SPARSH- PASSING DATA THROUGH HUMAN BODY AS

A MEDIUM
A Report
submitted for partial fulfillment of requirement for
the degree of Electrical Engineering
in Mumbai University
By
VARUN SARMA
!uided By"
Mrs# Shruti Nema
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
LOKMANYA TILAK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
KOPARKHAIRANE,
NAVI MUMBAI
MUMBAI UNIVERSITY
YEAR 2013-2014
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
CERTIFICATE
SPARSH PASSING DATA THROUGH HUMAN BODY AS A MEDIUM
By
VARUN SARMA
A partial fulfillment of BA$E%&R &' E%E$(R)$A% EN!)NEER)N!
*E!REE course of MUMBA) UN)VERS)(+ for the academic year ,-./0,-.1
)nternal !uide E2aminer
3Mrs Shruti Nema4
ead of *epartment 5rincipal
3Mr $#M# 6an7hade4 3*r Vive7 +a7undi4
3%($&E4

$ollege Seal

2
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
6e the abovementioned from BE 3Electrical Engineering4 ta7e great pleasure in presenting our pro8ect
report titled 9S5ARS05ASS)N! *A(A (R&U! UMAN B&*+ AS A ME*)UM:# 6e ;ould li7e
to ta7e this opportunity to than7 Mr $#M# 6an7hade< ead of the *epartment of Electrical Engineering<
%o7manya (ila7 $ollege of Engineering ;ho permitted us to underta7e this pro8ect#
6e ;ould li7e to convey our deepest appreciation for our )nternal !uide< Mrs Shruti Nema< ;hose
continuous support and motivation has allo;ed us to e2press ourselves and helped us to complete this
pro8ect ;ithin the stipulated time#
6e ;ould also li7e to than7 all the people ;ho have directly or indirectly influenced the completion of this
pro8ect#
3
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
ABSTRACT
(his pro8ect is aimed at introducing a ne; developing technology to more ;idespread use in commercial
sector# (his report contains a detailed analysis of the technology called Red(acton< ;hich uses uman
Body as a medium of data transmission#
(he report also contains e2perimental data obtained by use of a ;or7ing model< along ;ith the details of
it=s construction and ;or7ing#
'uture scope and avenues for development of the technology are also included inside this report#
4
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
INDE
Sr No (opic 5age No
.# )ntroduction >
,# %iterature Survey .,
/# Methodology ./
1# )mplementation ,>
?# E2perimental Result /.
># Application /1
@# $onclusion /A
A# References 1-
B# Anne2ure 1,
5
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
FIGURE INDE
Sr No 'igure 5age no
. uman Body (ransmission B
, (ransmission Schematic .-
/ Receiver Schematic ..
1 Model at ;or7 .,
? 6or7ing cycle of model .>
> Bloc7 *iagram of the process .A
@ )nteractive model .B
A Microcontroller ,-
B Bluetooth ,.
.- Bluetooth Modem ,,
.. uman Body )nterface ,/
., $omparator ,1
./ Ceil Soft;are $ode ,B
.1 Attenuation $haracteristics //
.? &utput *elay /1
.> Medical Application . />
.@ Medical Application , />
.A $onsumer Application /@
.B Military Application /A
,- Security Application /B
,. A-?. series Microcontroller 11
,, RN01, series modem 1@
6
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
As tremendous development is going on in the field of 6ireless technology< many of us ;ould have
imagined the future of human being travelling every;here ;ith an antenna# (o have the data at our
fingertips instantly ;e don=t need to be dependent on such on antennas ;hen our body can be used directly
as a medium of transmission itself# (here are Bluetooth< )nfrared< Digbee technologies used for near field
data transmission but all have their o;n dra;bac7s such as a need of line of sight communication< po;er
consumption< data insecurity< lo; throughput# (o overcome this dra;bac7s ;orld is moving to ne; )ntra0
7
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
Body communication# According to the Nippon (elegraph and (elephone %aboratories< Eapan our body is
perfect conductor for electronic data# Red(acton is an application of such )ntra0body communication
devices #Red(acton is named as Red0data transmission ta7e place through human body and (ouch on
Action0triggers the action ;hen human body touch the device# )t uses human body safely as a medium of
data transmission#
)n today=s ;orld< people can communicate anytime< any;here and ;ith anyone over a
cell phone# Also< through internet people can do;nload large quantities of quality data from remote
locations# (hese technologies facilitate far0a;ay communication for the users# Most electronic devices
including personal digital assistants 35*A=s4< poc7et video games and digital cameras have reduction in
siFe< so that they can be carried around and used at the instance of requirement# (hese are used to carry
various personal or public information and communications in everyday activities# o;ever< user friendly
ubiquitous services involve more than 8ust net;or7ing bet;een remotely located terminals# $ommunication
bet;een electronic devices on the human body 3;earable computers4 and ones embedded in our everyday
environments such as illustrated in fig#. is also critical< so this has driven e2tensive research and
development on human area net;or7s# 6ired connections bet;een electronic devices in human area
net;or7s are cumbersome and can easily become entangled# Short range ;ireless communication systems
such as Bluetooth and ;ireless local area net;or7s 3)EEE A-,#..b< etc#4 have some problems#
(hroughput is reduced by pac7et collisions in cro;ded space such as meeting rooms and auditoriums filled
;ith people and communication is not secure because signals can be intercepted# (he principle dra;bac7 of
infrared communication 3)r*A4 is the tight directionality of beams bet;een terminals is needed for the
system to be effective# (he ultimate human area net;or7 solution to all these constraints of conventional
technologies is 9intra body: communication< in ;hich the human body serves as the transmission medium#
)n ubiquitous services 3;hich imply communication bet;een electronic devices embedded in the
environment in close pro2imity to people4< if ;e could use the human body itself as a transmission medium<
then this ;ould be an ideal ;ay of implementing human area net;or7s because it ;ould solve at a stro7e all
the problems including throughput reduction< lo; security and high net;or7 setup costs# (he concept of
intra body communication< ;hich uses the minute electric field propagated by the human body to transmit
information< ;as first proposed by )BM #(he communication mechanism has subsequently been evaluated
and reported by several research groups around the ;orld# o;ever< all those reported technologies had
t;o limitations"
.4 (he operating range through the body ;as limited to a fe; ten of centimeters

SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium

,4 (he top communication speed ;as only B>--bitsGs# (hese limitations arise from the use of an electrical
sensor for the receiver# An electrical sensor requires t;o lines 3a signal line and a ground line4< ;hereas in
intra body communication there is essentially only one signal line i#e# the body itself< ;hich leads to an
unbalanced transmission line< so the signal is not transmitted correctly#
'igure .
!
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium

"#
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium

(he data communication ta7es place in bet;een mobile terminal and other terminals embedded in the
environment# )n proposed methodology< data is transmitted in the form of ?V digital pulses through human
body ;hich is not harmful for human body# *ata transmission is only completed ;hen both terminals are in
touch ;ith the human body 3as sho;n in figure .4# 6hile transmission of data< signals are not radiated
out;ards and they remain localiFed around the terminals and the body=s closed pro2imity< hence it is secure
""
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
than other ;ireless technologies# *ata communication is easily available as it person=s body as a medium#
(herefore it is immune to noise interference# $onsidering all the above advantages Red(acton is promising
application to service the omnipresent era of technology#

F!"#$% 4
Chapter 2
"2
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
LITERATURE SURVEY
"3
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
(he system envisioned by N((< utiliFes a conversion method ;hich ta7es digital data into stream of a lo;0
po;er digital pulses# (hese can be easily decided and read bac7 through the human electric field#
6hile it is true that similar personal area net;or7 35AN4 are already accessible by using radio0based
technologies li7e 6i0'i or Bluetooth< this ne; ;ireless technology claims to be able to send data over the
human s7in surface at speed up to .- mbps< or better than broadband (. connection# Receiving data in such
a system is more complicated because the strength of the pulses sent through the electric field is so lo;#
RE* (A$()&N solves this issue by utiliFing a technique called electric field photonics A laser is
passed through an electro0optic crystal< ;hich deflects light different according to the strength of the field
across it# (hese deflections are measured and converted bac7 into electrical signals to retrieve the
transmitted data#
(he authors proposed that an human arm phantom ;as designed to reduce the uncertainty in
e2periments ;ith human body< (he phantom e2hibits transmission characteristics similar to those of human
body at frequency bet;een .MF and .-MF# A .-#@ MF frequency modulation intra0body transmitter
and receiver are developed ;hich allo; transmission of sine ;aves in presence of e2ternal noise# (he data
;as transmitted at B>--bps using ne;ly fabricated .-#@MF frequency shift 7eying 3'SC4 transmitter and
receiver devices in paper H.I#
(he authors studied the transmission characteristics of the human body as conductor of radio signals
;ith higher frequencies carrier 3up to .1--MF4 in order to find an optimal frequency range for
implementing< broad0band intra0body communication ;ith high data rates# (hey observed a delay and
attenuation during reception of transmitted signal in paper H,I#
(he authors stated that the data transmission through human body is harmless< fast and friendly# )t
also has additional advantage of being independent to the environment in ;hich it is used# (hey observed
that noise interference occurs and this causes loss of data< in other ;ords security lapse# (o improve this
problem they use vascular pattern e2traction algorithm for personal verification applications# (he proposed
direction0based vascular pattern e2traction 3*B5VE4 algorithm is based on directional information of
vascular patterns# (o overcome the dra;bac7 they found an embedded solution# )n this near0infrared light<
reflected or transmitted images of blood vessels of hand or finger are ta7en for personal recognition# (he
person using the Red(acton has to scan his vascular pattern image processing is done by the micro0
controller# )f the image pattern matches then data flo; through human body in paper# So far it is seen that
data is transmitted through human body in digital form at B>-- bps# As human body possess to some
resistance so attenuation ;ill occur on the receiver side# So in order to overcome that resistance ;e use %M0
/?A as a comparator#
"4
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
3&1 E'!()!*" M%)+,-,.,"/
Red(acton is brea7through technology that enables reliable high speed AN# )n the past Bluetooth<
)nfrared $ommunication< radio frequency )* system 3R')*4< and other technologies have been proposed to
solve the 9last meter: connectivity problem#
"5
