2.6
i.e., B, given in Ohm, is the ratio of sending end voltage and short circuit receiving end
current. In a similar way we can also define
(
=
(
R
R
S
S
I
V
D C
B A
I
V
(
=
(

S
S
R
R
I
V
D C
B A
I
V
1

jX R Z B + = =

0 =
=
R
V
R
s
I
I
D
(unit less) 2.7

Short circuit impedance in ohms

D
B
I
V
S
S
=
2.8
Open circuit and short circuit conditions are ideal cases during load conditions, the
transmission line will have the effect of series impedance and shunt admittance.
The combined effect of the line will be represented as characteristic impedance Z
C

Characteristic impedance Z
C
=2.52.8

D
B
C
A
I
V
I
V
S
S
S
S
=

D
B
C
A
I
V
S
S
=

C
B
I
V
Z
S
S
C
= =

oc sc
oc
sc
C
Z Z
Y
Z
Z = =
2.2 SHORT LINE
The shunt capacitance for a short line is almost negligible. The series impedance is
assumed to be lumped as shown in Fig. 2.2. If the impedance per km for an l km long line is
z
0
= r + jx, then the total impedance of the line is Z = R + jX = lr + jlx. The sending end
voltage and current for this approximation are given by

Fig. 2.2 Short transmission line representation
Z=R+jX
L

R R S
ZI V V + = 2.9
R S
I I = 2.10

( ) R X
r
/ tan
1
= |
The A,B,C,D parameters are given by
Z B D A = = = , 1 and 1 = C 2.11
A=D & AD-BC=1 so short transmission line is symmetric and reciprocal
For short transmission line V
RO
=V
S
so voltage regulation is equal to the voltage
drop of line.
Regulation:-
100 %
e=
R
R Ro
V
V V

At No load condition I
R
=0 so V
Ro
=V
S

100 %
e=
R
R S
V
V V

100 %
+
e=
R
R R
V
V IZ V

100 % e=
R
V
IZ

From phasor diagram of Short transmission line the approximate value of Sending voltage
will be

r R r R R S
X I R I V V | | sin cos + =

Where
r
| is the load power factor + for lagging power factor
_ for leading power factor

100 %
e=
R
R S
V
V V

100
sin cos
%
e=
R
r R r R
V
X I R I | |

r X r R
V V | | sin % cos % % e=

100 % =
R
R
R
V
X I
V 100 % =
R
R
X
V
X I
V

Maximum regulation will occur only for lagging power factor load
Condition for maximum regulation:-
Zero regulation will occur only for leading power factor load
Condition for zero regulation:- ( ) X R
r
/ tan
1
= |

2.2 MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINES
Medium transmission lines are modelled with lumped shunt admittance. There are two
different representations nominal- and nominal-T depending on the nature of the network.
These two are discussed below.
2.2.1 Nominal- Representation
In this representation the lumped series impedance is placed in the middle while the shunt
admittance is divided into two equal parts and placed at the two ends. The nominal-
representation is shown in Fig. 2.3. This representation is used for load flow studies, as we shall
see later. Also a long transmission line can be modeled as an equivalent -network for load flow
studies.

Fig. 2.3 Nominal- representation
Let us define three currents I
1
, I
2
and I
3
as indicated in Fig. 2.3. Applying KCL at nodes
M and N we get

I
s
= I
1
+ I
2
= I
1
+ I
3
+ I
R
R R S S
I V
Y
V
Y
I + + =
2 2
2.12
R R R R S
V I
Y
V Z V ZI V +
(
+ = + =
2
2

=
R R
ZI V
YZ
+
|
.
|
\
|
+1
2
2.13
Substituting (2.13) in (2.12) we get

R R R R S
I V
Y
ZI V
YZ Y
I + +
(
+
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
2
1
2 2
=
R R
I
YZ
V
YZ
Y
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
.
|
\
|
+ 1
2
1
4
2.14

Therefore from (2.13) and (2.14) we get the following ABCD parameters of the nominal-
representation
|
.
|
\
|
+ = = 1
2
YZ
D A 2.15
Z B = 2.16
|
.
|
\
|
+ = 1
4
YZ
Y C mho 2.17

2.2.1 Nominal-T Representation

In this representation the shunt admittance is placed in the middle and the series
impedance is divided into two equal parts and these parts are placed on either side of the shunt
admittance. The nominal-T representation is shown in Fig. 2.4. Let us denote the midpoint
voltage as V
M
. Then the application of KCL at the midpoint results in

Fig. 2.4 Nominal-T representation.

R M S
I Y V I + =

2 2
Z
V V
YV
Z
V V
R M
M
M S

+ =

Rearranging the above equation can be written as
( )
R S M
V V
YZ
V +
+
=
4
2
2.18
Now the receiving end current is given by

2
Z
V V
I
R M
R

= 2.19
Substituting the value of V
M
from (2.16) in (2.17) and rearranging we get

R R S
I
YZ
Z V
YZ
V
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
.
|
\
|
+ = 1
4
1
2
2.20

Furthermore the sending end current is

R M S
I YV I + = 2.21
Then substituting the value of V
M
from (2.18) in (2.21) and solving

R R R
I
YZ
YV I
|
.
|
\
|
+ + = 1
2
2.22
Then the ABCD parameters of the T-network are

|
.
|
\
|
+ = = 1
2
YZ
D A 2.23

|
.
|
\
|
+ = 1
4
YZ
Z B 2.24

Y C = mho 2.25
A=D & AD-BC=1 so Medium transmission lines are symmetric and reciprocal
For Medium transmission line V
RO
V
S
so voltage regulation is not equal to the
voltage drop of line.
Direct calculation of ABCD parameters:-
For Series impedance:-

For shunt admittance:-

(
=
(
r
r
s
s
I
V
Y I
V
1
0 1

For medium transmission lines (Nominal ):-

(
=
(
r
r
s
s
I
V Z
I
V
1 0
1
(
=
(
r
r
S
S
I
V
Y
Z
Y I
V
1 2 /
0 1
1 0
1
1 2 /
0 1

(
S
S
I
V
=
( )
(
+ +
+
2 / 1 4 / 1
2 / 1
ZY ZY Y
Z ZY
(
r
r
I
V

2 / 1 ZY A + = Z B =
( ) 4 / 1 ZY Y C + = 2 / 1 ZY D + =

D A= and 1 = BC AD , So the model is symmetric and reciprocal
For medium transmission lines (Nominal T):-

(
S
S
I
V
=
( )
(
+
+ +
2 / 1
4 / 1 2 / 1
ZY Y
ZY Z ZY
(
r
r
I
V

2 / 1 ZY A + = ( ) 4 / 1 ZY Z B + =
Y C = 2 / 1 ZY D + =
D A= and 1 = BC AD , So the model is symmetric and reciprocal
Source end capacitance:-

, 0 . 1 = A Z B = , Y C = and ZY D + =1
Load end capacitance:-

ZY A + =1 Z B = , Y C = and 0 . 1 = D

Sending end capacitance method is a uncompensation method.Load end capacitance
method is a overcompensated method and the both the method are not symmetric. So the
medium transmission lines are represented in either nominal T (or) nominal II
(
=
(
r
r
S
S
I
V Z
Y
Z
I
V
1 0
2 / 1
1
0 1
1 0
2 / 1
(
=
(
r
r
S
S
I
V Z
Y I
V
1 0
1
1
0 1
(
=
(
r
r
S
S
I
V
Y
Z
I
V
1
0 1
1 0
1

Transmission lines in Series (or) cascade:-

Where

Two transmission lines are in parallel:-

In parallel transmission lines

s s s
V V V = =
2 1

r r r
V V V = =
2 1

2 1 s s S
I I I + = and
2 1 r r r
I I I + =

Where
( )( )
( )
(
(
(
(
(
+
+
+

+ +
+ +
+
=
(
2 1
1 2 2 1
2 1
1 2 2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
1 2 2 1
B B
B D B D
B B
D D A A
C C
B B
B B
B B
B A B A
D C
B A

(
=
(
r
r
s
s
I
V
D C
B A
I
V
(
=
(
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
D C
B A
D C
B A
D C
B A
(
=
(
r
r
S
S
I
V
D C
B A
I
V

