Chapter 13 Assessment

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SOLUTIONS MANUAL
CHAPTER
Gases
Gases
Solutions Manual Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 13 253
Section 13.1 The Gas Laws
pages 442451
Practice Problems
page 443
Assume that the temperature and the amount of
gas are constant in the following problems.
1. The volume of a gas at 99.0 kPa is 300.0 mL. If
the pressure is increased to 188 kPa, what will
be the new volume?
158 mL
V
2

V
1
P
1

_

P
2

(300.0 mL)(99.0 kPa)

__

188 kPa
158 mL
2. The pressure of a sample of helium in a
1.00-L container is 0.988 atm. What is the new
pressure if the sample is placed in a 2.00-L
container?
0.494 atm
P
2

V
1
P
1

_

V
2

(1.00 L)(0.988 atm)

__

2.00 L
0.494 atm
3. Challenge Air trapped in a cylinder fitted
with a piston occupies 145.7 mL at 1.08 atm
pressure. What is the new volume when the
piston is depressed, increasing the pressure
by 25%?
117 mL
P
2
1.08 atm (1.08 atm 0.25) 1.35 atm
V
2

V
1
P
1

_

P
2

(145.7 mL)(1.08 atm)

__

1.35 atm
117 mL
Problem-Solving Lab
page 444
Lungs
Diaphragm
Ribs
1. Apply Boyles law to explain why air enters
your lungs when you inhale and leaves when
you exhale.
Boyles Law states that at constant temperature,
the volume of a gas varies inversely with
pressure. When you inhale, lung volume
increases. Pressure decreases and air moves
in. When you exhale, lung volume decreases.
Pressure increases and air moves out.
2. Explain what happens inside the lungs when
a blow to the abdomen knocks the wind out of
a person. Use Boyles law to determine your
answer.
When someone is hit in the abdomen, the
diaphragm is temporarily paralyzed. When the
diaphragm does not move up and down, lung
volume does not change. If the volume does not
change, pressure inside the lungs does not change,
and air is not drawn in and out of the lungs.
3. Infer Parts of the lungs lose elasticity and
become enlarged when a person has emphysema.
From what you know about Boyles law, why
does this condition affect breathing?
If parts of the lungs lose elasticity, it is more
difficult to change lung volume. With less change
in volume, there is less difference in pressure.
With less difference in pressure, it is more difficult
for air to enter or exit the lungs.
13
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254 Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 13 Solutions Manual
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
CHAPTER
13
4. Explain why beginning scuba divers are taught
never to hold their breath while ascending from
deep water.
As a scuba diver ascends, pressure decreases.
A decrease in pressure results in an increase
in volume. If a diver holds his or her breath
while ascending, air volume in the lungs would
increase.
Practice Problems
pages 446450
4. What volume will the gas in the balloon below
occupy at 250 K?
4.3 L
350 K
3.1 L
V
2

V
1
T
2

_

T
1

(4.3 L)(250 K)

__

350 K
3.1 L
5. A gas at 89C occupies a volume of 0.67 L.
At what Celsius temperature will the volume
increase to 1.12 L?
330C
T
1
89C 273 362 K
T
2

T
1
V
2

_

V
1

(362 K)(1.12 L)

__

0.67 L
605 K
605 273 332C 330C
6. The Celsius temperature of a 3.00-L sample of
gas is lowered from 80.0C to 30.0C. What
will be the resulting volume of this gas?
2.58 L
T
1
80.0C 273 353 K
T
2
30.0C 273 303 K
V
2

V
1
T
2

_

T
1

(3.00 L)(303 K)

__

353 K
2.58 L
7. Challenge A gas occupies 0.67 L at 350 K.
What temperature is required to reduce the
volume by 45%?
190 K
V
2
0.67 L (0.67 L 0.45) 0.37 L
T
2

T
1
V
2

_

V
1

(350 K)(0.37 L )

__

0.67 L
190 K
Assume that the volume and the amount of gas
are constant in the following problems.
8. The pressure in an automobile tire is 1.88 atm
at 25.0C. What will be the pressure if the
temperature increases to 37.0C?
1.96 atm
T
1
25.0C 273 298 K
T
2
37.0C 273 310 K
P
2

P
1
T
2

_

T
1

(1.88 atm)(310 K)

__

298 K
1.96 atm
9. Helium gas in a 2.00-L cylinder is under
1.12 atm pressure. At 36.5C, that same gas
sample has a pressure of 2.56 atm. What
was the initial temperature of the gas in the
cylinder?
138C
T
2
36.5C 273 309.5 K
T
1

T
2
P
1

_

P
2

(309.5 K)(1.12 atm)

__

2.56 atm
135 K
135 K 273 138C
10. Challenge If a gas sample has a pressure
of 30.7 kPa at 0.00C, by how many degrees
Celsius does the temperature have to increase to
cause the pressure to double?
273C
T
1
0.00C 273 273 K
P
2

(30.7 kPa)(2) 61.4 kPa
T
2

T
1
P
2

_

P
1

(273 K)(61.4 kPa)

__

30.7 kPa
546 K
546 K 273 273C
The temperature must increase by 273C.
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SOLUTIONS MANUAL
CHAPTER
13
Assume that the amount of gas is constant in the
following problems.
11. A sample of air in a syringe exerts a pressure
of 1.02 atm at 22.0C. The syringe is placed in
a boiling water-bath at 100.0C. The pressure is
increased to 1.23 atm by pushing the plunger in,
which reduces the volume to 0.224 mL. What
was the initial volume?
0.214 mL
T
1
22.0C 273 295 K
T
2
100.0C 273 373 K
V
1

V
2
T
1
P
2

_

T
2
P
1

(0.224 mL)(295 K)(1.23 atm)

___

(373 K)(1.02 atm)

0.214 mL
12. A balloon contains 146.0 mL of gas confined
at a pressure of 1.30 atm and a temperature of
5.0C. If the pressure doubles and the
temperature decreases to 2.0C, what will be
the volume of gas in the balloon?
72 mL
T
1
5.0C 273 278 K
T
2
2.0C 273 275 K
V
2

P
1
T
2
V
1

_

P
2
T
1

(1.30 atm)(275 K)(146.0 mL)

___

(2.60 atm)(278 K)

72 mL
13. Challenge If the temperature in the gas
cylinder below increases to 30.0C and the
pressure increases to 1.20 atm, will the
cylinders piston move up or down?
1.00 atm
30.0 mL
0.00C
down
T
1
0.00C 273 273 K
T
2
30.0C 273 303 K

V
2

_

V
1

P
1
T
2

_

P
2
T
1

(1.00 atm)(303 K)

__

(1.20 atm)(273 K)
0.92
This is a ratio, so there are no units. 0.92 < 1, so
V
2
must be less than V
1
. The final volume is less
than the original volume, so the piston will move
down.
Section 13.1 Assessment
page 451
14. State the relationship among pressure, tempera-
ture, and volume of a fixed amount of gas.
This relationship is given by the combined gas
law. P
1
V
1
/T
1
P
2
V
2
/T
2
. For example: when the
temperature increases, either the volume or
pressure increases (or both).
15. Explain Which of the three variables that
apply to equal amounts of gases are directly
proportional? Which are inversely proportional?
P and V are directly proportional to T, and P and
V are inversely proportional to each other.
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SOLUTIONS MANUAL
CHAPTER
13
16. Analyze A weather balloon is released into
the atmosphere. You know the initial volume,
temperature, and air pressure. What informa-
tion will you need to predict the volume when it
reaches its final altitude? Which law would you
use to calculate this volume?
You would need to know the final temperature
and final pressure to calculate the final volume.
Use the combined gas law.
17. Infer why gases such as the oxygen used
at hospitals are compressed. Why must
compressed gases be shielded from high
temperatures? What must happen to compressed
oxygen before it can be inhaled?
A greater mass confined to a smaller volume
makes transporting and storing of gases easier.
Increasing temperature increases pressure,
and the cylinders might explode. Before
compressed oxygen can be breathed, it must be
decompressed.
18. Calculate A rigid plastic container holds
1.00 L of methane gas at 660 torr pressure
when the temperature is 22.0C. How much
pressure will the gas exert if the temperature is
raised to 44.6C?
711 torr
T
1
22.0C 273 295 K
T
2
44.6C 273 318 K
P
2