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
o;ever< they have various fundamental technical constrain their usage< such as the precipitous fall0off in
transmission speed in multi0user environments producing net;or7 congestion#
(he Red(acton transmitter induces a ;ea7 electric field on the surface of our body# Red(acton relies on the
principle that the optical properties of the electro optic crystal can vary according to the changes of a ;ea7
electric field# Red(acton detects changes in the optical properties of an electro optic crystal using a laser
and converts the signal to an electrical signal in a optical receiver circuit# (he naturally occurring electric
field induced on the surface of human body dissipates into earth# (herefore this electric field is
e2ceptionally faint and unstable# *ata is received using a photonic electric field sensor that combines an
electro optic crystal and a laser light to detect fluctuations in the minute electric field 3as sho;n in figure ,4#
F!"#$% 0
As this is an emerging technology< the researches done in this field are still developing# *ue to this the cost
factor lac7s in this technology as it is e2pensive compared to other technologies available in the mar7et#
3&2 P$,1,(%- M%)+,-,.,"/2
uman body is used as conductor under AN technology and every conductor has its properties as
;ell as limitation# uman body offers a resistance of .-<--- ohms# (o use human body as medium for data
transmission< a *$ current is passed ;hich ranges from ?mA0BmA< considering safety of human body# )n
proposed methodology< touch pads are used at transmitter and receiver section to interface ;ith human
body# (he touch pads are connected to respective microcontroller# (he touch pad at the transmitted side
3touch pad.4 is connected to the output port of micro0controller at the transmitter side 3micro0controller.4
and the touch pad at the receiver side 3touch pad,4 is connected to the input port of the miro0controller at
receiver side 3micro0controller ,4#6hen the human body comes in contact ;ith both the touch pads< the
"6
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
circuit gets completed and data transmission is achieved# (he data may be in the form of a te2t file or
stings# 6hen data is provided to micro0controller . in string format< it converts data into pac7et form<
;hich is further passed to touch pad.#6hen human body comes in contact ;ith both touch pads
communication lin7 get established and data reaches on the receiver side# (he received data is converted
bac7 to its original format ;ith the help of micro0controller ,#
*ue to resistive nature of human body< attenuation occurs in the signal on the receiver side# So in
order to over the effect of attenuation on the receiver side signal has to be amplified before decoding# (he
received data is in the form of pac7ets and further micro0controller0,
FEATURES
)t has high security as data is transmitted through human body ;hich cannot be hac7ed easily#
)t has relatively high speed#
)n this technology %ine of sight communication is not required as transmitter and receiver need not
be at same sight#
Superior than )nfra0Red technology and superior than Bluetooth#
(his technology also supports a human chain consisting up to A human bodies#
3&2&1 B.,34 D!5"$56
"7
Android
A$$%i&ation
B%uetooth
Modem
Mi&ro-
&ontro%%er
'
Tou&h $ad
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
F!"#$% 7
(o demonstrate the intra0 body communication ;e are using here business card as an output file#
(his ;ill be provided by an android cell phone#
6e ;ill develop an application ;hich ;ill establish an interfacing ;ith A-?. Microcontroller
through Bluetooth Modem RN01,#
Microcontroller is coded so as to accept the data from cell phone and to feed to the coupling pad
converting into small pac7ets of data#
As human body completes the circuitry by touching both side coupling pad 3i#e# transmitter J
receiver4 data signal ;ill come to the receiver bloc7#
(he received data signal ;ill get amplified by using %M0/?A< to overcome the attenuation#
(his amplified data signal is converted bac7 to its original form using A-?.Microcontroller and it is
fed to the android cell phone through Bluetooth modem
3&2&2 D%(3$!1)!,* ,8 %53+ 9.,34
"
Human
Body
Tou&h $ad
'
(om$arator
Mi&ro-
&ontro%%er
B%uetooth
modem
Android
A$$%i&ation
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
A*-$,!- C%.. 1+,*%" Android is a %inu20based operating system designed primarily for touch screen
mobile devices such as smart phones and tablet computers# Android is open source and !oogle releases the
code under the Apache license# (his open0source code and permissive licensing allo;s the soft;are to be
freely modified and distributed by device manufacturers< ;ireless carriers and enthusiast developers# 6e
have developed an application for android phone ;hich ;ill establish communication bet;een cell phone
and Bluetooth modem connected to micro0controller#