2.3 LONG LINE MODEL
For accurate modeling of the transmission line we must not assume that the parameters are
lumped but are distributed throughout line. The single-line diagram of a long transmission line is
shown in Fig. 2.5. The length of the line is l. Let us consider a small strip x that is at a distance x
from the receiving end. The voltage and current at the end of the strip are V and I respectively and
the beginning of the strip are V + V and I + I respectively. The voltage drop across the strip is
then V. Since the length of the strip is x, the series impedance and shunt admittance are z x
and y x. It is to be noted here that the total impedance and admittance of the line are
l z Z = and l y Y = 2.26

Fig. 2.5 Long transmission line representation

From the circuit of Fig. 2.5 we see that
Iz
x
V
x Iz V =
A
A
A = A 2.27
Again as 0 Ax , from (2.27) we get
Iz
dx
dV
= 2.28
Now for the current through the strip, applying KCL we get
x Vy x Vy x y V V I A A + A = A A + = A ) ( 2.29

The second term of the above equation is the product of two small quantities and therefore
can be neglected. For x 0 we then have
Vy
dx
dI
= 2.30
Taking derivative with respect to x of both sides of (2.28) we get
dx
dI
z
dx
dV
dx
d
=
|
.
|
\
|


Substitution of (2.30) in the above equation results
0
2
2
= yzV
dx
V d
2.31
The roots of the above equation are located at (yz). Hence the solution of (2.31) is of
the form
yz x yz x
e A e A V

+ =
2 1
2.32
Taking derivative of (2.32) with respect to x we get
yz x yz x
e yz A e yz A
dx
dV

=
2 1
2.33
Combining (2.28) with (2.33) we have

yz x yz x
e
y
z
A
e
y
z
A
dx
dV
Z
I
2 1
1
=
|
.
|
\
|
= 2.34
Let us define the following two quantities
y
z
Z
C
= which is called the characteristic impedance 2.35
yz = which is called the propagation constant 2.36

Then (2.32) and (2.34) can be written in terms of the characteristic impedance and propagation
constant as
x x
e A e A V

+ =
2 1
2.37
x
C
x
C
e
Z
A
e
Z
A
I

=
2 1
2.38
Let us assume that x = 0. Then V = V
R
and I = I
R
. From (2.37) and (2.38) we then get
2 1
A A V
R
+ = 2.39
( )
2 1
1
A A
Z
I
C
R
= 2.40
Solving (2.39) and (2.40) we get the following values for A
1
and A
2
.

2
1
R C R
I Z V
A
+
= and
2
2
R C R
I Z V
A

=
Also note that for l = x we have V = V
S
and I = I
S
. Therefore replacing x by l and substituting the
values of A
1
and A
2
in (2.37) and (2.38) we get

l R C R l R C R
S
e
I Z V
e
I Z V
V

+
+
=
2

2
2.41

l
R
C
R
l
R
C
R
S
e
I
Z
V
e
I
Z
V
I

+
+
=
2

2
2.42
Noting that
l
e e
l l

sinh
2
=

and l
e e
l l

cosh
2
=

We can rewrite (2.41) and (2.42) as

l I Z l V V
R C R S
sinh cosh + = 2.43

l I
Z
l
V I
R
c
R S

cosh
sinh
+ = 2.44
The ABCD parameters of the long transmission line can then be written as

l D A cosh = = 2.43

l Z B
C
sinh = 2.44

C
Z
l
c
sinh
= mho 2.45
A=D & AD-BC=1 so Long transmission lines are symmetric and reciprocal
For long transmission line V
RO
V
S
so voltage regulation is not equal to the
voltage drop of line.
Propagation constant:-

yz =

) )( ( jwC G jwL R + + =

| o j + =

=real part = attenuation constant

= imaginary part= quadrature constant (or) phase constant


Attenuation means fall in the magnitude of voltage and current while it is
travelling in the transmission line from sending end to the receiving end
The inductance and capacitance of transmission line will able to provide the
phase displacement so that the supply voltage and current will be travelled
from the sending end towards the receiving end and it can be understand in
terms
For lossless transmission line (R=0, G=0)
| j LC jw jwC jwL = = = ) )( (

Characteristic Impedance:- When the switch is closed the Transmission line is in a transient
condition and it is dealing with surge waveform so that corresponding impedance is called as
surge impedance (or) characteristic impedance.

jwC G
jwL R
y
z
Z
C
+
+
= =

For loss less line
C
L
jwC
jwL
Z
c
= =
Surge impedance is the characteristic impedance of a loss free line
Z
c
(or) Z
s
=400 for Overhead transmission lines , Z
s
=40 for Underground
cables.
During transient condition of the line the transmission line will be neither
inductive nature nor capacitive. So that the nature of the characteristic
impedance is to be treated as resistive.
Characteristic Impedance loading(or) Surge impedance loading:-
It is the loading of the line where the load impedance is equal to characteristic
impedance of the line (or) whenever the transmission line is terminated by a load with an
impedance equal to characteristic impedance of the line. The loading of the line is called
characteristic impedance loading.

When transmission line dealing with surge impedance loading, such a line is
called flat line.

C
Z
V
2
=
Flat line is the one in which the magnitude of the voltage throughout the line
will be same
Surge impedance loading
c
r s
Z
V V
=

| | V V V
r s
= =

SIL

Surge Impedance Loading is the ideal loading capacity.
The most economical loading on transmission line is loading more than the
SIL.
For Underground cables most economical loading is less than the SIL.

Ferranti Effect:-When the transmission line is operating at no-load (or) light load condition.
The receiving end voltage is more than the sending end voltage. This phenomenon is called
Ferranti effect.
A,B,C and D values:-
, o Z = A A

, | Z = B B

Z = C C o Z = D D
- Short transmission lines:-

A =1 and =0
o

B =variable value and =60
0
-70
0

C =0 and =90
o

D =1.0 and =0
0
- Medium transmission lines:-

A =1 and =1-2
o

0
-80
0

C =Variable and =90
o
Long transmission lines:-

A =1 and =2-5
o

0
-87
0

C =Variable and =90
o

Power Transfer Equations:- Receiving end

The receiving end power transfer r
r r
I V S
-
=
The purpose of conjugate is to assign polarity for inductive or capacitive load
reactive powers


-
|
.
|
\
|
=
B
AV V
V S
r S
r r

( ) o | o | Z Z =
2
) (
r
r S
r
V
B
A
B
V V
S

( ) o | o | = cos ) cos(
2
r
r S
r
V
B
A
B
V V
P

( ) o | o | = sin ) sin(
2
r
r S
r
V
B
A
B
V V
Q

The locus of the above equations is circle. For fixed receiving end voltages they will
be concentric circles
For short transmission lines:-

, 0 . 1 = A

, 0
o
= o

, Z B =

, u = ZB

( ) u o u cos ) cos(
2
max r
r S
r r
V
Z
A
Z
V V
P P = =

( ) u cos
2
max
Z
V
Z
V V
P P
r r S
r r
= =

| | u o =

u sin
2
Z
V
Q
r
r
=

For loss less transmission line:-

, 0 . 1 = A

, 0
o
= o

X Z =

0
90 = u

o sin
Z
V V
P
r S
r
=

Z
V V
P P
r S
r
= =
max

| |
0
90 = o
o sin
max
P P
r
=
X
V
X
V V
Q
r r S
r
2
cos = o
In case of short transmission lines is very small. So cos~1.0

| | V
X
V
V V
X
V
Q
r
r S
r
r
A = =

The real power transfer depends on the power angle and the reactive power depends on the
difference of voltage between the sending end and load end

1) The inductance of a power transmission line increases with (GATE-1992)
a) Decreases in line length
b) Increases in diameter of conductor
c) Increasing in spacing between the phase conductors
d) Increases in load current carried by the conductor

2) A three phase overhead transmission line has its conductors horizontally spaced with spacing
between adjacent conductors equal to d. If now the conductors of the line are rearranged to
form an equilateral trainable of sides equal to d then (GATE-1993)
a) Average capacitance and inductance will increase
b) Average capacitance will increase and inductance will decrease
c) Average capacitance will increase and inductance will increase
d) Surge impedance loading of the line increases

3) The insulation level of a 400KV, EHV over head transmission line is deeded on the basis of
a) Lightning over voltage (GATE-1995)
b) Switching over voltage
c) Corona inception voltage
d) Radio and TV interference