P
1
T
2

_

T
1

(660 torr)(318 K)

__

295 K
711 torr
19. Design a concept map that shows the relation-
ship among pressure, volume, and temperature
in Boyles, Charless, and Gay-Lussacs laws.
The concept map should show how P, V, and T
are proportional to one another. It should also
label each pair of variables used in the gas laws.
Constant
amount of gas
Temperature
held constant
Pressure
held constant
Volume
held constant
P
1
V
1
P
2
V
2
V
1
V
2
T
1
T
2
T
1
T
2
Boyles law Charless law Gay-Lussacs

law
P
1
P
2
Section 13.2 The Ideal Gas Law

pages 452459
Practice Problems
pages 453455
20. What size container do you need to hold
0.0459 mol of N
2
gas at STP?
1.03 L
0.0459 mol

22.4 L

_

1 mol

1.03 L
21. How much carbon dioxide gas, in grams, is in a
1.0-L balloon at STP?
2.0 g
1.0 L
1 mol

_

22.4 L
0.045 mol
0.045 mol
44.0 g

_

1 mol
2.0 g
22. What volume in milliliters will 0.00922 g of H
2

gas occupy at STP?
102 mL
0.00922 g
1 mol

_

2.02 g
0.00457 mol
0.00457 mol
22.4 L

_

1 mol
0.102 L or 102 mL
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SOLUTIONS MANUAL
CHAPTER
13
23. What volume will 0.416 g of krypton gas
occupy at STP?
0.111 L
0.416 g
1 mol

_

83.80 g
0.00496 mol
0.00496 mol
22.4 L

_

1 mol
0.111 L
24. Calculate the volume that 4.5 kg of ethylene
gas (C
2
H
4
) will occupy at STP.
3.6 10
3
L
4.5 kg
1000 g

_

1 kg

1 mol

_

28.00 g

22.4 L

_

1 mol
3.6 10
3
L
25. Challenge A flexible plastic container
contains 0.860 g of helium gas in a volume
of 19.2 L. If 0.205 g of helium is removed at
constant pressure and temperature, what will be
the new volume?
14.6 L
0.860 g 0.205 g 0.655 g He remaining
Set up the problem as a ratio.

V

_

0.655 g

19.2 L

_

0.860 g

Solve for V.
V
(19.2 L)(0.655 g)

__

0.860 g
14.6 L
26. Determine the Celsius temperature of 2.49 mol
of a gas contained in a 1.00-L vessel at a
pressure of 143 kPa.
266C
143 kPa
1.00 atm

_

101.3 kPa
1.41 atm
T
PV

_

nR

(1.41 atm)(1.00 L)

___

(2.49 mol)(0.0821
L
atm

_

mol
K
)
6.90 K
6.90 K 273 266C
27. Calculate the volume of a 0.323-mol sample of a
gas at 265 K and 0.900 atm.
7.81 L
V
nRT

_

P

(0.323 mol)(0.0821
L
atm

_

mol
K
)(265 K)

____

0.900 atm

7.81 L
28. What is the pressure, in atmospheres, of a
0.108-mol sample of helium gas at a tempera-
ture of 20.0C if its volume is 0.505 L?
5.14 atm
T 20.0C 273 293 K
P
nRT

_

V

(0.108 mol)(0.0821
Latm

_

mol
K
)(293 K)

____

0.505 L

5.14 atm
29. If the pressure exerted by a gas at 25C in a
volume of 0.044 L is 3.81 atm, how many
moles of gas are present?
6.9 10
3
mol
n
PV

_

RT

(3.81 atm)(0.44 L)

___

(0.0821
Latm

_

molK
)(298 K)

6.9 10
3
mol
30. Challenge An ideal gas has a volume of
3.0 L. If the number of moles of gas and the
temperature are doubled while the pressure
remains constant, what is the new volume?
12 L
PV nRT

P

_

R

nT

_

V
Because P and R are constants, they can
be removed from the equation.

n
1
T
1

_

V
1

n
2
T
2

_

V
2
where n
2
2n
1
and T
2
2T
1

n
1
T
1

_

V
1

2n
1
2T
1

_

V
2

Multiply both sides by
1

_

n
1
and
1

_

T
1

.

1

_

V
1

(2)(2)

_

V
2

V
2
4V
1
V
2
4(3.0 L) 12 L
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SOLUTIONS MANUAL
CHAPTER
13
Problem-Solving Strategy
page 458
Apply the Strategy
Derive Boyles law, Gay-Lussacs law, and the
combined gas law based on the example above.
Students work should use the strategy to show the
derivation from the ideal gas law to Boyles law
(P
1
V
1
P
2
V
2
), Gay-Lussacs law (P
1
/T
1
P
2
/T
2
), and
the combined gas law (P
1
V
1
/T
1
P
2
V
2
/T
2
).
page 459
31. Explain why Avogadros principle holds true
for gases that have small particles and for gases
that have large particles.
The size of any gas particle is so small compared
to the volume of the gas, it is assumed that no
particle has any volume of its own.
32. State the equation for the ideal gas law.
PV nRT
33. Analyze how the ideal gas law applies to real
gases using the kinetic-molecular theory.
A real gas behaves most like an ideal gas under
conditions that increase the distance and reduce
the attractions among gas particles. The best
conditions for that are high temperature and low
pressure.
34. Predict the conditions under which a real gas
might deviate from ideal behavior.
A real gas might deviate from ideal behavior
under conditions that decrease the distance and
increase the attractions among gas particles, such
as low temperature and high pressure.
35. List common units for each variable in the ideal
gas law.
P : atm, mm Hg, torr, kPa; V: L, mL; T: K; n: mol
36. Calculate A 2.00-L flask is filled with
propane gas (C
3
H
8
) at a pressure of 1.00 atm
and a temperature of 15.0C. What is the
mass of the propane in the flask?
4.16 g
T 15C 273 258 K
n
PV

_

RT

(1.00 atm)(2.00 L)

___

(0.0821
Latm

_

mol
K
)(258 K)
0.0944 mol
molar mass (3 12.01 g/mol)
(8 1.008 g/mol) 44.09 g/mol
mass n M (0.0944 mol)(44.09 g/mol)
4.16 g
37. Make and Use Graphs For every 6C drop
in temperature, the air pressure in a cars tires
goes down by about 1 psi (14.7 psi 1.00 atm).
Make a graph illustrating the change in tire
pressure from 20C to 20C (assume 30.0 psi
at 20C).
-12 -14 -16 -18 -20 -8 -10 -4 -6 -2 0
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
4 2 8 10 14 18 20 6 12 16
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
p
s
i
)
Temperature (C)
Temperature vs. Pressure
Graph should show air pressure vs. temperature;
the resulting plot will be a straight line showing a
direct relationship between the variables.
Section 13.3 Gas Stoichiometry
pages 460464
Practice Problems
pages 461463
38. How many liters of propane gas (C
3
H
8
) will
undergo complete combustion with 34.0 L of
oxygen gas?
6.80 L C
3
H
8
C
3
H
8
(g) 5O
2
(g) 0 3CO
2
(g) 4H
2
O(g)
34.0 L O
2

