Test 26.

1. What is luck?
Luck or fortuity is good fortune which occurs beyond ones control, without regard to ones will,
intention, or desired result.
2. What makes luck distinct from chance or probability?
Luck is not associated with the notion of probability or chance but rather with that of fate or
divine help. It refers to that which happens to a person beyond that persons control.
3. Make up your own sentences:
This quotation was ascribed to William Shakespeare.
I have heard a wishful tone over the phone this morning.
His succession to the throne was rather a fortuity than the result of hereditary claim.
4. Finish the sentences:
1. One can differentiate between three different types of luck: constitutional,
circumstantial and ignorance luck.
2. The notion of good fortune with the word speed which besides good fortune
had the wider meaning of prosperity, profit, abundance was expressed during Old
English and Middle English.
3. Spiritual or supernatural beliefs regarding fortune vary widely from one to another,
but most agree that luck can be influenced through spiritual means by performing
certain rituals.
5. Summarize the text in 7-10 sentences.
Luck is good fortune which occurs beyond ones control without regard to ones will,
intention or desired result. There are at least two senses that people usually mean when
they use this term: the prescriptive sense and the descriptive sense. In the prescriptive
sense, luck is supernatural and it is believed that there is a force which prescribes that
certain events occur very much the way laws of physics will prescribe that certain events
occur. In the descriptive sense, luck is a name we give to events after they occur which
we find to be fortuitous. Luck had three aspects which make it distinct from chance or
probability. Luck is good or bad, it happens by accident or chance and it applies to a
person. There are also three different types of luck: constitutional, circumstantial and
the ignorance luck. Constitutional luck is determined by factors that cannot be changed,
place of birth and genetic constitution. Circumstantial luck is/deals with factors that are
haphazardly brought on. Ignorance luck is luck with factors one does not know about.
People who believe in luck are more optimistic; more satisfied with their lives and have
better moods.

II. Grammar.
The World Wildlife Fund is an international organization involved in saving animals and
the environment they live in. It was founded in 1961, and deals many aspects of nature
for example plants, mammals, fish and the correct use of the worlds natural resources.
Money raises from donations by governments, companies, and private individuals, who
are interested in protecting wildlife in its natural habit. The WWF has succeeded in
rescuing at least 30 species of birds and mammals from extinction. If fashionable
women today feel guilty to wear fur coats, it is due to the work of WWF which opposes
to killing of animals for their skin. The education is the key, if more people were aware
of the danger of the environment and its wildlife, then perhaps they would do more
help organizations like the WWF.
III. Civilization topic.
Moldova is full of interesting and unusual places to see and things to do during your
holiday. Visitors around the world are attracted to the beautiful Orheiul Vechi
Monastery that have been carved into limestone cliffs, and wine enthusiasts Cricova
boasts one of the largest wine cellars in the world with over 100 km of underground
streets.
This month I have visited two interesting places of Moldova: the Capriana Monastery
and the village Japca. About 40 km west of Chiinu it is situated the Capriana
Monastery, one of Moldova's oldest, and the erstwhile headquarters to the Bishop of
Moldova. Built in 1429, this convent can be visited any day of the week. Also worth
visiting nearby are the nature reserve of Capriana-Scoreni, the Codrii reserve (Moldova's
oldest) and the oak tree of Stefan the Great.
The Japca Village is famous for being the only location where a convent was allowed to
continue to run during the Soviet era. In the 17th century, the convent was not too
different from a fortress in its structure and evidence of religious activity and hermits
can be traced to 1693. Japca is about 160 km from Chiinu.
IV. Nothing in this world is impossible to a willing heart.
There is nothing impossible in this world; it is only want of determination that brings about
failures. With a strong will one can do wonders. The power of human will is extraordinary. At
first sight many tasks may appear impossible of accomplishment and many are frightened
away. Only a few have the necessary strength of will to pursue their goal; only they know what
it is to struggle towards their ideal.
Occasionally, even very small things like getting up early in the morning, studying for a specified
number of hours, keeping to time, writing prompt letters, call for determination and strength of
will. Most of us are often tempted to postpone too many things and the result is that we com-
plain we do not have time to do them. In most cases, this is just an excuse.
Many of us are also discouraged by apparent failures. Failure is a stepping stone to success but
we wish to keep to success avoiding the steps. There is no short cut to success and the earlier
we realize this, the better it is for us. Great achievements in various fields have been possible
because of men who did not mind initial failures.
All of us possess the will-power. Only some of us use it. The others do not use it and put the
blame for their lures on others. This is what we should never do. If we wish to realize our
ambition, it is not enough to have one; we should always strive towards it unmindful of the
inevitable failures on the way. Nothing in this world is impossible to a willing heart.