4) For a 500 Hz frequency excitation, a 50km short power line will be modeled as(GATE-1996)
a) Short line
b) Medium line
c) Long line
d) Data insufficient for decisions

5) Consider a long, two-wire line composed of solid round conductors. The radius of both
conductors is 0.25cm and the distance between their centres is 1m. if this distance is doubled,
then the inductance per unit length. (GATE-2002)
a) Doubles c) halves
b) increases but does not double d) decreases but does not halve

6) A long wire composed of a smooth round conductor runs above parallel to the ground
(Assumed to be a large conducting plane). A high voltage exists between the conductor and
the ground. The maximum electric stress occurs at (GATE-2002)
a) The upper surface of the conductor
b) The lower surface of the conductor

c) The ground surface
d) Midway between the conductor and the ground
7) Bundled conductors are mainly used in high voltage overhead transmission lines to
a) Reduce transmission line losses (GATE-2003)
b) Increases mechanical strength of the line
c) Reduce corona
d) Reduce sag
8) The rated voltage of a 3-phase power system is given as (GATE-2004)
a) RMS phase voltage
b) PEAK phase voltage
c) RMS line to line voltage
d) PEAK line to line voltage
9) The phase sequene of the 3-phae system shown in figure is (GATE-2004)

a) RYB b) RBY c) BRY d) YBR
10) The concept of an electricity short, medium and long line is primarily based on the
(GATE-2006)
a) Nominal voltage of the line
b) Physical length of the line
c) Wavelength of the line
d) Power transmitted over the line
Two Marks Questions:
11) For equilateral spacing of conductors of an untransposed 3-phase line, we have (GATE-1996)
a) Balanced receiving end voltage and no communication interference
b) Unbalanced receiving end voltage and no communication interference
c) Balanced receiving end voltage and communication interference
d) Unbalanced receiving end voltage and communication interference
12) For a single phase overhead line having solid copper conductors of diameter 1 cm, spaced 60
cm between centers, the inductance in mH/km is (GATE-1999)
a) 0.05+0.2 In 60
b) 0.2 In 60

c) 0.05+0.2 In (60/0.5)
d) 0.2 In (60/0.5)
13) The conductors of a 10 km long, single phase, two wire likne are separated by a distance of
1.5m. the diameter of each conductor is 1 cm. if the conductors are of copper, the inductance
of the circuit is (GATE-2001)
a) 50.0 mH b) 45.3 mH c) 23.8 mH d) 19.6 mH
14) A 800 kV transmission line is having per phase line inductance of 1.1 mH/km and per phase
line capacitance of 11.78 nF/km. Ignoring the length of the line, its ideal power transformer
capability in MW is (GATE-2004)
a) 1204 MW b) 1504 MW c) 2085 MW d) 2606 MW
15) 230V (phase) 50Hz, three-phase 4-wire, system has a sequence ABC. A unity power-factor
load of 4kW is connected between phase A and neutral N. it is desired to achieve zero neutral
current through the use of a pure capacitor in the other two phases. The value of inductor and
capacitor is (GATE-2007)
a) 72.95 mH in phase C & 139.02F in Phase B
b) 72.95 mH in phase B & 139.02F in Phase C
c) 42.12 mH in phase C & 240.79 F in Phase B
d) 42.12 mH in phase B & 240.79 F in Phase C
One mark questions
16) The surge impedance of a 400 km long overhead transmission line is 400. For a 200km
length of the same line, the surge impedance will be (GATE-1995)
a) 200 b) 800 c) 400 d) 100
17) In a 400Kv network, 360 Kv is recorded at a 400kV bus. The reactive power absorbed by a
shunt rated for 50MV AR, 400kV connected at the bus is (GATE-1994)
a) 61.73 MVAR b) 55.56 MVAR c) 45 MVAR d) 40.5
MVAR
18) The reflection coefficient for the transmission line shown in figure at P is (GATE-1998)

a) +1 b) -1 c) 0 d) 0.5
19) Series capacitive compensation in EHV transmission lines is used to (GATE-1998)

a) Reduce the line loading
b) Improve the stability of the system
c) Reduce the voltage profile
d) Improve the protection of the line
20) An overhead line having a surge impedance of 400 is connected in series with an
underground cable having a surge impedance of 100 . If a surge of 50kV travels from the
line towards the cable junctions, the value of the transmitted voltage wave at the junction is
(GATE-1999)
a) 30kV b) 20kV c) 80kV d) -30kV
21) The load carrying capability of long AC transmission line is (GATE-1999)
a) Always limited by the conductor size
b) Limited by stability considerations
c) Reduced at low ambient temperature
d) Decreased by the use of bundled conductors of single conductors
22) Corona losses are minimized when.
a) Conductor size is reduced
b) Smoothness of conductor is reduced
c) Sharp points are provided in the line hardware
d) Current density in conductors is reduced
23) A lossless radial transmission line with surge impedance loading (GATE-2001)
a) Takes negative VAR at sending end and zero VAR at receiving end
b) Takes positive VAR at sending end and zero VAR at receiving end
c) Has flat voltage profile and unity power factor at all points along it
d) Has sending end voltage higher than receiving end voltage and unity power factor at
sending end
24) A 3-phase 11-kV generator feeds power to a constant power unity power factor load of
100MW through a 3-phase transmission line. The line-to-line voltage at the terminals of the
machine is maintained constant at 11 kV. The per unit positive sequence impedance of theline
based on 100MA and 11kV is j0.2. the line to line voltage at the load terminals is measured
to be less than 11 kV. The total reactive power to be injected at the terminals of the load to
increase the line-to-line voltage at the load terminals to 11kV is (GATE-2003)
a) 100MVAR b) 10.1 MVAR c) -100MVAR d) 10.1 MVAR
25) Total instantaneous power supplied by a 3-phase ac supply to a balanced R-L load is
a) Zero (GATE-2004)
b) Constant
c) Pulsating with zero average
d) Pulsating wit non-zero average

26) A 400V, 50Hz, three phase balanced source supplies power to a star connected load whose
rating is 123 KVA, 0.8 pf(lag). The rating (in KVAR) of the delta connected (capacitive)
reactive power bank necessary to bring the pf to unity is (GATE-2006)
a) 28.78 b) 21.60 c) 16.60 d) 12.47
27) An extra high voltage transmission line of length 300km can be approximate by a lossless line
having propagation constant =0.00127 radians per km then the percentage ratio of line
length to wavelength will be given by (GATE-2008)
a) 24.24% b) 12.12% c) 19.05% d) 6.06%
28) For a fixed value of complex power flow in transmission line having a sending end voltage V,
the real power loss will be proportional to (GATE-2009)
a) V b) V
2
c)
d)

29) Consider a step voltage wave of magnitude 1 pu travelling along a lossless transmission line
that terminates in a reactor. The voltage magnitude across the reactor at the instant the
travelling at the instant the travelling eave reaches the reactor is (GATE-2010)

a) -1 pu b) 1pu c) 2 pu d) 3 pu
30) Consider two buses connected by an impedance of (0+j5) . The bus 1 voltage is 100angle of
30
0
V, and bus 2 voltage is 100 angle of 0
0
V. the real and reactive power supplied by bus1,
respectively, are (GATE-2010)
a) 1000W, 268 V Ar
b) -1000W, -134 V Ar
c) 276.9 W, -56.7 Ar
d) -276.9W, 56.7 V Ar
31) A nuclear power station of 500MW capacity is located at 300km away from a load center.
Select the most suitable power evacuation transmission configuration among the following
options (GATE-2011)


32) For enhancing the power transmission in a long EHV transmission line, the most preferred is
to connect a (GATE-2011)
a) Series inductive compensator in the line
b) Shunt inductive compensator at the receiving end
c) Series capacitive compensator in the line
d) Shunt capacitive compensator at the sending end
Two marks questions
33) A shunt reactor of 100MVAR is operated at 98% of its rated voltage and at 96% of its rated
frequency. The reactive power absorbed by the reactor is (GATE-1998)
a) 98 MVAR b) 104.02 MVAR c) 96.04 MVAR d) 100.04 MVAR