F!"#$% :
M!3$,3,*)$,..%$"
(he A(ABS?, is a lo;0po;er< high0performance $M&S A0bit micro0controller ;ith AC bytes of in0system
programmable 'lash memory# (he device is manufactured using Atmel=s high0density non0volatile memory
technology and is compatible ;ith the industry0standard A-$?. instruction set and pin out# (he on0chip
'lash allo;s the program memory to be reprogrammed in0system or by a conventional non volatile memory
programmer#
By combining a versatile A0bit $5U ;ith in0system programmable 'lash on a monolithic chip< the Atmel
A(ABS?, is a po;erful microcontroller ;hich provides a highly0fle2ible and cost0effective solution to
many embedded control applications# (he A(ABS?, provides the follo;ing standard features" AC bytes of
"!
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
'lash< ,?> bytes of RAM< /, )G& lines< 6atchdog timer< t;o data pointers< three .>0bit timerGcounters< a
si20vector t;o0level interrupt architecture< a full duple2 serial port< on0chip oscillator< and cloc7 circuitry#
)n addition< the A(ABS?, is designed ;ith static logic for operation do;n to Fero frequency and supports
t;o soft;are selectable po;er saving modes# (he )dle Mode stops the $5U ;hile allo;ing the RAM<
timerGcounters< serial port< and interrupt system to continue functioning# (he 5o;er0do;n mode saves the
RAM con0tents but freeFes the oscillator< disabling all other chip functions until the ne2t interrupt or
hard;are reset#
F!"#$% ;
F!"#$% <
2#
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
B.#%),,)+ 6,-%62
(he RN1, is a small form factor< lo; po;erK highly economic Bluetooth radio for &EM=s adding
;ireless capability to their products# (he RN1, supports multiple interface protocols< is simple to design in
and fully certified< ma7ing it a complete embedded Bluetooth solution# (he RN 1, is functionally
compatible ;ith RN 1.# 6ith its high performance on chip antenna and support for Bluetooth Enhanced
*ata Rate 3E*R4< the RN1, delivers up to / Mbps data rate for distances to ,-M# (he RN01, also comes in
a pac7age ;ith no antenna 3RN01,0N4# Useful ;hen the application requires an e2ternal antenna< the RN0
1,0N is shorter in length and has R' pads to route the antenna signal#
F!"#$% 10
H#65* B,-/2
Red(acton is an application of )ntra Body $ommunication that is human body is used as a medium for data
transmission# (his technology has several novel characteristics< ;hich can be summariFed as follo;s"
2"
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
.# *ue to the fact that the signal mainly transmits ;ithin the human body and little radiation lea7s out<
it avoids the disturbance of environmental electromagnetic noise and can achieve comparatively
higher data rates#
,# As a special type of cable communication using the human body as transmission medium< it needs
comparatively lo;er energy consumption#
/# Using this technology< communication can be started or stopped by touching< standing and sitting
do;n of the human body#

F!"#$% 11
uman body offers resistance to current flo;# More than BBL of the bodyMs resistance to electric current
flo; is at the s7in# A calloused< dry hand may have more than .--<--- N because of a thic7 outer layer of
dead cells in the stratum corneum# (he internal body resistance is about /-- N< being related to the ;et<
relatively salty tissues beneath the s7in# (he s7in resistance can be effectively bypassed if there is s7in
brea7do;n from high voltage< a cut< a deep abrasion< or immersion in ;ater# *epending on the resistance< a
22
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
certain amount of current ;ill flo; for any given voltage# )t is the current that determines physiological
effects# Nevertheless< voltage does influence the outcome of an electric shoc7 in a number of ;ays#
No; ;e ;ill see ho; Alternating current and *irect current affects human body# Membranes of
e2citable tissues ;ill pass current into cells most effectively ;hen an applied voltage is changing# (he s7in
is some;hat similar in that it passes more current ;hen the voltage is changing# (herefore< ;ith alternating
current< there is a continuous changing of the voltage< ;ith >- cycles of voltage change occurring per
second# 6ith alternating current< if the current level is high enough< there ;ill be a feeling of electric shoc7
as long as contact is made# )f there is enough current< s7eletal muscle cells ;ill be stimulated as rapidly as
they can respond# (his rate is slo;er than >- times per second# (his ;ill give a tetanic muscle contraction<
resulting in the loss of voluntary control of muscle movements# $ardiac muscle cells ;ill receive >-
stimulations per second# )f the amplitude of the current is sufficient< ventricular fibrillation ;ill occur# (he
heart is most sensitive to such stimulation during the 9vulnerable period: of the cardiac cycle that occurs
during much of the ( ;ave#
)n contrast< ;ith direct current< there is a feeling of shoc7 only ;hen the circuit is made or bro7en unless
the voltage is relatively high# Even if the current amplitude is large< it may not occur during the vulnerable
period of the cardiac cycle# 6ith alternating current< shoc7 duration of longer than . cardiac cycle ;ill
definitely give stimulation during the vulnerable period#
As ;e can conclude by above discussion that direct current ;ill be safe for human body unless voltage
applied is relatively high< hence ;e are sending here data in the form of digital pulses of ?V#
C,615$5),$2
As ;e discussed in above section< human body offers resistance# (hat resistance causes an attenuation of
signal in this communication# ence to overcome it ;e are using here a comparator ;hich ;ill reshape the
received the signal# 'or this ;e have used an operational amplifier#
23
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium

F!"#$% 12
3&4 F.,= C+5$) ,8 A*-$,!- A11.!35)!,*
24
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
25
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
F.,= C+5$) ,8 M!3$,-C,*)$,..%$
'lo; chart for transmit 34 function 'lo; $hart for main
34 method

+es
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26
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SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
Chapter 4
IMPLEMANTATION
4&1 S,8)=5$% R%>#!$%-2
Red(acton is a combination of hard;are as ;ell as soft;are# *ifferent soft;are=s are required for
programming the system#
27
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
4&1&1 E3.!1(% S,8)=5$%2
'or coding the android mobile phone< soft;are called Eclipse is used# Eclipse is an integrated development
environment 3)*E4# )t contains a base ;or7space and an e2tensible plug0in system for customiFing the
environment# )t is ;ritten mostly in Eava# Eclipse can be used to develop applications# By means of various
plug0ins< Eclipse may also be used to develop applications in other programming languages" Ada< $< $PP<
$&B&%< EavaScript and Erlang#
Eclipse uses plug0ins to provide all the functionality ;ithin and on top of the runtime system# )n addition to
allo;ing the Eclipse 5latform to be e2tended using other programming languages such as $ and 5ython< the
plug0in frame;or7 allo;s the Eclipse 5latform to ;or7 ;ith typesetting languages li7e %a(eQ< net;or7ing
applications such as telnet and database management systems#
(he android application developed ;ith the help of Eclipse soft;are chec7s the authenticity of the user by
demanding for a valid user id and pass;ord# After that it connects ;ith the Bluetooth modem RN01, via
cell phones Bluetooth#
4&1&2 K%!. S,8)=5$%2
Ceil development tool for the A-?. Microcontroller Architecture support every level of soft;are from the
professional application engineer to student 8ust learning about embedded soft;are development# (he
industry0standard Ceil $ $ompilers< Macro Assemblers< *ebuggers< real time Cernels< Single0board
computers< and Emulators supports all A-?. derivatives and help you get your pro8ects completed on
schedule# (he 7eil A-?. *evelopment (ools are designed to solve the comple2 problems facing embedded
soft;are developers#
2
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium

F!"#$% 13
(he Ceil $?. $ross $ompiler is an ANS) $ $ompiler tht is ;ritten specifically to generate fast< compact
code for the A-?. microcontroller family# (he $?. $ompiler generates ob8ect code that matches the
efficiency and speed of assembly programming#
Using a high level language li7e $ has many advantages over assembly language programming"
Cno;ledge of the processor instruction set is not required# Rudimentary 7no;ledge of the memory
structure of the A-?. $5U is desirable 3but not necessary4#
*etails li7e register allocation and addressing of the memory types and data types is managed by the
compiler#
5rograms get a formal structure 3;hich is imposed by $ programming language4 and can be divided
info separate functions# (his contributes to source code reusability as ;ell as better overall
application structure#
(he code for micro0controller is converted in to a EQ file# And the ne2t step is to burn the code in the
micro0controller# (his is done by using yper (erminal# (he steps performed to code the micro0
controller are as follo;s"
.# 6rite do;n the program< to be performed in embedded $ language#
,# $ompile the program by using any suitable compiler< here ;e are using 7eil microvision soft;are#
2!
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
/# $orrect the errors in the program< if any that ;ill be sho;n after compiling the program#
1# Simulate the program< to chec7 any logical errors by defining the inputGoutput ports that is ;hile
;riting the program#
?# !enerate the e2 file and save it in the computer#
># )nterface a suitable programming 7it ;ith the computer and cross chec7 the connections#
@# By using the soft;are< available ;ith the programmer 7it< load the he2 file into the microcontroller#
'inally< the code is successively burned the program into microcontroller# After that< verify the ;or7ing
by connecting the microcontroller into the target system#
4&1&3 E5".% (,8)=5$% 8,$ PCB -%(!"*!*"2
EAGLE?E5(!./ A11.!359.% G$51+!35. L5/,#) E-!),$@
(he EA!%E is an editor< ;hich is easy to use< yet po;erful tool for designing printed circuit boards#
)t is complete platform for the development of any type of complicated and sophisticated and
multilayered 5$Bs# (his soft;are consists of follo;ing tools#
S3+%65)!3 E-!),$ 2
)n this one can develop and design circuits for the required 5$B#
L5/,#) E-!),$2
)n this one can develop and design actual 5$B structure require# (his is done automatically by the
soft;are using the circuit in the schematic editor itself#
L!9$5$/ E-!),$2
(his is very useful in the case of customiFed component design that does not occur in the predefined
library according to our need#
4&2 H5$-=5$% C,*8!"#$5)!,*
P,=%$ S#11./2
(his unit ;ill supply the various voltage requirements of each unit# (his ;ill be consists of
transformer< rectifier< filter and regulator# )t ;ill convert ,/-VA$ into desired ?V *$#
3#
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
M!3$,3,*)$,..%$2
(he microcontroller here user ;ill be of A-?. family# (he code ;ill be ;ritten in Embedded $ and
;ill be burned or programmed into the code memory using a programmer#
LCD 17'22
)t is called %iquid $rystal *isplay# 6e are going to use .>2, characters %$*# (his ;ill be connected
to microcontroller#
3"
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
Chapter 5
EXPERIMENTAL
RESULT
0&1 E'1%$!6%*) ), ()#-/ )+% 5))%*#5)!,*
(o begin ;ith the idea of Red(acton< the first step ;as to chec7 if digital data can be passed through
human body and they can be received on the other end# 'or this purpose a ?V volt digital data ;as given to
human body as input and on the other hand the output ;as given to a voltmeter# (he follo;ing observation
;as made#
T59.% N,&1
S$& N, I*1#) ?DC (#11./@ O#)1#) ?V,.)6%)%$@
1& 3V 2&1V
32
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
2& 0V 4&2V
0&2 E'1%$!6%*) ), ,A%$3,6% )+% 5))%*#5)!,*
(he e2periment ;as successful and it ;as proven than data can be successfully transmitted through a
human body# 'rom the observations seen above the need of an amplifier appeared as a must for data
transmission# (herefore< %M0/?A is used as an amplifier in the circuit and the follo;ing changes in value of
output ;ere observed#
T59.% N,&2
S$& N, I*1#) ?DC (#11./@ O#)1#)
?=!)+,#) 561.!8!%$@
O#)1#)
?=!)+ 561.!8!%$@
1& 3V 2&1V 2&;V
2& 0V 4&2V 4&<V
F!"#$% 14
0&3 D%.5/ O9(%$A%-
After the pro8ect ;as developed completely no; the time required to transmit data of different siFes ;as to
be observed# (o perform this e2periment< data of varying siFe ;as given as input and the time delay to
obtain the output ;as recorded#
T59.% N,&3
S$& N,& D5)5 S!B% ?!* B/)%(@ T!6% ?!* (%3,*-(@
.# .- -#A
,# ,- .
/# /- .#.
1# 1- .#,
?# ?- .#,
33
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
># >- .#,
@# @- .#/
A# A- .#/
B# B- .#/
.-# .-- .#1
..# ..- .#1
.,# .,- .#1
./# ./- .#1
.1# .1- .#1
.?# .?- .#?
!raphical representation of observed delay"
F!"#$% 10
Chapter
APPLICATION
34
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
7&1 M%-!35. 511.!35)!,*
)n type , diabetes< pancreas fails to produce required amount of insulin and the bodies blood sugar
has to be monitored several times in day# So the need of synthetic insulin arises# (his technology is
used to develop a device that can monitor blood sugar level and display information# An insulin
equipped ;ith Red(acton can be used to transmit required amount of insulin to body#
F!"#$% 17
35
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
)t can be used by hospitalGmedical facilities to communicate ;ith the patients transceiver to obtain
critical parameter such as temperature< pulse< blood pressure< blood sugar level#
F!"#$% 1:
7&2 M!.!)5$/ 511.!35)!,*
)f an Red(acton transceiver is implanted in gun and program to transceiver ;orn by the police officer# )t
;ould prevent someone ta7ing their gun in scuffle or someone stealing their guns# (his can also be used to
prevent the blac7 mar7eting of stolen ;eapon#
7&3 C,*(#6%$ 511.!35)!,*
A commuter may have their device programmed to interact ;it h the turnstyle in sub;ay station#
Each time commuter ;al7 through turnstyle< his sub;ay user )* number ;ill e used to chec7 his
balance# )f he has sufficient balance then sub;ay tic7et ;ill be given#
6henever consumer stand in front of an advertising panel and information matching hisGher
attribute is automatically displayed# )nside a shop shoppers can vie; respective information of
product on terminals after touching it#
36
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium

F!"#$% 1;
7&4 E.!6!*5)!,* ,8 +#65* %$$,$
Red(acton devices embedded medicines bottle transmit information on the medicine attributes#
6henever the user touches ;rong medicine< immediately an alarm trigger on the terminal# (he
alarm sounds only ;henever the user actually touches the bottle< it reduces fails alarms common
;ith passive ;ireless )* tags< ;hich triggers simply by pro2imity#
Avoidance of ris7 at construction site or in factory if equipment is handled by anyone other than
supervisor by an alarm sound#
F!"#$% 1<
7&0 S%3#$!)/ 511.!35)!,*
37
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
Red(acton can also be used for security purpose by implanting Red(acton transmitter on mobile cell phone
and having receiver at the door7nob# 6hen user touches door7nob< )* ;ill be verified and if authentication
is successful then the door ;ill open#
F!"#$% 20