1 L C
3
H
8

_

5 L O
2
6.80 L C
3
H
8
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SOLUTIONS MANUAL
CHAPTER
13
39. Determine the volume of hydrogen gas needed
to react completely with 5.00 L of oxygen gas
to form water.
10.0 L H
2
2H
2
(g) O
2
(g) 0 2H
2
O(g)
5.00 L O
2

2 L H
2

_

1 L O
2
10.0 L H
2
40. What volume of oxygen is needed to
completely combust 2.36 L of methane
gas (CH
4
)?
4.72 L O
2
CH
4
(g) 2O
2
(g) 0 CO
2
(g) 2H
2
O(g)
2.36 L CH
4

2 L O
2

_

1 L CH
4
4.72 L O
2
41. Challenge Nitrogen and oxygen gases react
to form dinitrogen monoxide gas (N
2
O). What
volume of O
2
is needed to produce 34 L of
N
2
O?
17 L O
2
N
2
O
2
N
2
O
2N
2
O
2
2N
2
O
34 L N
2
O
1 L O
2

_

2 L N
2
O
17 L O
2
42. Ammonium nitrate is a common ingredient in
chemical fertilizers. Use the reaction shown to
calculate the mass of solid ammonium nitrate
that must be used to obtain 0.100 L of dini-
trogen monoxide gas at STP.
NH
4
NO
3
(s) 0 N
2
O(g) 2H
2
O(g)
0.357 g NH
4
NO
3
0.100 L N
2
O
1 mol

_

22.4 L
0.00446 mol N
2
O
0.00446 mol N
2
O
1 mol NH
4
NO
3

__

1 mol N
2
O

0.00446 mol NH
4
NO
3
0.00446 mol NH
4
NO
3
80.03 g/mol
0.357 g NH
4
NO
3
43. When solid calcium carbonate (CaCO
3
) is
heated, it decomposes to form solid calcium
oxide (CaO) and carbon dioxide gas (CO
2
).
How many liters of carbon dioxide will
be produced at STP if 2.38 kg of calcium
carbonate reacts completely?
533 L CO
2
CaCO
3
0 CaO CO
2
2.38 kg
1000 g

_

1 kg

1 mol CaCO
3

__

100.09 g

1 mol CO
2

__

1 mol CaCO
3

22.4 L

_

1 mol
533 L CO
2
44. When iron rusts, it undergoes a reaction with
oxygen to form iron(III) oxide.
4Fe(s) 3O
2
(g) 0 2Fe
2
O
3
(s)
Calculate the volume of oxygen gas at STP that
is required to completely react with 52.0 g of
iron.
15.6 L O
2
52.0 g Fe
1 mol Fe

_

55.85 g Fe

3 mol O
2

_

4 mol Fe

22.4 L

_

1 mol

15.6 L O
2
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45. Challenge An excess of acetic acid is added
to 28 g of sodium bicarbonate at 25C and
1 atm pressure. During the reaction, the gas
cools to 20C. What volume of carbon dioxide
will be produced? The balanced equation for
the reaction is shown below.
NaHCO
3
(aq) CH
3
COOH(aq) 0
NaCH
3
COO(aq) CO
2
(g) H
2
O(l)
7.9 L CO
2
Molecular mass of sodium bicarbonate
83.9 g/mole
28 g NaHCO
3

1 mol NaHCO
3

__

83.9 g

0.33 mol NaHCO
3
For each mole of sodium bicarbonate, one mole
of CO
2
is produced, so 0.33 mol NaHCO
3
will
produce 0.33 mol CO
2
.
For an ideal gas, molar volume is 22.4 L at 273 K
and 1 atm.
T 20C 273 293 K
0.33 mol CO
2

22.4 L

_

1 mol

293 K

_

273 K
7.9 L of CO
2
page 464
46. Explain When fluorine gas combines with
water vapor, the following reaction occurs.
2F
2
(g) 2H
2
O(g) 0 O
2
(g) 4HF(g)
If the reaction starts with 2 L of fluorine gas,
how many liters of water vapor react with the
fluorine, and how many liters of oxygen and
hydrogen fluoride are produced?
2 L H
2
O, 1 L O
2
, and 4 L HF
2 L F
2

2 L H
2
O

_

2 L F
2
2 L H
2
O
2 L F
2

1 L O
2

_

2 L F
2
1 L O
2
2 L F
2

4 L HF

_

2 L F
2
4 L HF
47. Analyze Is the volume of a gas directly or
indirectly proportional to the number of moles
of a gas at constant temperature and pressure?
Explain.
Directly proportional; as the amount of gas
increases, so does volume.
48. Calculate One mole of a gas occupies a
volume of 22.4 L at STP. Calculate the tempera-
ture and pressure conditions needed to fit
2 mol of a gas into a volume of 22.4 L.
Student answers may vary. Temperature can be
halved or pressure doubled or a combination of
lowering temperature and increasing pressure.
49. Interpret Data Ethene gas (C
2
H
4
) reacts with
oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water. Write
a balanced equation for this reaction, then find
the mole ratios of substances on each side of
the equation.
C
2
H
4
(g) 3O
2
(g) 0 2CO
2
2H
2
O
1:3 2:2
Chapter 13 Assessment
pages 468471
Section 13.1
Mastering Concepts
50. State Boyles law, Charless law, Gay-Lussacs
law, and the combined gas law in words and
equations.
Boyles law: the volume of a given amount
of gas held at a constant temperature varies
inversely with pressure, P
1
V
1
P
2
V
2
; Charless
law: the volume of a given mass of gas is directly
proportional to its kelvin temperature at constant
pressure, V
1
/T
1
V
2
/T
2
; Gay-Lussacs law: the
pressure of a given mass of gas varies directly
with the kelvin temperature when the volume
remains constant, P
1
/T
1
P
2
/T
2
; combined gas
law: states the relationship among pressure,
volume, and temperature of a fixed amount of
gas, P
1
V
1
/T
1
P
2
V
2
/T
2
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51. If two variables are inversely proportional, what
happens to the value of one as the value of the
other increases?
One variable always decreases as the other
increases.
52. If two variables are directly proportional, what
happens to the value of one as the value of the
other increases?
One variable always increases as the other
increases.
53. List the standard conditions for gas
measurements.
T 0.00C (273 K) and P 1.00 atm
54. Identify the units most commonly used for P,
V, and T.
atm for pressure, kelvin for temperature, and L
for volume
Mastering Problems
50 0 100 150 250 300 400 350 200
V
o
l
u
m
e

(
m
L
)
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Temperature (K)
(100 K, 200 mL)
(300 K, 600 mL)
(200 K, 400 mL)
Temperature and Volume Data
55. Use Charless law to determine the accuracy of
the data plotted in Figure 13.13.
Charless law states that the volume of a
given mass of gas is directly proportional to
temperature. The graphed data follow this law
because doubling the temperature doubles the
volume, so the data are accurate.
56. Weather Balloons A weather balloon is
filled with helium that occupies a volume of
5.00 10
4
L at 0.995 atm and 32.0C. After
it is released, it rises to a location where the
pressure is 0.720 atm and the temperature is
12.0C. What is the volume of the balloon at
the new location?
5.91 10
4
L
T
1
32.0C 273 295 K
T
2
12C 273 261 K
V
2

P
1
V
1
T
2

_

T
1
P
2

(0.995 atm)(5.00 10
4
L)(261 K)

___

(305 K)(0.720 atm)

5.91 10
4
L
57. Use Boyles, Charless, or Gay-Lussacs law
to calculate the missing value in each of the
following.
a. V
1
2.0 L, P
1
0.82 atm,
V
2
1.0 L, P
2
?
1.6 atm
P
2

P
1
V
1

_

V
2

(0.82 atm)(2.0 L)