34) A 220 kV, 20 km long, 3 phase transmission line has the following A, B, C, D constants.
A=D=0.96angleof 3
0
, B=55angle of 65
0
/phase C=0.5x10
-4
angle of 90
0
S/phase. Its correct
charging current per phase is (GATE-1999)
a) 11/3A b) 11A C) 220A d) 220//3A

35) A 3-phase, 11kV, 50 Hz, 200kW load has a power factor of 0.8 lag. A delta connected 3-
phase capacitor is used to improve the power factor to unity. The capacitance per-phase of the
capacitor in micro-farads is (GATE-1999)
a) 3.948 b) 1.316 c) 0.439 d) 11.844
b)
36) A transmission line has equal voltages at the two ends, maintained constant by tow sources. A
third source is to be provided to maintain constant voltage (equal to end voltages) at either the
midpoint of the line of at 75% of the distances from the sending end. Then the maximum
power transfer capabilities of the line in the original case and the other two cases respectively
will be in the following ratios (GATE-2000)
a) 1:1:1 b) 1:2:1/0.75 c) 1:2:4 d) 1:4:6

37) The corona loss on a particular system at 50Hz is 1kW/Km per phase. The corona loss at 60hz
would be (GATE-2000)
a) 1kW/km per phase
b) 0.83kW/km per phase
c) 1.2kW/km per phase
d) 1.13kW/km per phase


38) Consider the model shown in figure of a transmission line with a series capacitor at its mid-
point. The maximum voltage on the line is at the location (GATE-2000)

a) P
1
b)P
2
c) P
3
d) P
4

39)The ABCD parameters of a 3-phase over head transmission line are A=D=0.9, 90
0
and
C=0.95 x10
-3
90
0
S. At no-load condition a shunt inductive, reaction is connected at the receiving
end of the line to limit the receiving end voltage to be equal to the sending end voltage. The
ohmic value of the reactor is (GATE-2003)
a) b) 2000 c) 105.26 d) 1052.6
40) A surge of 20kV magnitude travels along a lossless cable towards its junction with two identical
lossless over head transmission lines. The inductance and the capacitance of the cable are 0.4mH
and 0.5F per km. the inductance and capacitance of the overhead transmission lines are 1.5 mH
and 0.015 F per km. the magnitude of the voltage at the junction due to surge is (GATE-2003)
a) 36.72kV b) 18.36 kV c) 6.07kV d) 33.93kV
41) A balanced delta connected load of (8+j6) per phase is connected to a 400 V, 50Hz, 3-phase
supply lines. If the input power factor is to be improved to 0.9 by connecting a bank of star
connected capacitors the required KVAR of the bank is (GATE-2003)
a) 42.7 b) 10.2 c) 28.8 d) 39.4
42) A lightning stroke discharges impulse current of 10kA (peak) on a 400kV transmission line
having surge impedance of 250 . The magnitude of transient over-voltage travelling waves in
either direction assuming equal distribution from the point of lightning strike will be
a) 1250kV b) 1650kV c) 2500kV d) 2900kV (GATE-2004)
43) The generalized circuit constants of a 3-phase, 220kV rated voltage, medium length transmission
line are (GATE-2004)
A=D=0.936+j0.016=0.9360.98
0

B=33.5+j138=142.076.4
0

C=(-5.18+j914 x 10
-6

If the load at the receiving end is 50MW at 220kV with a power factor of 0.9 lagging, then
magnitude of line to line sending end voltage should be
a) 133.23kV b) 220.00kV c) 230.78kV d) 246.30kV
44) At an industrial sub-station with a 4MW load, a capacitor of 2MVAR is installed to maintain the
load factor at 0.97 lagging. If the capacitor goes out of service, the load power factor becomes
a) 0.85 b) 1.00 c) 0.80 lag d) 0.90 lag (GATE-2005)

45) Two networks are connected in cascade as shown in the figure. With the usual notations the
equivalent A,B,C and D constants are obtained. Given that, C=0.025 45
0
, the value of Z
2
is

a) 1030
0
b) 40-45
0
c) 1 ohm d) 0 (GATE-2005)
46) The A,B,C,D constant of a 220kV line are: A=D=0.9410, B=130730, C=0.001900. if the
sending end voltage of the line for a given load delivered at normal voltage is 240kV, the %
voltage regulation of the line is (GATE-2006)
a) 5 b) 9 c) 16 d) 21
47) The total reactance and total susceptance of a lossless overhead EHV line, operating at 50 Hz, are
given by 0.045 pu and 1.2 pu respectively. If the velocity of wave propagation is 3x10
5
km/s, then
the approximate length of line is (GATE-2007)
a) 122km b) 172 km c) 222km d) 272km
48) A lossless transmission line having Surge impedance Loading (SIL) of 2280MW. A series
capacitive compensation of 30% is emplaced. Then SIL of 2280MW. A series capacitive
compensation of 30% is emplaced. Then SIL of the compensated transmission line will be
(GATE-2008)
a) 1835MW b) 2280MW c) 2725MW d) 3257MW
49) Match the items List-I (To) with the items in List-II (use) and select the correct answer using the
codes given below the lists (GATE-2009)
List I List II
A. Improve power factor 1. Shunt reactor
B. Reduce the current ripples 2. Shunt capacitor
C. Increase the power flow in line 3. Series capacitor
D. Reduce the Ferranti effect 4. Series reactor
(a) a 2, b3, c4, d-1
(b) a 2, b4, c3, d-1
(c) a 4, b3, c1, d-2
(d) a 4, b1, c3, d-2


Miscellaneous questions

50) A factory draws 100kW at 0l.7 p.f. lagging from a 3-phase, 11kV supply. It is desired to raise the
p.f. to 0.95 lagging using series capacitors. Calculate the rating of the capacitor required(GATE-
1997)
51) A 66 kV, 3-phase, 50Hz, 150kM long overhead transmission line is open circuited at the receiving
end. Each conductor has a resistance of 0.25 /km, an inductive reactance of 0.5 /km and a
capacitive admittance to neutral of 0.04x10
-4
S/km (GATE-
1999)
a) Draw the nominal -equivalent circuit and indicate the value of each parameter
b) Calculate the receiving end voltage if the sending end voltage is 66kV
52) A 275kV, 3-phase, 50Hz, 400km lossless line has following parameters: x=0.05 ohms/km, line
charging susceptance y=3.0 micro-Siemens/k (GATE-2000)
a) Calculate the receiving end voltage on open circuit using justifiable assumptions
b) What load at the receiving end will result in a flat voltage profile on the line?
c) If the flat voltage profile is to be achieved at 1.2 times the loading in (b), what will be nature
and quantum of uniformly distributed compensation required?
53) A long lossless transmission line has a unity power factor (UPF) load at the receiving end and an
ac voltage source at the sending end. The parameters of the transmission line are as follows:
characteristics impedance Z
c
=400 , propagation constant =1.2x10
-3
rad/km, and length
l=100km. The equation relating sending and receiving end question is
V
s
=V
r
cosh(l)+jZ
c
sinh(l)I
R
. Complete the maximum power that can be transferred to the UPF
load at the receiving end if |V
s
|=230kV. (GATE-2002)
Practice questions:-
IES 2001
1) The ABCD constants of a 3-phase transmission line are A=D=0.81
0

A=D=0.8 1
0
B=17085
0
C=0.002 90.4
0
mho
The sending end voltages is 400kV. The receiving end voltage under no-load condition is
a) 400kV b) 500kV c) 320kV d) 417kV

2) In a short transmission line,voltage regulation is zero when the power factor angle of the load
at the receiving end side is equal to
a) Tan
-1
(X/R) b) Tan
-1
(R/X) c) Tan
-1
(X/Z) d) Tan
-1
(R/Z)


