Ans 1 conventional crime cyber crime

1. Crime is a social and economic

phenomenon and is as old as the
human society. Crime is a legal
concept and has the sanction of
the law. Crime or an offence is a
legal wrong that can be followed
by criminal proceedings which
may result into punishment.
According to Lord Atkin the
criminal quality of an act cannot
be discovered by reference to
any standard but one: is the act
prohibited with penal
consequences.
1. Cyber crime is a generic term that refers
to all criminal activities done using the
medium of computers, the internet, cyber
space and the worldwide web.

2. It is easy to decide jurisdiction
Example in case of murder it is easy
to decide where to file a case
2. but in case of cyber crime it is difficult to
find jurisdiction if parties of case belong to
different jurisdiction because question of
sovereignty arises as it arises in yahoo case
3. In conventional crime activities that
are traditional in nature, such as
theft, fraud, forgery defamation
and mischief etc are included
3. cyber crime would be unlawful acts wherein the
computer is either a tool or a target or both
4. No specific skill required in murder
by knife .
4. Sophisticated skill required to commit this
type of crime.
Example for hacking knowledge computer is
essential .






Ans 3
Cyberterrorism is the convergence of terrorism and cyberspace. It is generally understood to mean
unlawful attacks and threats of attack against computers, networks, and the information stored
therein when done to intimidate or coerce a government or its people in furtherance of political or
social objectives. Further, to qualify as cyberterrorism, an attack should result in violence against
persons or property, or at least cause enough harm to generate fear. Attacks that lead to death or
bodily injury, explosions, plane crashes, water contamination, or severe economic loss would be
examples. Serious attacks against critical infrastructures could be acts of cyberterrorism, depending
on their impact. Attacks that disrupt nonessential services or that are mainly a costly nuisance would
not. putting the public or any section of the public in fear; or affecting adversely the harmony between
different religious, racial, lingual or regional groups or castes or communities; or coercing or overawing the
government established by law; or endangering the sovereignty and integrity of the nation and a cyber
terrorist is the person who uses the computer system as a means or ends to achieve the above objectives.
Every act done in pursuance thereof is an act of cyber terrorism.
Defining cyberterrorism has been a challenge. Cyberterrorism is not necessarily designed to cause a
terrifying visual spectacle that can be exploited for propaganda purposes, as conventional terrorism
is. Defining cyberterrorism as broadly as possible serves those who want to expand control over
cyberspace. Even though only a small amount of cybercrime could actually be designated terrorism,
the term 'cyberterrorism' creates a subliminal linkage in listener's minds to groups such as Al Qaeda
and other globaljihadists. The government and private industry can in turn use fears about Al Qaeda
to create support for tighter controls on electronic information.















Ans 4
In India the Information Technology Act 2000 was passed to provide legal recognition for
transactions carried out by means of electronic communication. The Act deals with the law relating
to Digital Contracts, Digital Property, and Digital Rights Any violation of these laws constitutes a
crime. The Act prescribes very high punishments for such crimes. The Information
Technology (amendment) Act, 2008(Act 10 of 2009) , has further enhanced the punishments.
Life imprisonment and fine upto rupees ten lakhs may be given for certain classes of cyber crimes.
Compensation up to rupees five crores can be given to affected persons if damage is done to
the computer, computer system or computer network by the introduction of virus, denial of
services etc.(S. 46(1-A)). Sections 65-74 the Act specifically deal with certain offences, which can
be called Cyber Crimes
1. Tampering with any computer source code used for a computer, computer programme, computer
system or computer network, is punishable with imprisonment up to three years, or with fine which
may extend up to two lakh rupees, or with both. "Computer source code" means the listing of
programmes, computer commands, design and layout and programme analysis of computer
resource in any form.(S.65)
2. Hacking with computer system is to be punished with imprisonment up to three years, or with
fine which may extend up to five lakh rupees, or with both.(S. 66)
3. Sending offensive or false information through computer or a communicative device is
punishable with imprisonment up to three years and with fine.(S.66A)
4. Receiving or retaining stolen computer resource or communication device is an offence
punishable with imprisonment up to three years and fine up to one lakh or with both. (S.66B).The
same punishment is prescribed for fraudulent use of electronic signature, password etc. of
any other person (S. 66C) and for cheating using computer, cell phone etc. (S.66D)
5. Capturing Transmitting or publishing the image of a private area of any person without consent
is punishable with imprisonment up to three years and with fine up to two lakhs or with both.(S.
66E)
6 Punishment for Cyber terrorism may extend to imprisonment for life. (S.66F)
7. Publishing transmitting information which is obscene in electronic form. shall be punished
on first conviction with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three
years and with fine which may extend to five lakh rupees and in the event of a second or subsequent
conviction with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years and
also with fine which may extend to ten lakh rupees.( S. 67).
8 Publication and transmission of containing sexually explicit act or conduct is to be
punished with imprisonment up to five years and fine up to ten lakh rupees and for second or
subsequent conviction with imprisonment for a term up to seven years and fine up to ten lakh
rupees.(S. 67A) The same punishment is prescribed for child pornography. (S. 67B)
9. Penalty for Misrepresentation
Whoever makes any misrepresentation to, or suppresses any material fact from, the Controller or
the Certifying Authority for obtaining any license or Digital Signature Certificate, as the case
may be. Shall be punished with imprisonment for a term, which may extend to two years, or with
fine which may extend to one lakh rupees, or with both. (S. 71)
10. Penalty for Breach of Confidentiality and Privacy
Any person who has secured access to any electronic record, book, register, correspondence,
information, document or other material without the consent of the person concerned discloses
such electronic record, book. register, correspondence, information, document or other material to
any other person shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years, or
with fine which may extend to one lakh rupees, or with both.( S. 72)
11. Punishment for disclosure of information in breach of contract is imprisonment For a term
up to three years or with fine up to five lakh rupees or with both.( S. 72A)
12. Punishment for publishing Digital Signature Certificate false in certain particulars. Violation
of the above provision is punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years,
or with fine which may extend to one lakh rupees, or with both. (S. 73)
13. Publication for Fraudulent Purpose. -Whoever knowingly creates, publishes or otherwise
makes available a Digital Signature Certificate for any fraudulent or unlawful purpose shall be
punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine which may
extend to one lakh rupees, or with both.(S. 74.) In addition to the prescribed punishments Any
computer, computer system, floppies, compact disks, tape drives or any other accessories related
to the crime shall be liable to confiscation.( S. 76.) S. 75of the Act makes it clear that the provisions
of this Act are applicable to any offence or contravention committed outside India by any person
irrespective of his nationality if the act or conduct constituting the offence or contravention
involves a computer, computer system or computer network located in India






Ans-5

Computer forensics (sometimes known as computer forensic science is a branch of digital forensic
science pertaining to legal evidence found in computers and digital storage media. The goal of computer
forensics is to examine digital media in a forensically sound manner with the aim of identifying, preserving,
recovering, analyzing and presenting facts and opinions about the information.
Cyber forensics can be defined as the process of extracting information and data from computer
storage media and guaranteeing its accuracy and reliability. The challenge of course is actually
finding this data, collecting it, preserving it, and presenting it in a manner acceptable in a court of
law. Electronic evidence is fragile and can easily be modified. Additionally, cyber thieves, criminals,
dishonest and even honest employees hide, wipe, disguise, cloak, encrypt and destroy evidence
from storage media using a variety of freeware, shareware and commercially available utility
programs .A global dependency on technology combined with the expanding presence of the
Internet as a key and strategic resource requires that corporate assets are well protected and
safeguarded.