3
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION
(hus ;e have achieved our ob8ective that0 uman body can act as a transmission medium by successfully
sending business card and a small te2t file of siFe .-- byte ;ithout any error# As human body offers
resistance< signal get attenuated to overcome that operational amplifier is used# (his technology does not
require line of sight communication but it is effected due to opaque obstacles in the path#
FUTURE SCOPE
3!
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
'urther research that can be done on this pro8ect ;ill be regarding the file siFe and different file formats#
6e have transmitted data by establishing simple2 communication further it can be developed for half
duple2 and full duple2 communication# (he siFe of this hard;are comes under dra;bac7 of this technology
so in future this device can be made compact so that it can be made portable#
RE!ERENCES
4#
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
REFERENCES
.# M#Shinaga;a< M# 'u7umoto< C# &chiai< and # 7yuragi< 9A near0field0sensing transceiver for intra0
body communication based on the electro0optic effect<: )EEE (rans#)M< Vol#?/<No#>< pp# .?//0.?/A<,--1#
,# (#!#Dimmerman< 95ersonal Area Net;or7s" Near0field intrabody communication<: )BM systems
8ournal< Vol# /?< Nos# /J1< pp#>-B0>.@< .BB>#
/# (#Nagatsuma and M#Shinaga;a< 95hotonic measurement technologies for high frequency electronics<:
N(( REV)E6< Vol#.1< No#>#pp# .,0,1< ,--,#
1# M#Shinaga;a< 9*evelopment of Electro0optic sensors for )ntra0body $ommunication<: N(( (echnical
Revie;< Vol# ,< No# ,< pp# >0..< ,--1#
?# M# MiFoguchi< (#&7imura< and A#Matsuda< 9$omprehensive commercialiFation 'unctions<: N((
(echnical Revie;< Vol#/< No# ?< pp# .,0.>< ,--?#
># Scribd 3,-.-4 9uman Area Net;or7s0 Red (acton:# Available"
http"GG;;;#scribd#comGdocG??,1-B1>GRE*0(A$(&N0RE5&R(#
@# N(( 3'ebruary ,--?4# RRed(acton" An innovative uman Area Net;or7ing technologyR#
H&nlineI#Available"http"GG ;;;#ntt#co#8pGne;sGne;s-?eG-?-,G-?-,.A#html
A# *iscuss#itacumens3Eune ,--/4# RBasic &vervie; of uman Area Net;or7ing(echnologyR# H&nlineI
Available"http"GGdiscuss#itacumens#comGinde2#phpStopicO.,@,-
B# Ceisu7e achisu7a< AFusa Na7ata< (eruhito (a7eda0 9*evelopment and performance analysis of )ntra0
body communication: in Eune A< ,--/ at .,
th
international conference at Boston< page no# .@,,
.-# Eordi Agud RuiF 9Study on the transmission characteristics of human body to;ards broadband
)ntrabody communication:0;ireless ;ord research forum ,--. page no# BB
4"
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
..# Sri77anth !oyindaraa8an<Sri77anth !oyindaraa8an 9Mr# (acton3Mbedded Red(acton4: ,nd
)nternational $onference ,--B page no# /@1
.,# (#!#Dimmerman 95ersonal area net;or70Near field )ntrabody communication:0)BM system Eournal
.BB> page no# >-B
./# Mirho88at seyedi< Michael 'aul7ner 9Survey of intra body communication for body area net;or7
application: )EEE transaction on biomedical application vol#>- page no# in August ,-./
.1# http"GG;;;#redtacton#comGenGinde2#html
.?# http"GGen#;i7ipedia#orgG;i7iGRed(acton#
ANNEXURE
42
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
M!3$,-3,*)$,..%$2
F!"#$% 21
P!* D%(3$!1)!,* ,8 M!3$,1$,3%((,$
VCC 0 Supply voltage#
GND0 !round#
43
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
P,$) 0
5ort - is an A0bit open drain bidirectional )G& port# As an output port< each pin can sin7 eight ((% inputs#
6hen .s are ;ritten to port - pins< the pins can be used as high0 impedance inputs#
5ort - can also be configured to be the multiple2ed lo;0order addressGdata bus during accesses to e2ternal
program and data memory# )n this mode< 5- has internal pull ups# 5ort - also receives the code bytes during
'lash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification# E2ternal pull ups are required
during program verification#
P,$) 1
5ort . is an A0bit bidirectional )G& port ;ith internal pull ups# (he 5ort . output buffers can sin7Gsource four
((% inputs# 6hen .s are ;ritten to 5ort . pins< they are pulled high by the pull ups and can be used as
inputs# As inputs< 5ort . pins that are e2ternally being pulled lo; ;ill source current 3))%4 because of the
internal pull ups# )n addition< 5.#- and 5.#. can be configured to be the timerGcounter , e2ternal count input
35.#-G(,4 and the timerGcounter , trigger input 35.#.G(,EQ4< respectively< as sho;n in the follo;ing table#
5ort . also receives the lo;0order address bytes during 'lash programming and verification#
T59.% N,2 4
P,$) P!* A.)%$*5)% F#*3)!,*(
5.#- (, 3e2ternal count input to (imerG$ounter ,4< cloc70out
5.#. (,EQ 3(imerG$ounter , captureGreload trigger and direction control4
5.#? M&S) 3used for )n0System 5rogramming4
5.#> M)S& 3used for )n0System 5rogramming4
5.#@ S$C 3used for )n0System 5rogramming4
P,$) 2
5ort , is an A0bit bidirectional )G& port ;ith internal pull ups# (he 5ort , output buffers can sin7Gsource four
((% inputs# 6hen .s are ;ritten to 5ort , pins< they are pulled high by
the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs# As inputs< 5ort , pins that are e2ternally being pulled lo;
;ill source current 3))%4 because of the internal pull ups# 5ort , emits the high0order address byte during
fetches from e2ternal program memory and during accesses to e2ternal data memory that uses .>0bit
addresses 3M&VQ T*5(R4# )n this application< 5ort , uses strong internal pull ups ;hen emitting .s#
44
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
*uring accesses to e2ternal data memory that uses A0bit addresses 3M&VQ T R)4< 5ort , emits the contents
of the 5, Special 'unction Register#
5ort , also receives the high0order address bits and some control signals during 'lash programming and
verification#
P,$) 3
5ort / is an A0bit bidirectional )G& port ;ith internal pull ups# (he 5ort / output buffers can sin7Gsource four
((% inputs# 6hen .s are ;ritten to 5ort / pins< they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used
as inputs# As inputs< 5ort / pins that are e2ternally being pulled lo; ;ill source current 3))%4 because of the
pull ups# 5ort / also serves the functions of various special features of the A(ABS?,< as sho;n in the
follo;ing table#
5ort / also receives some control signals for 'lash programming and verification#
T59.% N,2 0
P,$) P!* A.)%$*5)% F#*3)!,*(
5/#- RQ* 3serial input port4
5/#. (Q* 3serial output port4
5/#, )N(- 3e2ternal interrupt -4
5/#/ )N(. 3e2ternal interrupt .4
5/#1 (- 3timer - e2ternal input4
5/#? (. 3timer . e2ternal input4
5/#> 6R 3e2ternal data memory ;rite strobe4
5/#@ R* 3e2ternal data memory read strobe4
B.#%),,)+ M,-%6 ?RN-42@
(he RN1, is a small form factor< lo; po;erK highly economic Bluetooth radio for &EM=s adding
;ireless capability to their products# (he RN1, supports multiple interface protocols< is simple to design in
and fully certified< ma7ing it a complete embedded Bluetooth solution# (he RN 1, is functionally
45
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
compatible ;ith RN 1.# 6ith its high performance on chip antenna and support for BluetoothU Enhanced
*ata Rate 3E*R4< the RN1, delivers up to / Mbps data rate for distances to ,-M# (he RN01, also comes in
a pac7age ;ith no antenna 3RN01,0N4# Useful ;hen the application requires an e2ternal antenna< the RN0
1,0N is shorter in length and has R' pads to route the antenna signal
F!"#$% 22