3) Consider the following statements:
Surge impedance loading of a transmission line can be increased by
1. Increasing its voltage level
2. Addition of lumped inductance in parallel
3. Addition of lumped capacitance in series
4. Reducing the length of the line
Of these statements
a) 1 and 3 are correct
b) 1 and 4 are correct
c) 2 and 4 are correct
d) 3 and 4 are correct
4) The surge impedance of a 3-phase,400kV transmission line is 400. The surge impedance
loading (SIL) is
a) 400 MW b) 100MW c) 1600MW d) 200MW
5) If a travelling-wave travelling along a loss-free overhead line does not result in any reflection
after it has reached the far end, then the far end of the line is
a) Open circulited
b) Short circuited
c) Terminated into a resistance equal to surge impedance of the line
d) Terminated into a capacitor
6) The active and the reactive power delivered at the receiving end of a short transmission lineof
impedance Z<are respectively given by
P
R
=
( )
and
Q
R
=
( )
, with
V
S
and V
R
being the magnitude of voltage at the sending and receiving ends, the power
angle. At the power-limit condition i.e. for maximum P
R
a) leading VARs (Q
R
) goes to the load for any values of V
S
and V
R

b) leading VARs (Q
R
) goes to the load ONLY for V
S
= V
R

c) lagging VARs (Q
R
S
and V
R

d) lagging VARs (Q
R
S
= V
R

7) Bundled conductors are used for EHV transmission lines primarily for reducing the
a) Corona loss
b) Surge impedance of the line
c) Voltage drop across the line
d) I
2
R losses


IES-2002
8) For transmission line which one of the following relations is true?
a) AD-BC=1 b) AD-BC=1 c) AD-BC=-1 d) AD-BC=0
9) The reflection coefficient for the transmission line shown in figure below at point P is

a) +1 b) 0.5 c) 0 d) -1
10) A 3-phase transmission line has its conductors at the corners of an equilateral triangle with
side 3m. The diameter of each conductor is 1.63cm. the inductance of the line per phase per
km is
a) 1.232 mH b) 1.182 mH c) 1.093mH d) 1.043 mH
11) A cable has inductance of 0.22mH per km and capacitance of 0.202F per km. The surge
impedance of the cable is
a) 28 b) 33 c) 42 d) 50
12) For some given transmission line the expression for voltage regulation is given by
x 100% Hence,
a) This must be a short line
b) This may either be a medium line or a short line
c) This expression is true for any line
d) This may either be a medium line or a long line
13) The capacitance of an overhead transmission line increases with
1) Increase in mutual geometrical mean distance
2) Increase in height of conductors above ground
Select the correct answer from the following
a) Both 1 and 2 are true c) Both 1 and 2 are false
b) Only 1 is true d) Only 2 is true
14) Consider the following statements
Addition of lumped capacitance in parallel to a loss-free transmission line increases
1. Characteristic impedance
2. Propagation constant
3. System stability
4. Charging current
Which of these statements are correct ?

a) 1 and 3 b) 2 and 4 c) 2,3 and 4 d) 1,2 and 4
15) In a certain single-phase a.c. circuit the instantaneous voltage is given by v=Vsin(t+30
0
)p.u.
and the instantaneous current is given by i=Isin(t-30
0
) p.u. Hence the per unit value of
reactive power is
a) b) c) 3/4 d) 3/2
IES-2003
16) A 100 km long transmission line is loaded at 110kV. If the loss of line is 15MW and the load
is 150MVA, the resistance of the line is
a) 8.06 ohms per phase
b) 0.806 ohms per phase
c) 0.0806 ohms per phase
d) 80.6 ohms per phase
17) A rectangular voltage wave is impressed on a loss-free over head line, with the far end of the
line being short-circulated. On reaching the end of this line
a) The current wave is reflected back with positive sign, but the voltage wave with negative
sign
b) The current wave is reflected back with negative sign, but the voltage wave with positive
sign
c) Both the current and the voltage waves are reflected with positive sign
d) Both the current and the voltage waves are reflected with negative sign
18) Which one of the following statements is NOT correct for the use of bundled conductors in
transmission lines?
a) Control of voltage gradient
b) Reduction in corona loss
c) Reduction in radio interference
d) Increase in interference with communication lines

19) D
s
is the GMR of each sub condutor of a four subconductor bundle conductor and d is the
bundle spacing. What is the GMR of the equivalent single conductor?
a) 1.09
b) 1.09
c) 1.09
d) 1.09

20) Which one of the following statements is correct? Corona loss increases with
a) Decrease in conductor size and increase in supply frequency
b) Increase in both conductor size and supply frequency
c) Decrease in both conductor size and supply frequency
d) Increase in conductor size & decrease in supply frequency

21) For a fixed receiving end and sending end voltage in a transmission system, what is the locus
of the constant power?
a) A straight line b) an ellipse c) a parabola d) a circle

IES - 2005
22) On what basis is the insulation level of a 400kV, EHV overhead transmission line decided?
a) Lightning overvoltage
b) Corona inception voltage
c) Switching overvoltage
d) Radio and TV interference
23) Equivalent model is quite suitable for analyzing the performance of transmission line of
a) 50kM length b) 150kM Length c) 250 kM length d) all of the above
24) In a 7/30 ACSR conductor why is grease put between steel and aluminium conductors?
a) To reduce corrosion by electrolytic action between zinc (galvanizing agent on steel ) and
aluminum
b) To reduce friction between the stands
c) To reduce leakage of current from aluminium strands to steel stands
d) To eliminate air pockets
25) If X is the inductive reactance /phase and R is the resistance/phase of a short transmission
line, what is the power factor angle of the load for maximum voltage regulation?
a) Cos
-1
X/R b) tan
-1
X/R

c) Cos
-1
R/X d) tan
-1
R/X
26) For a loss-free long transmission line, the conventional line equations become
V
s
= (cosl)V
R
+(jsinl)I
R
and I
s
=(
)V
R
+(cosl)I
R

Which one of the following statements is correct? If the line is terminated at the receiving end
by its natural load impedance Z
c
, then
a) The voltage is constant in magnitude at all points along the line and, V
s
and V
R
always
remain in phase
b) The voltage is constant in magnitude at all points along the line but V
s
advances in phase
relative to V
R
by angle radius per km
c) The magnitude of the voltage along the line changes in proportion to the line length, and,
V
s
and V
R
always remain in phase
d) The magnitude of the voltage along the line changes in proportion to the line length, V
s

advances in phase relative to V
R
by radians per km


IES 2008
27) When is the Ferranti effect on long overhead lines experienced?
a) The line is lightly loaded
b) The line is heavily loaded
c) The line is fully loaded
d) The power factor is unity
28) What is the surge impedance loading of a loss less 400 kV, 3-phase, 50Hz overhead line of
average of surge impedance of 400 ohms?
a) 400 MW b) 4003 MW c) 400/3 MW d) 400MW
IES-2009
29) In a transmission line, the mid-point voltage is maintained to V by a compensating device as
shown in the circuit below. What is the real power flow through the line?

a)
2
sin
2
o
X
V
b) o sin
2
2
X
V
c) o sin
2
X
V
d)
2
sin
2
2
o
X
V

30) A short transmission line having zero resistance and total series reactance of 0.4 pu is
provided with reactive power compensation at the mid-point of the line such that the mid-
point voltage is held at 0.96pu when the voltage at both ends are 1.0pu. what is the steady
state power transmission limit of such a system?
a) 4.8 pu b) 0.0 pu c) 2.4 pu d) 9.6pu


Solutions:-
1 . Ans:- (c)
Hint:- Inductance per phase of transmission line is |
.
|
\
|
=
'
ln 2 . 0
r
d
L
ph
mh/KM
Where ' ' d is the space between the two conductors ,
'
r is the effective radius of the
conductor
) ln(d L
ph
o
2 Ans:- (c)
Hint:-
Case(i):- When conductors are horizontally spaced .
Inductance/phase= ) ln( 2 . 0
Gmr
GMD

Capacitance/phase=
|
.
|
\
|
r
GMD
o
ln
2tc

In case (ii) d d d GMD = 2 3
d d GMD 26 . 1 2 3 = =
r GMR 7788 . 0 =
In case (ii):- When conductors are placed in equilateral triangle form
In this case d GMD=
r GMR 7788 . 0 =
Since r GMR& are constant in both the cases
) ln( / GMD ph L o

) ln(
1
/
GMD
ph C o

From cas(i) and case(ii) the inductance decreases and capacitance increases.
3. Ans:- (b)
Hint:- In any transmission line lightning over voltages are more severe compared to
switching over voltages. The lighting voltages are external voltages. Hence the
insulation is provided for switching voltage.
4. Ans:- (c)
For f =50Hz (where f is the frequency of supply)
u = f
= wavelength i.e the length of the line
u =velocity of the wave=
8
10 3 m/sec
6000
50
10 3
8
=
= =
f
u
km
For 6000 Km wave length, the line with more then 160KM length is treated as long
line
For 500Hz supply frequency. 600
500
10 3
8
=
= =
f
u
km
Hence with 500Hz supply, a line with more than 16KM length is treated as long line
where line parameters are distributed
For 500Hz supply frequency 50KM line is long line.
5. Ans:- (c)
Hint:- |
.
|
\
|
=
'
ln 2 . 0
r
d
L
ph
mH/Km
|
.
|
\
|