__

(1.0 L)
1.6 atm
b. V
1
250 mL, T
1
?,
V
2
400 mL, T
2
298 K
200 K
T
1

T
2
V
1

_

V
2

(298 K)(250 mL)

__

(400 mL)
186 K 200 K
c. V
1
0.55 L, P
1
740 mm Hg,
V
2
0.80 L, P
2
?
510 mm Hg
P
2

P
1
V
1

_

V
2

(740 mm Hg)(0.55 L)

__

(0.80 L)

510 mm Hg
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58. Hot-Air Balloons A sample of air
occupies 2.50 L at a temperature of 22.0C.
What volume will this sample occupy inside
a hot-air balloon at a temperature of 43.0C?
Assume that the pressure inside the balloon
remains constant.
2.68 L
T
1
22.0C 273 295 K
T
2
43.0C 273 316 K
V
2

V
1
T
2

_

T
1

(2.50 L)(316 K)

__

(295 K)
2.68 L
59. What is the pressure of a fixed volume of
hydrogen gas at 30.0C if it has a pressure of
1.11 atm at 15.0C?
1.17 atm
T
1
15.0C 273 288 K
T
2
30.0C 273 303 K
P
2

P
1
T
2

_

T
1

(1.11 atm)(303 K)

__

(288 K)
1.17 atm
V
1
= 500 mL
P
1
= 108 KPa
T
1
= 10.0C
V
2
= 750 mL
T
2
= 21.0C
N
2
N
2

60. A sample of nitrogen gas is transferred to a
large flask, as shown in Figure 13.14. What is
the pressure of nitrogen in the second flask?
74.8 kPa
T
1
10.0C 273 283 K
T
2
21.0C 273 294 K
P
2

P
1
V
1
T
2

_

T
1
V
2

(108 kPa)(500.0 mL)(294 K)

___

(283 K)(750.0 mL)

74.8 kPa
Section 13.2
Mastering Concepts
61. State Avogadros principle.
At a fixed temperature and pressure, equal
volumes of any ideal gas contain equal numbers
of particles.
62. State the ideal gas law.
The ideal gas law describes the physical behavior
of an ideal gas in terms of the pressure, volume,
temperature, and number of moles of gas
present.
63. What volume is occupied by one mol of a gas
at STP? What volume does 2 mol occupy at
STP?
22.4 L; 44.8 L
64. Define the term ideal gas, and explain why there
are no true ideal gases in nature.
An ideal gas is one whose particles take up no
space and have no intermolecular attractive
forces, and it follows the gas laws under all
conditions of temperature and pressure. No
gas is truly ideal because all gas particles have
some volume and are subject to intermolecular
interactions.
65. List two conditions under which a gas is least
likely to behave ideally.
high pressure and low temperature
66. What units must be used to express the temper-
ature in the equation for the ideal gas law?
Explain.
Kelvin units; V is not directly proportional to
Celsius temperature.
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Mastering Problems
67. Home Fuel Propane (C
3
H
8
) is a gas
commonly used as a home fuel for cooking and
heating.
a. Calculate the volume that 0.540 mol of
propane occupies at STP.
12.1 L
0.540 mol
22.4 L

_

1 mol
12.1 L
b. Think about the size of this volume and the
amount of propane that it contains. Why do
you think propane is usually liquefied before
it is transported?
Propane occupies a much smaller volume
when liquefied.
68. Careers in Chemistry A physical chemist
measured the lowest pressure achieved in a
laboratoryabout 1.0 10
15
mm Hg. How
many molecules of gas are present in a 1.00-L
sample at that pressure if the samples tempera-
ture is 22.0C?
3.3 10
4
molecules
T 22.0C 273 295 K
n
PV

_

RT

(1.0 10
15
mm Hg)(1.00 L)

___

(62.4
L
mm Hg

_

mol
K
)(295 K)

5.4 10
20
mol
5.4 10
20
mol
6.02 10
23
molecules

___

1 mol

3.3 10
4
molecules
69. Calculate the number of moles of O
2
gas held
in a sealed, 2.00-L tank at 3.50 atm and 25.0C.
How many moles would be in the tank if the
temperature was raised to 49.0C and the pres-
sure remained constant?
0.286 mol; 0.265 mol
T 25.0C 273 298 K
n
PV

_

RT

(3.50 atm)(2.00 L)

___

(0.0821
Latm

_

mol
K
)(298 K)
0.286 mol
T 49.0C 273 322 K
n
PV

_

RT

(3.50 atm)(2.00 L)

___

(0.0821
Latm

_

mol
K
)(322 K)
0.265 mol
70. Perfumes Geraniol is a compound found in
rose oil that is used in perfumes. What is the
molar mass of geraniol if its vapor has a density
of 0.480 g/L at a temperature of 260.0C and a
pressure of 0.140 atm?
1.50 10
2
g/mol
Assume 1 mol of geraniol.
T 260.0C 273 533 K
V
nRT

_

P

(1 mol)(0.0821
Latm

_

mol
K
)(533 K)

___

0.140 atm
313 L
mass density volume (0.480 g/L)(313 L)
1.50 10
2
g in 1 mole
71. Find the volume that 42 g of carbon monoxide
gas occupies at STP.
34 L
n 42 g CO
1 mol CO

__

28.01 g CO
1.5 mol CO
V 1.5 mol
22.4 L

_

1 mol
34 L
72. Determine the density of chlorine gas at 22.0C
and 1.00 atm.
2.93 g/L
Molar mass Cl
2
70.90 g/mol
T 22.0C 273 295 K
D
MP

_

RT

(70.90 g/mol)(1.00 atm)

___

(0.0821 L atm/mol K)(295 K)

2.93 g/L
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Nitrogen
N
2
Propane
C
3
H
8
Mass of C
3
H
8
0.52 kg
Mass of N
2
0.38 kg
73. Which of the gases in Figure 13.15 occupies
the greatest volume at STP? Explain
your answer.
The N
2
occupies the greatest volume at STP. The
N
2
occupies 310 L, while the C
3
H
8
occupies only
260 L.
0.52 kg C
3
H
8

1000 g

_

1 kg

1 mol

_

44.1 g
11.8 mol C
3
H
8
11.8 mol
22.4 L

_

1 mol
260 L C
3
H
8
0.38 kg N
2

1000 g

_

1 kg

1 mol

_

28.0 g
13.6 mol N
2
13.6 mol
22.4 L

_

1 mol
310 L N
2
74. If the containers in Figure 13.15 each hold
4.00 L, what is the pressure inside each?
Assume ideal behavior.
propane: 66.1 atm; nitrogen: 76.2 atm
PV nRT
propane:
P
nRT

_

V

(11.8 mol C
3
H
8
)(0.0821
L
atm

_

molK
)(273 K)

____

4.00 L

66.1 atm
nitrogen:
P
nRT

_

V

(13.6 mol N
2
)(0.0821
Latm

_

molK
)(273 K)

____

4.00 L

76.2 atm
Atm
2.0 3.0
1.0
0 . 0
4.0
5 . 0
P = 1.08 atm
T = 15.0C
75. A 2.00-L flask is filled with ethane gas (C
2
H
6
)
from a small cylinder, as shown in Figure 13.16.
What is the mass of the ethane in the flask?
2.75 g
T 15C 273 288 K
n
PV

_

RT

(1.08 atm)(2.00 L)

___

(0.0821
Latm

_

mol
K
)(288 K)
0.0914 mol
(6 1.008 g/mol) 30.07 g/mol
mass n M (0.0914 mol)(30.07 g/mol)
2.75 g
76. What is the density of a sample of nitrogen
gas (N
2
) that exerts a pressure of 5.30 atm in a
3.50-L container at 125C?
4.55 g/L
D
MP