46
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
T59.% N,& 7
Sr. No. Name Description
. !N* !N* for RN1,0N
, S5) M&S) 5rogramming only
/ 5)&> Set B( master 3)!Oauto0master mode4
1 5)&@ Set Baud rate 3)! O force B>--< %&6 O ..?C 4
? RESE( Active %&6 reset
> S5)V$%C 5rogramming only
@ 5$MV$%C 5$M interface
A 5$MVS+N$ 5$M interface
B 5$MV)N 5$M interface
.- 5$MV&U( 5$M interface
.. V** /#/V regulated po;er input
., !N* !N* for RN1,0N
./ UAR(VRQ UAR( receive )nput
.1 UAR(V(Q UAR( transmit output
.? UAR(VR(S UAR( R(S< goes )! to disable host
transmitter
.> UAR(V$(S UAR( $(S< if set )!< disables transmitter
.@ USBV*P USB port
.A USBV*0 USB port
.B 5)&, Status< )! ;hen connected< %&6 other;ise
,- 5)&/ Auto discovery O )!
,. 5)&? Status 3R' data r2Gt24
,, 5)&1 )&
,/ S5)V$SB )& 3remote *(R signal4
47
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
,1 S5)VM)S& )& 3remote R(S signal 4
,? !N* !N* for RN1,0N
,> R' 5ad &ptional analog input
,@ !N* !N* for RN1,0N
,A !N* !N* for RN1,0N
,B !N* !N* for RN1,0N
/- A)&- &ptional analog input
/. 5)&A Status 3R' data r2Gt24
/, 5)&B )&
// 5)&.- )& 3remote *(R signal4
/1 5)&.. )& 3remote R(S signal 4
/? A)&. &ptional analog input
4
SPARSH-Passing Data Through Human Body as a Medium
4!