=
2
10 25 . 0 7788 . 0
1
ln 2 . 0
ph
L mh/Km

ph
L =1.248 mH/Km

If the distance between the conductors is doubled then
|
.
|
\
|

=
2
10 25 . 0 7788 . 0
2
ln 2 . 0
ph
L mh/Km

ph
L =1.38 mH/Km
Hence inductance per unit length increases but not doubles
6. Ans:- (b)
7. Ans:- (c)
Electric field intensity at surface of each conductor

( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
GMR self
GMD
GMD Self
V
E
.
ln

For bundle conductors increase in self GMD will be predominant compared to
decrease in
|
|
.
|
\
|
GMR self
GMD
.
ln
Hence Electric field intensity at surface of each conductor will be reduced. Hence the
corona loss will be reduced, because chances for ionization of air are reduced.
8. Ans:- (c)
9. Ans:- (b)
Hint:- Phase sequence is verified in opposite direction to the vector rotation. Vectors
rotation is normally considered in anticlockwise direction hence phase sequence is verified
in clock wise direction.
10.Ans:- (c)
Two marks questions:-
11.Ans:- (a)

Hint:- For the transmission line with equilateral spacing of conductors (Inductance/Phase)
is equal
(Current/Phase) is equal
(Flux/Phase) is equal
(Voltage/Phase) is equal
Hence no communication interference and also the receiving end voltages are balanced.
12. Ans:- (c)
Hint:-
Given r=0.5cm, d=60cm
Inductance per conductor
external a ernal a a
L L L
. int .
+ =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+

r
d
ln 10 2 10
2
1
7 7
H/mt
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+

r
d
ln 10 2 10
2
1
1 1
mH/Km
From given data =
a
L
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+

5 . 0
60
ln 10 2 10
2
1
1 1
mH/Km
=
a
L
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
5 . 0
60
ln 2 . 0 05 . 0 mH/Km
13. Ans:- (c)
Sol:- Inductance of 1-Phase circuit with copper conductors
|
.
|
\
|
= =
'
ln 2 . 0 2 2
r
d
L L
a ab
mh/KM
Given, d=1.5m, r=0.5cm,
2 '
10 5 . 0 7788 .

= r m
|
.
|
\
|

=
2
10 5 . 0 7788 . 0
5 . 1
ln 4 . 0
ab
L mH/Km

ab
L =2.38 mH/Km
For 10Km length of the line

ab
L = 2.38 10 mH

ab
L =23.8 mH
14. Ans:- (c)
Sol:- Ideal Power transfer capability is nothing but the surge impedance loading of the line
surge impedance
Km C
Km L
Z
c
/
/
=

9
3
10 68 . 11
10 1 . 1
=
= 306.88
Surge impedance loading
c
Z
V
2
=

( )
88 . 306
10 800
2
3
=
= 2085.47 MW
15. Ans:- (b)
Sol:- Load current phase A 39 . 17
0 230
10 4
3
=
Z
=

Amp
V
Ph
A= 230 Z0
V
PhB
= 230 Z 120
V
PhC
= 230 Z 240
From options
95 . 72 = L mH 91 . 22 =
L
X

Z = 90 10
L
I

95 . 72 = C F 9 . 22 =
C
X

Z = 90 10
C
I
By assuming inductor in phase B and capacitor in phase C
I
Bph
=

Z = Z 210 10 120 90 10
I
Cph
=

Z = Z 150 10 240 90 10
(Since V
Bph
=230
Z 120 and current lags voltage by
90 in case of inductive load)

For zero neutral current
I
Aph
+ I
Bph
+ I
cp
= 0
17.39

Z0 +10

Z 210 +10

Z 150 0 ~
Hence option (b) is the correct one
Performance of Transmission lines and Voltage Control
One Mark questios:
16. Ans:- (c)
Hint:- Surge impedance for a given transmission line is constant and is independent
of length of the transmission line and the frequency of surge. It depends only on
magnitude of inductance/Km and capacitance/Km
(
=
Km C
Km L
Z
c
/
/

17. Ans:- (d)
Hint:- 50MVAR,400Kv inductor means for an applied voltage of 400 KV, the
inductor absorbs 50 MVAR reactive power.
Reactive power absorbed by inductor (Q)= 3V
ph
I
ph | Sin
For a pure inductor
= 90 |

Lph
ph
ph ph ph
X
V
V I V Q 3 90 sin 3 = =

Lph
ph
X
V
Q
2
3
=

At 400Kv, Q=50MVAR

Lph
X
2
3
6
10
3
400
3
10 50
|
.
|
\
|

=
O = 3200
Lph
X
For 360 kV applied voltage the reactive power absorbed by inductor

3200
10
3
360
3
2
3
|
.
|
\
|

=
=40.5 MVAR.
18. Ans :- (c)

Hint:- Since load impedance is equal to surge impedance, the voltage & current wave
forms are not going to experience any reflection.
Hence reflection coefficient is zero.

19. Ans :- (b)
Hint:- electrical power supplied by alternator is o sin
X
EV
=
By using series capacitor the effective value of reactance can be reduced.
Hence for a given power transfer, we can operate the alternator at lower values of o
so that machine will not lose its synchronism during abnormal conditions of
operation.
20. Ans:- (b)
The transmitted (or) refracted voltage

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
C L
L
Z Z
Z
V V 2
2

Here 2 indicates that the voltage V
2
is calculating in transient condition
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
400 100
100
10 50 2
3
2
V

V
2
=20KV
21. Ans:- (b)
Hint:- For a long line with AC transmission , reactance is more and is having more
effect on stability of system.
22. Ans:- (d)
Hint:- current density=
unitarea
current

For a given current, if the current density is reduced means the cross sectional
area of conductor is increased.

But corona loss o (V-V
o
)
2

Where V= operating voltage
V
o
=Critical disruptive voltage
V
o
o r |
.
|
\
|
r
d
ln (d= separation between conductors=constant)
V
o
o r (radius of conductor)
As radius of conductor increases, critical disruptive voltage(V
o
) also increases and
hence corona loss decreases.
increase in r is more effective than decrease in |
.
|
\
|
r
d
ln
Note:- Because of bundling radius of the conductor increases so corona loss decreases

23. Ans:- (c)
Hint:- When transmission line dealing with surge impedance loading, then such a line
is called flat line,in which the magnitude of the voltage throughout is purely resistive
in nature. Hence the power factor is unity throughout its length.
24. Ans :- (b)
Sol:-
Given the X
1 P.u
=j 0.2 p.u
but X
1
=j0.2
( )
100
11
2 . 0
2
2
= j
MVA
KV
b
b

= j0.242

To make sending end voltage and receving end voltage equal, the net reactive power
demand at load must be zero.
Let Q
c
be the reactive power injected at load side and Q
r
be the reactive power
received from supply.
Q
r
+Q
c
=Q
d

Q
r
+Q
c
=0
Q
c
=-Q
r

Q
r= ( ) ) sin( sin
2
o | o |
r
r s
V
B
A
B
V V

In this case , = Line impedance angle=90
0

B =0.242, =0
0
, 0 . 1 = A
P
r
=
( ) ) cos( cos
2
o | o |
r
r s
V
B
A
B
V V

100=
( ) ) 0 90 cos( 11
242 . 0
0 . 1
90 cos
242 . 0
11 11
2

o
100= o sin
242 . 0
11
2

= 11.53
0

( ) ) 90 sin( 11
242 . 0
0 . 1
53 . 11 90 sin
242 . 0
11 11
2

=
r
Q
Q
r
=-10.1MVAR
The reactive power to be injected =10.1MVAR
25. Ans:- (b)
Sol:- Let the phase voltage be V
a
=V
m
Sinwt
V
b
= V
m
Sin(wt-120
0
), V
c
= V
m
Sin(wt-240
0
)