_

RT

(28.0
g

_

mol
)(5.30 atm)

___

(0.0821
Latm

_

molK
)(398 K)
4.55 g/L
77. How many moles of helium gas (He) would be
required to fill a 22-L container at a tempera-
ture of 35C and a pressure of 3.1 atm?
2.7 mol
T 35C 273 308 K
n
PV

_

RT

(3.1 atm)(22 L)

___

(0.0821
Latm

_

mol
K
)(308 K)
2.7 mol
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78. Before a reaction, two gases share a container at
a temperature of 200 K. After the reaction, the
product is in the same container at a tempera-
ture of 400 K. If both V and P are constant,
what must be true of n?
With a constant volume and pressure and
doubling of the temperature, the number of
moles would be half the initial number of moles.
Section 13.3
Mastering Concepts
79. Why must an equation be balanced before using
it to determine the volumes of gases involved in
a reaction?
Equation coefficients represent ratios among gas
volumes in the reaction.
80. It is not necessary to consider temperature and
pressure when using a balanced equation to
determine relative gas volume. Why?
Temperature and pressure are the same for each
gas involved in the reaction. These conditions
affect each gas in the same way.
81. What information do you need to solve a
volume-mass problem that involves gases?
balanced equation, at least one mass or volume
value for a reactant or product, and P and T
conditions under which gas volumes have been
measured
82. Explain why the coefficients in a balanced
chemical equation represent not only molar
amounts but also relative volumes for gases.
Avogadros principle states that equal volumes
of gases at the same temperature and pressure
contain equal numbers of particles (or an equal
number of moles). Therefore, the coefficients also
represent the relative volumes of the gases.
83. Do the coefficients in a balanced chemical
equation represent volume ratios for solids and
liquids? Explain.
No, this relationship only applies to gases that
behave like ideal gases.
Mastering Problems
84. Ammonia Production Ammonia is often
formed by reacting nitrogen and hydrogen
gases. How many liters of ammonia gas can be
formed from 13.7 L of hydrogen gas at 93.0C
and a pressure of 40.0 kPa?
9.13 L NH
3
N
2
3H
2
0 2NH
3
13.7 L H
2

2 L NH
3

_

3 L H
2
9.13 L NH
3
85. A 6.5-L sample of hydrogen sulfide is treated
with a catalyst to promote the reaction shown
below.
2H
2
S(g) O
2
(g) 0 2H
2
O(g) 2S(s)
If the H
2
S reacts completely at 2.0 atm and
290 K, how much water vapor, in grams, is
produced?
9.7 g
Determine volume ratios from the balanced
chemical equation:
2 volumes H
2
S

__

2 volumes H
2
O

6.5 L H
2
S
(

2 L H
2
O

_

2 L H
2
S

)
6.5 L H
2
O
n
PV

_

RT

n
(2.0 atm)(6.5 L H
2
O)

___

(0.0821
Latm

_

mol
K
)(290 K)
0.54 mol
(1 15.999 g/mol) 18.015 g/mol
mass n M (0.54 mol)(18.015 g/mol) 9.7 g
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86. To produce 15.4 L of nitrogen dioxide at 310 K
and 2.0 atm, how many liters of nitrogen gas and
oxygen gas are required?
N
2
gas: 7.7 L; O
2
gas: 15.4 L
Write a balanced chemical equation:
N
2
2O
2
0 2NO
2
The molar relationship between O
2
and NO
2
is
1:1 based on the balanced chemical equation.
Therefore, the volume of O
2
gas is 15.4 L. The
molar relationship between N
2
and NO
2
is 1:2.
(15.4 L NO
2
)
1 L N
2

_

2 L NO
2
7.7 L N
2
87. Use the reaction shown below to answer these
questions.
2CO(g) + 2NO(g) 0 N
2
(g) + 2CO
2
(g)
a. What is the volume ratio of carbon monoxide
to carbon dioxide in the balanced equation?
1:1
b. If 42.7 g of CO is reacted completely
at STP, what volume of N
2
gas will be
produced?
17.1 L
n
CO
42.7 g CO
1 mol CO

__

28.01 g CO
1.52 mol CO
n
N
2
1.52 mol CO
1 mol N
2

_

2 mol CO
0.762 mol N
2
V
N
2
(0.762 mol) (22.4 L/mol) 17.1 L
88. When 3.00 L of propane gas is completely
combusted to form water vapor and carbon
dioxide at 350C and 0.990 atm, what mass of
water vapor results?
4.2 g
2C
3
H
8
10O
2
0 6CO
2
8H
2
O
3.00 L C
3
H
8

8 L H
2
O

_

2 L C
3
H
8
12.0 L H
2
O
T 350C 273 623 K
n
PV

_

RT

(0.990 atm)(12.0 L)

___

(0.0821
Latm

_

mol
K
)(623 K)
0.232 mol H
2
O
mass 0.232 mol H
2
O
18.02 g H
2
O

__

1 mol H
2
O

4.2 g H
2
O

89. When heated, solid potassium chlorate (KClO
3
)
decomposes to form solid potassium chloride
and oxygen gas. If 20.8 g of potassium chlorate
decomposes, how many liters of oxygen gas
will form at STP?
5.70 L
2KClO
3
0 2KCl 3O
2
molar mass KClO
3
39.10 g/mol 35.45 g/mol
(3 16.00 g/mol) 122.55 g/mol
n
KClO
3
20.8 g KClO
3

1 mol KClO
3

__

122.55 g KClO
3

0.170 mol KClO
3

n
O
2
0.170 mol KClO
3

3 mol O
2

__

2 mol KClO
3

0.255 mol O
2
V 0.255 mol
22.4 L

_

1 mol
5.70 L O
2
90. Acetylene The gas acetylene, often used for
welding, burns according to the following
equation.
2C
2
H
2
(g) 5O
2
(g) 0 2H
2
O(g) 4CO
2
(g)
If you have a 10.0-L tank of acetylene at
25.0C and 1.00 atm pressure, how many moles
of CO
2
will be produced if you burn all the
acetylene in the tank?
0.817 mol
(10.0 L C
2
H
2
)
4 volumes CO
2

__

2 volumes C
2
H
2
20.0 L CO
2
T 25C 273 298 K
n
PV

_

RT

(1.00 atm)(20.0 L)

___

(0.0821
L
atm

_

mol
K
)(298 K)
0.817 mol CO
2
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SOLUTIONS MANUAL
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Mixed Review
91. Gaseous methane (CH
4
) undergoes complete
combustion by reacting with oxygen gas to
form carbon dioxide and water vapor.
a. Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
CH
4
(g) 2O
2
(g) 0 CO
2
(g) 2H
2
O(g)
b. What is the volume ratio of methane to
water in this reaction?
1:2
Atm
2
.0
3.0
1
.
0
0
. 0
4
.
0
5
. 0
125C
7.0 L
92. Calculate the amount of water vapor, in grams,
contained in the vessel shown in Figure 13.17.
3.9 g
T 125C 273 398 K
m
MPV

_

RT

(18.015
g

_

mol
)(1.0 atm)(7.0 L)

___

(0.0821
Latm

_

molK
)(398 K)
3.9 g
93. Television Determine the pressure inside a
television picture tube with a volume of 3.50 L
that contains 2.00 10
5
g of nitrogen gas at
22.0C.
4.94 10
6
atm
n 2.00 10
5
g N
2

1 mol N
2

__

28.02 g N
2

7.14 10
7
mol
T 22.0C 273 295 K
P
nRT

_

V

(7.14 10
7
mol)(0.0821
Latm

_

mol
K
)(295 K)

____

3.50 L

4.94 10
6
atm
94. Determine how many liters 8.80 g of carbon
dioxide gas would occupy at:
n 8.80 g CO
2

