Gas Dynamics-Isothermal Flow

Isothermal flow with friction
Introduction
Ø The Fanno flow of an ideal gas through a constant area duct
under adiabatic condition is achievable in practice when the
duct is not very long.
Ø Avoiding heat transfer to the environment is not convenient
when a gas line is taken over long lengths.
Ø The supply of natural or by-product gases over long pipe
lines from an industrial area to a consuming city.
The pipe is exposed to the atmosphere and heat
transfer through the pipe wall is a reality. The pipe gas
attains the environment temperature by heat exchange.
Ø The study of isothermal flow of an ideal gas through a

constant area pipe is applicable to long pipe lines. Friction is
accounted for.
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Cont..
Ø The Reynolds number may be written in the form
ρVD GD
Re = =
µ µ
where, G - mass velocity or mass flow density
D - duct diameter
μ - viscosity of the fluid
For a constant temperature the viscosity of the flowing
fluid μ is a constant. Since G is constant, the Reynolds
number is constant at all points in the flow.
Friction coefficient for a given pipe surface is a function
of the Reynolds number alone, it follows that in isothermal
flow friction coefficient is invariant along the pipe.

Isothermal flow process- T-s diagram
Stagnation temperature line
Isothermal line
1 1 1
M< M= M>
γ γ γ

Isothermal flow – Assumptions
The following assumptions are used to derive
equations for T=constant flow :
1. Perfect gas
2. Constant diameter duct
3. Absence of body forces
4. Steady, one dimensional flow
5. Simple Diabatic, frictional flow at T=cons.

Isothermal flow – Fundamental equations
To describe isothermal flow process, the following
governing relationships are generally used :
Ø Continuity equation
Ø Equation of state
Ø Energy equation
Ø Momentum equation

Cont..
dρ dc
From continuity G =ρc = constant = −
ρ c
From first law of thermodynamics δQ = dho ; ho1 ≠ ho2
dp dρ
From equation of state p = ρRT =
p ρ
From momentum equation
dp γM 2 dx
= − 4 f
p 2  1 − γ M 2  D
 

Direction of isothermal flow process
Case (a) 1 − γ M 2 = + ve
This gives γ M 2 < 1
1
∴ M <
γ
Case (b) 1 - γ M 2 = − ve
This gives γ M 2 > 1
1
∴M >
γ
Limiting Case
dp γM 2 dx
= − 4 f * t 1
p 2  1 − γ M 2  D M =
  γ

Variation of flow parameters- Isothermal flow
Parameter M < 1/√γ M > 1/√γ

(Heating) (Cooling)
Pressure Decreases Increases
Density Decreases Increases
Velocity Increases Decreases
Mach number Increases Decreases
Stagnation Temperature Increases Decreases

2
Increases for M <
Stagnation pressure Decreases γ +1
2
Decreases for M >
γ +1

Property Variations- Isothermal Flow
0.845 0.912

Isothermal Flow – Property ratios
Velocity and Density Stagnation Temperature
C 2 ρ1 M 2
= =  γ −1 2 
C1 ρ2 M 1 T01  1 + M1 
= 2

T02  γ −1 2 
Stagnation Pressure 1+ M2
 2 
γ γ −1
 γ −1 2 
P01 M 2  1 + M1  Impulse Function
=  2 
P02 M1 1 + γ −1 2 
M2 1 + γ M 12
 2  F1
=
M2
×
F2 M1 1 + γ M 22
Change of Entropy
 p1  Duct Length
S 2 − S 1 = R ln  

 p 2  L  L   L 
4f =  4 f max  −  4 f max 
 M2  D  D M  D M
= R ln  
 1 2
 M1 
Limiting Conditions
Choking velocity
Ø As the gas flows along the pipe, its static pressure
decreases. Eventually a limiting condition is reached where
the pipe cannot be increased in length without altering the
upstream conditions; that is the flow has become choked.
Ø Hence the limiting or choking velocity for the isothermal

flow of a perfect gas in a constant-area duct in the
presence of wall friction alone is
1
ML =
γ
cL 1 a L or a1
= ⇒ CL = Q T1 = TL
aL γ γ

Isothermal flow- Problem
Air flows in a long pipe (diameter=0.150 m) under isothermal
conditions. At the pipe inlet, the static temperature and
pressure are 300 K and 3.5 bar, respectively, and the velocity
is 175 m/s. The friction coefficient is 0.005
Calculate (a) the length of pipe required to choke the flow,
(b) the limiting velocity and pressure, and (c) the length of
pipe at the station where the Mach number is 0.60
Solution:
(a) The inlet speed of sound and Mach number are
a1 = a = a* = γRT1 = 1.4 × 287× 300 = 347.2 m / sec

c1 175
M 1= = = 0.50
a1 347.2

Cont..
We know that
L  L   L 
4f =  4 f max  −  4 f max 
D  D M  D M
1 2
at M1 = 0.50 refer isothermal flow table

Lmax 0.807× D 0.807× 0.150
4f = 0.807 ⇒ Lmax = = = 6.05 m
D 4f 4 × 0.005
(b) Limiting velocity and pressure
1
For isothermal flow M* = = 0.84515 ⇒ c* = M*a*
γ
= 0.84515 × 347. 2 = 293.44 m / s
p2 M1 * M1 0.50
We know that = ⇒ p2 = p = p1× = 3.5 × = 2.07 bar
p1 M2 M2 0.84515

Cont..
(c) the length of pipe at the station where the Mach no. is 0.60
L  L   L 
4f =  4 f max  −  4 f max 
D  D M  D M
1 2
L
at M1 = 0.50 from isothermal table 4f = 0.807 and
D
L
at M2 = 0.60 from isothermal table 4f = 0.299
D
L
4(0.005) = 0.807 − 0.299 = 0.508
0.150
0.508× 0.150
∴L = = 3.81 m
4 × 0.005


Gas Dynamics-Isothermal Flow

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Isothermal flow with friction

Ø The study of isothermal flow of an ideal gas through a

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From first law of thermodynamics δQ = dho ; ho1 ≠ ho2

From momentum equation

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Parameter M < 1/√γ M > 1/√γ

Pressure Decreases Increases

Density Decreases Increases

Velocity Increases Decreases

Mach number Increases Decreases

Stagnation Temperature Increases Decreases

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Ø Hence the limiting or choking velocity for the isothermal

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a1 = a = a* = γRT1 = 1.4 × 287× 300 = 347.2 m / sec

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at M1 = 0.50 refer isothermal flow table

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