Let the phase of load be , As it is a RL load is a lagging angle.
Phase current i
a
=i
m
Sin(wt- ),
i
b
=i
m
Sin(wt- 120-), i
c
=i
m
Sin(wt- 240-)

Instantaneous total 3 phase power=( V
m
Sinwt)( i
m
Sin(wt- ))+
( V
m
Sin(wt-120
0
))( i
m
Sin(wt- 120-))+
(V
m
Sin(wt-240
0
))( i
m
Sin(wt- 240-))


=
(
(
(
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
=
) 240 240 cos(
) 240 240 cos( ) 120 120 cos(
) 120 120 cos( ) 2 cos( ) cos(
2
V
m
|
| |
| | |
wt wt
wt wt wt wt
wt wt wt wt wt
I
m

= | | { } ) 480 2 cos( ) 240 2 cos( ) 2 cos( cos 3
2
V
m
| | | | + + wt wt wt
I
m

= ( ) | | ) 240 2 cos( ) 120 2 cos( 2 cos cos
2
3
| | | | + + wt wt wt I V
m m

= 0 cos
2 2
3 |
m m
I V

= | cos 3
ph ph
I V
26. Ans:- (d)
Sol:- KVAR demand of load at 0.8 power factor =
3
10 86 . 36 sin 3 12
=12.47KVAR
] 86 . 36 8 . 0 cos [
0 1
= =

|
KVAR demand of load at unity power factor =12 0 0 sin 3 =
KVAR to be supplied by capacitor
Bank connected at load=12.47-0=12.47KVAR
27. Ans;- (d)
Sol:- propagation constant for loss less line LC f t | 2 =
Velocity of light
LC
1
= u

|
t u
2 1
= = =
LC f
f

Km 4 . 4947
00127 . 0
2
= =
t

06 . 6 0606 . 0
4 . 4747
300
= = =
wavelength
Linelength
%
28. Ans:- (c)
Hint:- P=I
2
R=
2
2
2
3 3 V
R S
R
V
S
=
|
.
|
\
|


P
2
1
V
o
29. Ans:- (c)
The Reactor is initially open circuit
V
2
=V+V
1
=1.0+1.0=2.0 p.u
V
1
=reflected voltage
V
2
=Switched voltage
30. Ans:- (a)
Sol:- =Line impedance angle, =30
o
,=0
0
, A=D=1.0
( Given line is short line)
P
sending
( ) o | o | + = cos ) cos(
2
B
V V
V
B
D
r s
S

Q
sending
( ) o | o | + = sin ) sin(
2
B
V V
V
B
D
r s
S

P
sending
( ) 30 90 cos
5
100 100
) 0 90 cos( 100
5
0 . 1 2
+
=
=1000 W
Q
sending
( ) 30 90 sin
5
100 100
) 0 90 sin( 100
5
0 . 1 2
+
=
=268 VAR
31. Ans:- (d)
Sol: SIL
c
Z
V
2
=
SIL= Mw 400
400
400 400
=
=
To carrey 500Mw a double circuit 400Kv line is used.
32. Ans:- (c)
Sol:- To enhance the power transmission in a long EHV transmission line, a series
capacitance compensator is used.

X
V
P
2
= series capacitor will reduce the reactance.


Two Marks Questions:-
33. Ans:- (d)
Sol:- Reactive Power absorbed by reactor=
L
X
V
2

Q
1
= MVAR
L f
V
1000
2
1
2
1
=
t

If V
2
=0.98V
1
&f
2
=0.96f
1
Then reactive power absorbed =
L f
V
2
2
2
2t

Q
2
=
( )
L f
V
) 96 . 0 ( 2
98 . 0
1
2
1
t

Q
2
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
L f
V
1
2
1
2
000416 . 1
t

Q
2
=1.000416100MVAR
Q
2
=100.04MVAR
34. Ans:- (a)
Sol:- Admittance per phase(Y)=C=0.510
-4 0
80 Z S
Charging current per phase = V
ph
Y
=
4 3
10 5 . 0 10
3
220

=
3
11
A
35. Ans:- (b)
Sol:- 3-Phase,11KV,50Hz,200Kw load , at power factor=0.8
KVAR demand of Load (Q
1
)= ( ) 8 . 0 cos sin
8 . 0
10 220
1
3

Q
1
=150KVAR
KVAR demand of load at UPF=0
So as to operate the load at UPF, we have to supply the 150KVAR by using
capacitor bank
KVAR rating of A- connected capacitor bank= KVAR
X
V
Cph
ph
150
3
2
=

( )
3
2
10 150
11000 3
=
Cph
X

Cph
X = 2420
O = 2420
2
1
fc t

3153 . 1
2420 50 2
1
=

=
t
C F
C~ 1.316 F
36. Ans:- (b)
Hint:- Initially without compensator P
max
=
X
V
2

With a compensator at the middle of the line, power transfer capability,
P
max1
=
X
V
2
2

If the compensator is kept at the 75% of the line from the sending end, then the
longer transmission line would clearly determine the overall transmission limit.

P
max2
=
X
V
75 . 0
2

P
max
: P
max1
:P
max1
=1:2:
75 . 0
1

37. Ans:- (d)
Sol:- Empirical formula for corona loss is given by
P ( ) km ph Kw V V
d
r f
d p
/ /
25
10 241
2 5

|
.
|
\
| +
=

o

Corona loss, P( ) 25 + f

( )
( ) 25
25
1
2
1
2
+
+
=
f
f
P
P

( )
( )
KW Kw P 13 . 1
25 50
25 60
1
2
=
+
+
=
Corona loss at 60Hz (P
2
)=1.13KW/Km/Ph


38. Ans:- (a)
The voltage profile for the given line is shown in fig.

39. Ans:- (b)
Sol:- Given A=D=0.90
0
,B=20090
0
/C, C=0.9510
-3
90
0

(
=
(
1
0 1
1 1
1 1
Y D C
B A
D C
B A

V
s
=A
1
V
ro
A
1
=1.0
A+BY=1.0
Y= ;
90 200
1 . 0
Z
Z=2000
40. Ans:- (d)
Sol:-
In this case Z
2
=Z
3

The Refracted voltage V
2
=
1 3 3 2 2 1
3 2
2
Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z VZ
+ +

1 3
2
2 2 1
2
2
2
Z Z Z Z Z
VZ
+ +
=

=
2 1
2
2
2
Z Z
VZ
+

Z
1
=characteristic impedance of cable
Z
2
=Z
3
=characteristic impedance of overhead line
Z
1
= O =
28 . 28
10 5 . 0
10 4 . 0
/
/
6
3
Km C
km L

Z
2
= O =
22 . 316
10 015 . 0
10 5 . 1
/
/
6
3
Km C
km L

V
2
=2
) 22 . 316 ( ) 28 . 28 2 (
22 . 316
10 20
3
+

V
2
=39.93KV
41. Ans:- (b)
Per phase current of the load
0
86 . 36 40
6 8
400
Z =
+
=
j

Power factor = cos36.86
=0.8(lagging)
By connecting a bank of star connected capacitors, the reactive power component of
current is changed, where as the active power component of current is unchanged.
Active power component of current = Icos

I
1
cos
1
= I
2
cos
2

400.8=I
2
0.9
I
2
=35.55A
2
=Cos
-1
(0.9)=25.84
0

I
2
=I
1
+I
c

I
c
=I
2
+I
1

=35.55 -25.84
0
-40 -36.86
0

I
c
=8.590
0

KVAR of th star connected bank
KVAR demand of load at 0.8 lag power factor
=
1
sin 3 |
L L
I V
= 6 . 0 40 3 400 3

=28.800KVAR
KVAR demand of load at 0.9lag power factor
=
2
sin 3 |
L L
I V
= 84 . 25 sin 40 3 400 3
=18.593KVAR
KVAR to be supplied by star connected capacitor bank
=28.8-18.59
=10.206KVAR
42. Ans:- (a)
Sol:- As the current is distributed equally, current on each side=5000A
Surge impedance of transmission line=205

The magnitude of transient over voltage=2505000
= 1250KV
43.
Ans:- (c)