1 mol CO
2

__

44.01 g CO
2

0.200 mol CO
2

a. STP
4.48 L
V 0.200 mol
22.4 L

_

1 mol
4.48 L
b. 160C and 3.00 atm
2.37 L
T 160C 273 433 K
V
nRT

_

P

(0.200 mol)(0.0821
L
atm

_

mol
K
)(433 K)

____

3.00 atm

2.37 L
c. 288 K and 118 kPa
4.06 L
V
nRT

_

P

(0.200 mol)(8.314
L
kPa

_

mol
K
)(288 K)

____

118 kPa

4.06 L
95. Oxygen Consumption If 5.00 L of hydrogen
gas, measured at a temperature of 20.0C and
a pressure of 80.1 kPa, is burned in excess
oxygen to form water, what mass of oxygen
will be consumed? Assume temperature and
pressure remain constant.
2.63 g
2H
2
(g) O
2
(g) 0 2H
2
O(g)
V
O
2
5.00 L H
2

1 L O
2

_

2 L H
2
2.50 L O
2

T 20.0C 273 293 K
n
PV

_

RT

(80.1 kPa)(2.50 L)

__

(8.314
LkPa

_

molK
)(293 K)
0.0822 mol O
2
mass 0.0822 mol O
2

32.00 g O
2

__

1 mol O
2
2.63 g O
2

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96. A fixed amount of oxygen gas is held in a
1.00-L tank at a pressure of 3.50 atm. The
tank is connected to an empty 2.00-L tank by
a tube with a valve. After this valve has been
opened and the oxygen is allowed to flow freely
between the two tanks at a constant tempera-
ture, what is the final pressure in the system?
1.17 atm
P
2

P
1
V
1

_

V
2

(3.50 atm)(1.00 L)

__

3.00 L
1.17 atm
97. If 2.33 L of propane at 24C and 67.2 kPa is
completely burned in excess oxygen, how many
moles of carbon dioxide will be produced?
0.19 mol
C
3
H
8
5O
2
0 3CO
2
4H
2
O
2.33 L C
3
H
8

3 L CO
2

_

1 L C
3
H
8
6.99 L CO
2

T 24C 273 297 K
n
PV

_

RT

(67.2 kPa)(6.99 L)

__

(8.314
L
kPa

_

molK
)(297 K)
0.190 mol CO
2
98. Respiration A human breathes about 0.50 L
of air during a normal breath. Assume the
conditions are at STP.
a. What is the volume of one breath on a cold
day atop Mt. Everest? Assume 60C and
253 mm Hg pressure.
1.2 L
n
PV

_

RT

(760 mm Hg)(0.50 L)

___

(62.4
L
mm Hg

_

mol
K
) (273 K)
0.022 mol
T 60C 273 213 K
V
nRT

_

P

(0.022 mol)(62.4
L
mm Hg

_

mol
K
)(213 K)

____

253 mm Hg

1.2 L
b. Air normally contains about 21% oxygen.
If the O
2
content is about 14% atop Mt.
Everest, what volume of air does a person
need to breathe to supply the body with the
same amount of oxygen?
0.75 L

21%

_

14%
100 1.5
0.50 L 1.5 0.75 L
Think Critically
99. Apply An oversized helium balloon in a
floral shop must have a volume of at least
3.8 L to rise. When 0.1 mol is added to the
empty balloon, its volume is 2.8 L. How many
grams of He must be added to make it rise?
Assume constant T and P.
0.56 g

n
1

_

n
2

V
1

_

V
2

n
2

n
1
V
2

_

V
1

(0.1 mol)(3.8 L)

__

2.8 L
0.14 mol
0.14 mol 4.003
g

_

mol
0.56 g
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100. Calculate A toy manufacturer uses tetrafluo-
roethane (C
2
H
2
F
4
) at high temperatures to fill
plastic molds for toys.
a. What is the density (in g/L) of C
2
H
2
F
4
at
STP?
4.55 g/L
(2 1.008 g/mol) (4 18.998 g/mol)
102 g/mol
D
MP

_

RT

(102
g

_

mol
) (1.00 atm)

___

(0.0821
L
atm

_

mol
K
) (273 K)
4.55 g/L
b. Find the molecules per liter of C
2
H
2
F
4
at
220C and 1.0 atm.
1.51 10
22
molecules per liter
n
PV

_

RT

(1.0 atm) (1.0 L)

___

(0.0821
L
atm

_

mol
K
) (493 K)

n 0.025 mol
1 L of C
2
H
2
F
4
contains 0.025 mol
1 mole 6.023 10
23
molecules
0.025 mol
6.023 10
23
molecules

___

1 mol

1.51 10
22
molecules
101. Analyze A solid brick of dry ice (CO
2
)
weighs 0.75 kg. Once the brick has fully
sublimated into CO
2
gas, what would its
volume be at STP?
381 L
0.75 kg 750 g

750 g

_

44
g

_

mol

17.0 moles

22.4 L

_

1 mol
17.0 mol 381 L
102. Apply Calculate the pressure of 4.67 10
22

molecules of CO gas mixed with 2.87 10
24

molecules of N
2
gas in a 6.00-L container at
34.8C.
20.4 atm
n
CO
4.67 10
22
molecules

1 mol

___

6.02 10
23
molecules
0.0776 mol CO
n
N
2
2.87 10
24
molecules

1 mol

___

6.02 10
23
molecules
4.77 mol N
2
n
total
0.0776 mol CO 4.77 mol N
2
4.85 mol
T 34.8C 273 307.8 K
P
nRT

_

V

(4.85 mol) (0.0821
Latm

_

mol
K
) (307.8 K)

____

6.00 L

20.4 atm
103. Apply When nitroglycerin (C
3
H
5
N
3
O
9
)
explodes, it decomposes into the following
gases: CO
2
, N
2
, NO, and H
2
O. If 239 g of
nitroglycerin explodes, what volume will the
mixture of gaseous products occupy at
1.00 atm pressure and 2678C?
1850 L
molar mass C
3
H
5
N
3
O
9
(3 12.01) (5 1.008)
(3 14.01) (9 16.00) 227.10 g/mol
n 239 g C
3
H
5
N
3
O
9

1 mol C
3
H
5
N
3
O
9

__

227.10 g C
3
H
5
N
3
O
9

1.05 mol C
3
H
5
N
3
O
9
4C
3
H
5
N
3
O
9
(s) 0 12CO
2
(g) 5N
2
(g) 2NO(g)
10H
2
O(g)
1.05 mol C
3
H
5
N
3
O
9

29 mol gas products

__

4 mol C
3
H
5
N
3
O
9

7.61 mol gas products
V
nRT

_

P

(7.61 mol) (0.0821
L
atm

_

molK
) (2951 K)

____

1.00 atm
1850 L
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SOLUTIONS MANUAL
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104. Make and Use Graphs The data in
Table 13.3 show the volume of hydrogen gas
collected at several different temperatures.
Illustrate these data with a graph. Use the
graph to complete the table. Determine the
temperature at which the volume will reach
a value of 0 mL. What is this temperature
called?
Volume of H
2
Collected
Trial T(C) V(mL)
1 300 48
2 175 37
3 110 32
4 0 22
5 100 15
6 150 11

300 200 100 0 100 200 300
0
10
20
30
40
50
Volume vs. Temperature
Temperature (C)
V
o
l
u
m
e

