Section 2.

5 Transformations of Functions
Vertical Shifting
EXAMPLE: Use the graph of f(x) = x
2
to sketch the graph of each function.
(a) g(x) = x
2
+ 3 (b) h(x) = x
2
2
EXAMPLE: Use the graph of f(x) = x
3
9x to sketch the graph of each function.
(a) g(x) = x
3
9x + 10 (b) h(x) = x
3
9x 20
1
EXAMPLE: Use the graph of f(x) = x
3
9x to sketch the graph of each function.
(a) g(x) = x
3
9x + 10 (b) h(x) = x
3
9x 20
Horizontal Shifting
EXAMPLE: Use the graph of f(x) = x
2
to sketch the graph of each function.
(a) g(x) = (x + 4)
2
(b) h(x) = (x 2)
2
2
EXAMPLE: Use the graph of f(x) = x
2
to sketch the graph of each function.
(a) g(x) = (x + 4)
2
(b) h(x) = (x 2)
2
EXAMPLE: How is the graph of y = f(x 3) + 2 obtained from the graph of f?
Answer: The graph shifts right 3 units, then shifts upward 2 units.
EXAMPLE: Sketch the graph of f(x) =

x 3 + 4.
Reecting Graphs
EXAMPLE: Sketch the graph of each function.
(a) f(x) = x
2
(b) g(x) =

x
3
EXAMPLE: Sketch the graph of each function.
(a) f(x) = x
2
(b) g(x) =

x
EXAMPLE: Given the graph of f(x) =

x, use transformations to graph f(x) = 1

1 + x.
Step 1: f(x) =

x Step 2: f(x) =

1 + x (horizontal shift)
Step 3: f(x) =

1 + x (reection) Step 4: f(x) = 1

1 + x (vertical shift)
EXAMPLE: Given the graph of f(x) =

x, use transformations to graph f(x) = 1

1 x.
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EXAMPLE: Given the graph of f(x) =

x, use transformations to graph f(x) = 1

1 x.
Step 1: f(x) =

x Step 2: f(x) =

1 + x (horizontal shift)
Step 3: f(x) =

1 + x (reection) Step 4: f(x) = 1

1 + x (vertical shift)
Step 5: f(x) = 1

1 x (reection about the y-axis)

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Vertical Stretching and Shrinking
EXAMPLE: Use the graph of f(x) = x
2
to sketch the graph of each function.
(a) g(x) = 3x
2
(b) h(x) =
1
3
x
2
EXAMPLE: Given the graph of f(x) below, sketch the graph of
1
2
f(x) + 1.
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EXAMPLE: Given the graph of f(x) below, sketch the graph of
1
2
f(x) + 1.
EXAMPLE: Sketch the graph of the function f(x) = 1 2(x 3)
2
.
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Horizontal Stretching and Shrinking
EXAMPLE: The graph of is shown in the Figure below.
Sketch the graph of each function.
(a) y = f(2x) (b) y = f
(
1
2
x
)
EXAMPLE: The graph of y = f(x) is shown below.
Sketch the graph of each function:
(a) y = f(3x) (b) y = f
(
1
3
x
)
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EXAMPLE: The graph of y = f(x) is shown below.
Sketch the graph of each function:
(a) y = f(3x) (b) y = f
(
1
3
x
)
Even and Odd Functions
REMARK: Any function is either even, or odd, or neither.
PROPERTY: Graphs of even functions are symmetric with respect to the y-axis. Graphs of
odd functions are symmetric with respect to the origin.
IMPORTANT: Do NOT confuse even/odd functions and even/odd integers!
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EXAMPLES:
1. Functions f(x) = x
2
, x
4
, x
8
, x
4
x
2
, x
2
+ 1, |x|, cos x, etc. are even. In fact,
if f(x) = x
2
, then f(x) = (x)
2
= x
2
= f(x)
if f(x) = x
4
, then f(x) = (x)
4
= x
4
= f(x)
if f(x) = x
8
, then f(x) = (x)
8
= x
8
= f(x)
if f(x) = x
4
x
2
, then f(x) = (x)
4
(x)
2
= x
4
x
2
= f(x)
if f(x) = x
2
+ 1, then f(x) = (x)
2
+ 1 = x
2
+ 1 = f(x)
if f(x) = |x|, then f(x) = | x| = |x| = f(x)
if f(x) = cos x, then f(x) = cos(x) = cos x = f(x)
One can see that graphs of all these functions are symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
2. Functions f(x) = x, x
3
, x
5
, x
3
x
7
, sin x, etc. are odd. In fact,
if f(x) = x, then f(x) = x = f(x)
if f(x) = x
3
, then f(x) = (x)
3
= x
3
= f(x)
if f(x) = x
5
, then f(x) = (x)
5
= x
5
= f(x)
if f(x) = x
3
x
7
, then f(x) = (x)
3
(x)
7
= x
3
+ x
7
= (x
3
x
7
) = f(x)
if f(x) = sin x, then f(x) = sin(x) = sin x = f(x)
One can see that graphs of all these functions are symmetric with respect to the origin.
3. Functions f(x) = x + 1, x
3
+ x
2
, x
5
2, |x 2| etc. are neither even nor odd. In fact,
if f(x) = x + 1, then
f(1) = 1 + 1 = 0, f(1) = 1 + 1 = 2
so f(1) = f(1). Therefore f(x) = x + 1 is neither even nor odd.
if f(x) = x
3
+ x
2
, then
f(1) = (1)
3
+ (1)
2
= 1 + 1 = 0, f(1) = 1
3
+ 1
2
= 2
so f(1) = f(1). Therefore f(x) = x
3
+ x
2
is neither even nor odd.
if f(x) = x
5
2, then
f(1) = (1)
5
2 = 1 2 = 3, f(1) = 1
5
2 = 1 2 = 1
so f(1) = f(1). Therefore f(x) = x
5
2 is neither even nor odd.
if f(x) = |x 2|, then
f(1) = | 1 2| = | 3| = 3, f(1) = |1 2| = | 1| = 1
so f(1) = f(1). Therefore f(x) = |x 2| is neither even nor odd.
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