Sol:-
Power received by load=50MW
Current at receiving end=
| cos 3
r r
I V

9 . 0 10 220 3
10 50
3
6

=
r
I

= 145.79A
Load power factor cos=0.9, =25.84
0

0
84 . 25 79 . 145 Z =
r
I

0
77 . 7 246 . 133 Z =
S
V KV
Line to line sending voltage=
0
77 . 7 246 . 133 3 Z KV
=230.787.77
0
KV
Magnitude of line to line sending end voltage=230.78KV.
44. Ans:- (c)
Sol:- Let the initial power factor angle=
1

After connecting a capacitor the power factor angle =
2

r r s
BI AV V + =

Given
2
=cos
-1
0.97
=14.07
0

KVAR supplied by capacitor= P(Tan
1
Tan
2
)
2
6
10 =4
6
10 P(Tan
1
Tan 14.07)

1
=36.89
0
cos
1
=0.8lag
Hence if the capacitor goes out of service the load power factor will become 0.8
lagging
45. Ans:- (b)
Sol:-
Tow networks are cascaded

C=1/Z
2

Given C=0.02545
0

Z
2
=1/C
Z
2
=40-45
0

46.
Ans:- (c)

Sol:
Under no load condition I
R
=0
V
R(N.L)
=
94 . 0
10 240
3
=
A
V
S

V
R(N.L)
= 255.3KV
% Voltage regulation = 100
) . (
) . ( ) . (
L F R
L F R L N R
V
V V

100
220
220 3 . 255
=
=16%

47. Ans:- (c)
Sol:- Velocity of wave propagation
(
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
=
(
r
r
S
S
I
V
Z
Z
I
V
1
1
0 1
1 0
1
2
1

Velocity wave propagation (u )
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
Km
C
Km
L
1

Let l be the total length of line
Total reactance of the line=0.045p.u.=2t fL
Total Inductance of line
50 2
045 . 0
=
t

Total susceptance of line=1.2.p.u= fc t 2
Total capacitance of line
50 2
045 . 0
=
t

Inductance/Km
l
=
50 2
045 . 0
t

Capacitance/Km
l
=
50 2
2 . 1
t

l l

=
50 2
2 . 1
50 2
045 . 0
1
t t
0

l
4
5
10 4 . 7
1
10 30

=
Length of the line (l)=222km

48. Ans:- (c)
Sol:-
Given SIL=
C
Z
V
2
=2280MW
Let characteristic impedance(Z
c
)= u p
Y
Z
oc
sc
. 0 . 1
0 . 1
0 . 1
= =

km ce admit
km impedance
/ tan
/
=
30% Series capacitive compensation is provided

So Z
sc
=0.7 times original value
Z
cnew
= u p
Y
Z
oc
sc
. 836 . 0
0 . 1
7 . 0 7 . 0
= =

SIL
new
=
836 . 0
2280
836 . 0
2 2
= =
C Cnew
Z
V
Z
V
=2727MW
49. Ans:- (b)
Hint:-
(A). Shunt capacitor is used at load end to improve the voltage profile. At the same
time it also improves the power factor at the load side.
(B). Series reactor smoothens the wave shape.
(C). By using series capacitor the net reactance of the line decreases
Power flow in the line= o Sin
X
EV

X
P
1
o (So power flow of the line increases)
(D) Ferranti effect occurs during light load and no load condition of a long
transmission
Line due to shunt capacitance. To overcome the shunt capacitance effect we have to
connect the inductor in shunt to prevent the failure of insulation due to over
voltage.
50. Ans:-
Load rating =100 KW at 0.7 power factor (Lagging)
3-phse supply voltage = 11kv
KVAR demand of load at 0.7 P.f is
KVAR Q 020 . 102 ) 7 . 0 sin(cos
7 . 0
10 100
1
3
1
=

KVAR demand of load at 0.95 p.f is

KVAR Q 868 . 32 ) 95 . 0 sin(cos
95 . 0
10 100
1
3
2
=

Hence to operate the load at 0.95 power factor
KVAR to be supplied by using series capacitors = (102.020-32.868)KVAR =
69.152KVAR
31
2
X
C
=69.152KVAR
A I
I
I V
L
L
L L
525 . 5
10 100 95 . 0 10 11 3
10 100 cos 3
3 3
3
=
=
= |

Since transmission line is a Y connected one
I
Line
=I
ph

X
c
/ ph =
( )
125 . 755
2
1
125 . 755
252 . 5 3
10 152 . 69
2
3
=
O =

f C t

C/ph= F
t
215 . 4
125 . 755 50 2
1
=

Since series capacitors are connected in phase manner
KVAR rating of each capacitor = KAVR 05 . 23
3
152 . 69
=
Rating of capacitor is, 4.215 F, 23.05KAVR, 11KV [GATE 1997]

51. Ans:
(a) Nominal - t equivalent circuit of given transmission line is shown below.
Figure

Total resistance of each conductor, R
L
= 0.25 x 150 = 37.5 O / ph
Total inductive reactance of each conductor, X
L
= 0.5 x 150 = 75 O / ph

Total capacitive admittance to neutral, Y
C
= 0.04 x 10
-4
x 150 = 6 x 10
-4
S/ph
F C
f C
Y
C
t
t
9098 . 1
50
10 3
10 3 10 3
2
4
4 4
=
=
= =

KV V
KV ph V
j
j
j j
j
ph V
L L cieving
receiving
receiving
498 . 67 97 . 38 3
97 . 38
) 33 . 3333 5 . 37 (
33 . 3333 10
3
66
) 33 . 3333 75 5 . 37 (
33 . 3333 10
3
66
) ( Re
3
3
= =
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
+
|
.
|
\
|
=

[GATE 1999]

52. Sol :- (a) By neglecting transmission line resistance for a long line, the nominal -
t

|
.
|
\
|
=
3
275
s
V
X
L
=0.05 x 400 = 20O
Y = 3x400 x 10
-6
= 1200 x 10
-6
= 1.2 ms
( )
O = =
=
=

67 . 1666
2 /
1
2
. 0
2
10 2 . 1
2
3
Y
X
ms
Y
C

Receiving end voltage

( )
KV x V
KV V
j
j
V
x j jx
x j V
V
L L r
rph
rph
C L
c s
rph
34 . 278 3 7 . 160
7 . 160
10
67 . 1646
67 . 1666
3
275
2
2
) (
3
= =
=

Sol: (b)For a flat line magnitude of voltage throughout the line length is same. To
have
flat voltage profile the load impedance must be equal to characteristic
impedance of transmission line.
Characteristic impedance Z
C
=
ceperkm admit
erkm impedancep
C
L
tan
=

6
10 3
05 . 0
=
=129O
Characteristic impedance loading =
C
L L
Z
v
2
) (

=
( )
129
10 275
2
3

=586.24 MW
(c)1.2 times of surge impedance loading =1.2x586.24 MW
= 703.5 MW
In this case the loading is greater than the surge impedance loading. To achieve
flat voltage profile the compensation must be of capacitive type.[GATE 2000]
53. Ans:-
Sol:- Figure

V
S
=V
R
cos h (|1) + jZ
C
sinh (|1) I
R

From standard form V
S
= AV
R
+ BI
R

A=cosh((|1) , B= jZ
C
sinh (|1)
A= cosh (1.2x10
-3
x100) = 1.0

B= j 400 sin h (1.2 x 10
-3
x 100) = 48.11
0
90 Z
Since given transmission line is of 100km length, let us consider the line as
short line
V
S
~V
R
= 230KV
Maximum power transferred P
max
is given as
P
rmax
= ( ) o | cos
2
r
r S
V
B
A
B
V V

Q
rmax
= - ) sin(
2
o |
R
V
B
A

) 0 90 cos( ) 10 230 (
11 . 48
1
11 . 48
10 230 230
2 3
6
max

=
r
P
P
rmax
=1102.083MW
MVAR
Q
r
83 . 1102
10 ) 0 90 sin( 230
11 . 48
1
6
2
max
=
=

Total power transferred = (1102.083-j 1102.83) MVA [GATE-2000]

Solutions for Practice questions
1-b 6-a 11-a 16-a 21-d 26-b
2-b 7-a 12-a 17-a 22-c 27-a
3-a 8-a 13-b 18-d 23-c 28-a
4-a 9-c 14-b 19-d 24-a 29-c
5-c 10-a 15-c 20-b 25-b 30-c

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Z 120 and current lags voltage by

90 in case of inductive load)

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