(
m
L
)
Extrapolating the graph to a volume of 0 mL
intersects the temperature axis at approximately
273C, the temperature called absolute zero.
105. Apply What is the numerical value of the
ideal gas constant (R) in

cm
3
Pa

_

mol
K
?
8.314 10
6

cm
3
Pa

_

mol
K

R
8.314 L
kPa

__

mol
k

1000 cm
3

_

1 L

1000 Pa

_

1 kPa

8.314 10
6

cm
3
Pa

_

mol
K

106. Infer At very high pressures, will the ideal
gas law calculate a pressure that is higher
or lower than the actual pressure exerted by
a sample of gas? How will the calculated
pressure compare to the actual pressure at low
temperatures? Explain your answers.
At high pressures and low temperatures, the
ideal gas law will calculate a pressure that
is higher than the gas actually exerts. Under
these conditions, the effects of intermolecular
forces become more important. Attractions
between particles will lower the force of the
collisions with the container wall, resulting in an
actual pressure that is lower than the pressure
calculated by the ideal gas law.
Challenge Problem
107. Baking A baker uses baking soda as the
leavening agent for his pumpkin-bread recipe.
The baking soda decomposes according to two
possible reactions.
2NaHCO
3
(s) 0 Na
2
CO
3
(s) H
2
O(l)
CO
2
(g)
NaHCO
3
(s) H
(aq) 0 H
2
O(l) CO
2
(g)
Na
(aq)
Calculate the volume of CO
2
that forms per
gram of NaHCO
3
by each reaction process.
Assume the reactions take place at 210C and
0.985 atm.
2NaHCO
3
(s) 0 Na
2
CO
3
(s) H
2
O(l) CO
2
(g)
0.24 L per gram
NaHCO
3
(s) H
(aq) 0 H
2
O(l) CO
2
(g)
Na
(aq) 0.48 L per gram

(1) 2NaHCO
3
(s) 0 Na
2
CO
3
(s) H
2
O(l) CO
2
(g)
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SOLUTIONS MANUAL
CHAPTER
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Molar ratio between NaHCO
3
and CO
2
: 2:1
V
nRT

_

P

(1.0 mol) (0.0821
L
atm

_

mol
K
) (483 K)

___

0.985 atm

V 40.2 L of CO
2
2 mol of NaHCO
3
produces 40.2 L of CO
2
2 mol 84.2 g/mole 168 g of NaHCO
3
168 g of NaHCO
3
2
40.2 L/168 g 0.24 L/g
(2) NaHCO
3
(s) H
(aq) H
2
O(l) CO
2
(g)
Na
(aq)
Molar ratio between NaHCO
3
and CO
2
: 1:1
V
nRT

_

P

(1.0 mol) (0.0821
L atm

_

mol K
) (483 K)

___

0.985 atm

V 40.2 L of CO
2
1 mol of NaHCO
3
2
84 g of NaHCO
3
2
40.2 L/84 g 0.48 L/g
Cumulative Review
108. Convert each mass measurement to its equivalent
in kilograms. (Chapter 2)
a. 247 g
0.247 kg
247 g
1 kg

_

10
3
g
0.247 kg
b. 53 mg
5.3 10
4
kg
53 mg
1 g

_

10
3
mg

1 kg

_

10
3
g
5.3 10
5
kg
c. 7.23 mg
7.23 10
3
kg
7.23 mg
1 g

_

10
3
mg

1 kg

_

10
3
g
7.23 10
6
kg
d. 975 mg
9.75 10
4
kg
975 mg
1 g

_

10
3
mg

1 kg

_

10
3
g
9.75 10
4
kg
109. Write the electron configuration for each atom.
(Chapter 5)
a. iodine
[Kr] 4d
10
5s
2
5p
5
b. boron
[He] 2s
2
2p
1
c. chromium
[Ar] 3d
5
4s
1
d. krypton
[Ar] 3d
10
4s
2
4p
6
e. calcium
[Ar] 4s
2
f. cadmium
[Kr] 4d
10
5s
2
110. For each element, tell how many electrons are
in each energy level and write the electron dot
structure. (Chapter 5)
a. Kr
2, 8, 18, 8; Kr
b. Sr
2, 8, 18, 8, 2; Sr
c. P
2, 8, 5; P
d. B
2, 3; B
e. Br
2, 8, 18, 7; Br
f. Se
2, 8, 18, 6; Se
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SOLUTIONS MANUAL
CHAPTER
13
111. How many atoms of each element are present
in five formula units of calcium permanga-
nate? (Chapter 7)
5 formula units Ca(MnO
4
)
2
: 5Ca, 10Mn, 40 O
112. You are given two clear, colorless aqueous
solutions. One solution contains an ionic
compound, and one contains a covalent
compound. How could you determine which
is an ionic solution and which is a covalent
solution? (Chapter 8)
The ionic solution will conduct electricity. The
covalent solution will not conduct electricity.
113. Write a balanced equation for the following
reactions. (Chapter 9)
a. Zinc displaces silver in silver chloride.
Zn(s) 2AgCl(aq) 0 ZnCl
2
(aq) 2Ag(s)
b. Sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid react to
form sodium sulfate and water.
2NaOH(aq) H
2
SO
4
(aq) 0 Na
2
SO
4
(aq)
2H
2
O(l)
114. Terephthalic acid is an organic compound
used in the formation of polyesters. It contains
57.8% C, 3.64% H, and 38.5% O. The molar
mass is approximately 166 g/mol. What is
the molecular formula of terephthalic acid?
(Chapter 10)
C
8
H
6
O
4
57.8 g C
1 mol C

_

12.01 g C
4.81 mol C
3.64 g H
1 mol H

_

1.01 g H
3.60 mol H
38.5 g O
1 mol O

_

16.00 g O
2.41 mol O

4.81 mol C

__

2.41
2.00 mol C

3.60 mol H

__

2.41
1.50 mol H

2.41 mol O

__

2.41
1.00 mol O
empirical formula: C
4
H
3
O
2
molar mass C
4
H
3
O
2
(4 12.01 g/mol)
(3 1.01 g/mol) (2 16.00 g/mol)
83.07 g/mol
n
166
g

_

mol

_

83.07
g

_

mol

2.00
molecular formula: C
8
H
6
O
4
115. The particles of which gas have the highest
average speed? The lowest average speed?
(Chapter 12)
a. carbon monoxide at 90C
b. nitrogen trifluoride at 30C
c. methane at 90C
d. carbon monoxide at 30C
c, b
Average speed is greater at higher temperature
and lower at greater molar mass
Additional Assessment
Writing in Chemistry
116. Hot-Air Balloons Many early balloonists
dreamed of completing a trip around the world
in a hot-air balloon, a goal not achieved until
1999. Write about what you imagine a trip in a
balloon would be like, including a description
of how manipulating air temperature would
allow you to control altitude.
Student answers should include a description of
how the difference in density of hot air and cold
air is what allows hot-air balloons to stay aloft,
and how manipulating the rate of heating of air
allows a balloonist to ascend and descend.
117. Scuba Investigate and explain the function of
the regulators on the air tanks used by scuba
divers.
Student answers should include the overall
function of the air tank regulator, a device that
changes air pressure levels and delivers air. The
first stage regulator is the regulator attached to
the scuba tank, and it lowers the tank pressure
to ambient pressure plus a predetermined
pressure (e.g., ambient 140 psi). The second
stage regulator follows the first stage regulator
in line, and it delivers compressed air to the
diver.
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Document-Based Questions
The Haber Process Ammonia (N H
3
) is used in the
production of fertilizer, refrigerants, dyes, and plas-
tics. The Haber process is a method of producing
ammonia through a reaction of molecular nitrogen
and hydrogen. The equation for the reversible
reaction is:
N
2
(g) 3H
2
(g) a 2 NH
3
(g) 92 kJ
Figure 13.18 shows the effect of temperature and
pressure on the amount of ammonia produced by the
Haber process.
0 100 300 400 200
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

y
i
e
l
d

o
f

a
m
m
o
n
i
a
70
350C
400C
450C
500C
550C
50
60
40
30
20
10
0
Pressure (atm)
The Haber Process
118. Explain how the percent yield of ammonia is
affected by pressure and temperature.
Ammonia yield is increased by very high
pressures. Yield decreases at very high
temperatures.
119. The Haber process is typically run at 200 atm
and 450C, a combination proven to yield a
substantial amount of ammonia in a short time.
a. What effect would running the reaction
above 200 atm have on the temperature of
the containment vessel?
Increasing the pressure above 200 atm raises
the temperature.
b. How do you think lowering the temperature
of this reaction below 450C would affect
the amount of time required to produce
ammonia?
Lowering the temperature of this reaction
slows the rate of reaction, increasing
the amount of time required to produce
ammonia.
Standardized Test Practice
pages 472473
Use the graph below to answer Questions 1 and 2.
200 250 300 350 400 450
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
k
P
a
)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Gas A
Gas B
Gas C
Gas D
Temperature (K)
Pressures of Four Gases
at Different Temperatures
1. Which is evident in the graph above?
a. As temperature increases, pressure
decreases.
b. As pressure increases, volume decreases.
c. As temperature increases, the number of
moles decreases.
d. As pressure decreases, temperature
decreases.
d
2. Which behaves as an ideal gas?
a. Gas A
b. Gas B
c. Gas C
d. Gas D
d
C
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SOLUTIONS MANUAL
CHAPTER
13
Use the graph below to answer Question 3.
0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(
C
)
200
160
120
80
40
0
Density (kg/m
3
)
Density of Air
3. The graph shows data from an experiment
which analyzed the relationship between
temperature and air density. What is the inde-
pendent variable in the experiment?
a. density
b. mass
c. temperature
d. time
c
4. Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is used in the manu-
facture of electronics equipment. It reacts with
calcium silicate (CaSi O
3
), a component of
glass. What type of property prevents hydro-
fluoric acid from being transported or stored in
glass containers?
a. chemical property
b. extensive physical property
c. intensive physical property
d. quantitative property
a
5. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a strong base
found in products used to clear clogged
plumbing. What is the percent composition of
sodium hydroxide?
a. 57.48% Na, 60.00% O, 2.52% H
b. 2.52% Na, 40.00% O, 57.48% H
c. 57.48% Na, 40.00% O, 2.52% H
d. 40.00% Na, 2.52% O, 57.48% H
c
Determine the molar mass.
1 mol Na
22.99 g Na

__

1 mol Na
22.99 g Na
1 mol O
16.00 g O

_

1 mol O
16.00 g O
1 mol H
1.008 g H

_

1 mol H
1.008 g H
Total molar mass 22.99 g 16.00 g 1.008 g
39.998 g 40.00 g/mol NaOH
Determine percent by mass.
percent Na
22.99 g/mol

__

40.00 g/mol
100 57.48%
percent O
16.00 g/mol

__

40.00 g/mol
100 40.00%
percent H
1.008 g/mol

__

40.00 g/mol
100 2.52%
Use the circle graph below to answer Question 6.
Hydrogen
4.21%
Oxygen
66.81%
Lithium
28.98%
6. What is the empirical formula for this
compound?
a. LiOH
b. Li
2
OH
c. Li
3
OH
d. LiOH
2

a
Assume a 100 g sample.
Determine the number of moles.
66.81 g O
1 mol O

_

16.00 g O
4.176 mol O
28.98 g Li
1 mol Li

_

6.941 g Li
4.175 mol Li
4.21 g H
1 mol H

_

1.008 g H
4.177 mol H
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SOLUTIONS MANUAL
CHAPTER
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Calculate the simplest ratio of moles.

4.176 mol O

__

4.175
1.000

4.175 mol Li

__

4.175
1.000

4.177 mol H

__

4.175
1.000
The empirical formula is LiOH.
7. While it is on the ground, a blimp is filled with
5.66 10
6
L of He gas. The pressure inside
the grounded blimp, where the temperature is
25C, is 1.10 atm. Modern blimps are nonrigid,
which means that their volumes can change. If
the pressure inside the blimp remains the same,
what will be the volume of the blimp at a height
of 2300 m, where the temperature is 12C?
a. 2.72 10
6
L
b. 5.40 10
6
L
c. 5.66 10
6
L
d. 5.92 10
6
L
b

V
1

_

T
1

V
2

_

T
2

T
1
25C 273 298 K
T
2
12C 273 285 K
V
2

(5.66 10
6
L)(285 K)

__

298 K
5.4 10
6
L
8. Describe several observations that provide
evidence that a chemical change has occurred.
Evidence of chemical change includes temperature
change, color change, the production of an odor
or a gas, and the precipitation of a solid.
9. Identify seven diatomic molecules that occur
naturally, and explain why the atoms in these
molecules share one pair of electrons.
Hydrogen (H
2
), oxygen (O
2
), nitrogen (N
2
),
fluorine (F
2
), chlorine (Cl
2
), bromine (Br
2
), and
iodine (I
2
) occur naturally. By sharing a pair
of electrons, both atoms achieve noble gas
configurations, resulting in atomic stability
10. The diagram below shows the Lewis structure
for the polyatomic ion nitrate (NO
3
). Define
the term polyatomic ion, and give examples of
ions of this type.
N
O
O O
A polyatomic ion is an ion made up of more than
one atom that acts as a single unit with a net
charge. Other examples include hydroxide (OH
),
chlorite (ClO
2
), and cyanide (CN
).
Use the table below to answer Question 11.
Radon Levels August 2004 through July 2005
Date
Radon Level
(mJ/m
3
) Date
Radon
Level
(mJ/m
3
)
8/04 0.15 2/05 0.05
9/04 0.03 3/05 0.05
10/04 0.05 4/05 0.06
11/04 0.03 5/05 0.13
12/04 0.04 6/05 0.05
1/05 0.02 7/05 0.09
11. Radon is a radioactive gas produced when
radium in soil and rock decays. It is a known
carcinogen. The data above show radon levels
measured in a community in Australia. Select
a method for graphing these data. Explain the
reasons for your choice, and graph the data.
Students should choose a bar or line graph for
the data, with justification that each data point
can be represented on the graph.
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SOLUTIONS MANUAL
CHAPTER
13
12. Which diagram shows the relationship between
volume and pressure for a gas at constant
temperature?
V
P
V
P
V
P
V
P
V
P
a. d.
b. e.
c.
d
13. The reaction that provides blowtorches with
their intense flame is the combustion of acety-
lene (C
2
H
2
) with oxygen to form carbon dioxide
and water vapor. Assuming that the pressure
and temperature of the reactants are the same,
what volume of oxygen gas is required to
completely burn 5.60 L of acetylene?
a. 2.24 L
b. 5.60 L
c. 8.20 L
d. 11.2 L
e. 14.0 L
e
Balance the chemical equation: 2C
2
H
2
5O
2
0
4CO
2
2H
2
O
Determine the volume ratio:
5 volumes O
2

__

2 volumes C
2
H
2

V
O
2
5.60 L C
2
H
2

5 LO
2

_

2 L C
2
H
2
14.0 L O
2
14. Assuming ideal behavior, how much pressure
will 0.0468 g of ammonia (N H
3
) gas exert on
the walls of a 4.00-L container at 35.0C?
a. 0.0174 atm
b. 0.296 atm
c. 0.0126 atm
d. 0.00198 atm
e. 0.278 atm
a
P
nRT

_

V

(0.00275 mol )(0.0821 L atm/mol K)(308.0 K)

____

4.00 L

= 0.0174 atm

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Boyles law Charless law Gay-Lussacs

Section 13.2 The Ideal Gas Law

(aq) 0.48 L per gram

), and cyanide (CN

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