Answers | Investigation 4

Applications
1. a. (See Figure 1.)
b. possible equation: T = 3s, where s is
the shape number and T is the number
of toothpicks
c. There are many equations: for example,
T = s + s + s or T = s + 2s would also
model the relationship.
2. a. (See Figure 2.)
b. possible equation: T = s + s + 2
c. Ahnas pattern does not grow as much
because only two of the sides are
growing from one shape to the next,
while Scotts has all three sides growing
for each shape.
3. a. (See Figure 3.)
b. possible equation: T = s + 1 + s + 1
c. Lloyds pattern and Ahnas pattern
use the same number of toothpicks.
You could imagine moving the top
toothpick in Lloyds pattern down to
the bottom and making the U shape in
Ahnas pattern.
4. a. (See Figure 4.)
b. possible equation: c = 2n + 3,
c = number of cubes
c. Answers may vary. A student might
say yes because you could build the
frame using five cubes, which would
be consistent with the table in part (a).
Given the context, however, the swing
would not get off the ground if it was
1cube high.
Figure 1
4
12
5
15
6
18
7
21
8
24
10
30
20
60
Shape Number
Number of Toothpicks
Figure 2
4
10
5
12
6
14
7
16
8
18
10
22
20
42
Shape Number
Number of Toothpicks
Figure 3
4
10
5
12
6
14
7
16
8
18
10
22
20
42
Shape Number
Number of Toothpicks
Figure 4
4
11
5
13
8
19
7
17
6
15
10
23
20
43
Height (squares)
Number of Cubes
Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Investigation 4 Variables and Patterns
1
d. Possible answer: Like the frames shown,
a frame 50 cubes tall has 3 cubes in the
middle. It is much taller than the frames
shown, since it has 50 cubes on each
side. The total number of cubes is
50 + 50 + 3 = 103.
5. a. (See Figure 5.)
b. All of the expressions are equivalent.
Given any number of squares tall, each
expression gives the same number of
cubes.
c. possible new expression: 2T + 3
6. a. (See Figure 6.)
b. (See Figure 7.)
c. (See Figure 8.)
d. (See Figure 9.)
Marthas, Chads, and Jeremiahs equations are
equivalent.
7. a. B = 100 + 25n b. L = 49n
c. H = 125n d. V = 95
8. a. C = (100 + 25n) + 49n + 125n + 95
b. C = 199n + 195
Answers | Investigation 4
Figure 5
5
5
7
7
9
9
11
11
13
13
15
15
17
17
1
5
2
7
3
9
4
11
5
13
6
15
7
17
Number of Cubes (Lewis)
Number of Cubes (Mitch)
Number of Squares Tall
Number of Cubes (Corky)
Figure 6
1
4
2
7
3
10
4
13
5
16
6
19
7
22
Number of Squares
Number of Pieces (Martha)
Figure 7
1
4
2
7
3
10
4
13
5
16
6
19
7
22
Number of Squares
Number of Pieces (Chad)
Figure 8
1
4
2
7
3
10
4
13
5
16
6
19
7
22
Number of Squares
Number of Pieces (Jeremiah)
Figure 9
1
4
2
5
3
6
4
7
5
8
6
9
7
10
Number of Squares
Number of Pieces (Lara)
Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Investigation 4 Variables and Patterns
2
Answers | Investigation 4
c. Three possible explanations:
Explanation 1: Tables of sample cost
values are identical, as are graphs of
the two relationships.
Explanation 2: Each persons separate
costs (25, 49, and 125) are equal to
a total of 199 per person, and the
100 and 95 are fixed independent of
number of customers.
Explanation 3: Use the Distributive
Property to find 25n + 49n =
(25 + 49)n = 74n.
Again use the Distributive Property to
find 74n + 125n = (74 + 125)n = 199n.
Then the expression 100 + 199n + 95
is equal to 199n + 100 + 95 because
of the Commutative Property, and that
expression simplifies to 199n + 195.
9. a. T = 75 + 7.5n
b. H = 50 + 10n
10. a. C = (75 + 7.5n) + (50 + 10n)
b. C = 17.5n + 125
c. Two possible explanations:
Tables and graphs of sample (n, C)
values are identical.
The Commutative Property of Addition
tells you (75 + 7.5n) + (50 + 10n) =
75 + 50 + 7.5n + 10n, and the
Distributive Property tells you
75 + 50 + 7.5n + 10n = 125 + 17.5n.
The last expression is the same as
17.5n + 125.
11. a. The terms in the expression
350n - 30n + 350 - (50 + 10n) could
be defined as 350n, 30n, 350, and
(50 + 10n). Some might consider
50 and 10n as separate terms.
b. The numbers 350, 30, 350, and 10 are
coefficients. Some might write -30
instead of 30 and mention 1 or -1 as a
coefficient for the term (50 + 10n).
c. The word term is used to describe parts
of the algebraic expression separated
by an addition or subtraction operation
sign. When a term is a product of
a number and a variable, the word
coefficient is used to describe the
number.
12. The equation 500 = 2(150) + 2(x) has
solution x = 100.
13. Superior Bus: C = 2.95m; Coast Transport:
C = 300 + 2m
14. The solution for 590 = 2.95m is m = 200.
Check: 2.95(200) = 590. The easiest
15. The solution for 600 = 300 + 2m is m = 150.
Check: 300 + 2(150) = 600.
Possible explanations:
Inspect a table or graph of the equation
R = 300 + 2m, looking for values of the
independent variable m that produce a
value of 600 for the dependent variable R.
Use inverse operationssubtract 300 from
600 and then divide by 2.
16. a. Equation is 2.95m = 300 + 2m. The
table shows charges are equal for
about 300 miles, so that is the first
guess. Exact distance is 316.
b. The charge by Superior Bus will be
lessthan that by Coast Transport for
travel of less than about 300 miles
(precisely 315 miles).
c. The charge by Coast Transport will be
less than that by Superior Bus for
travel of more than 300 miles
(precisely 316 miles).
17. a. 3,700 = 190n - 1,050 when n = 25.
The bike tour will make a profit of about
+3,700 when it has 25 customers.
b. 550 = 190n - 1,050 when n 8.4.
The bike tour will make a profit of about
+2,750 when it has 8 or 9 customers.
18. a. Values in the table suggest that the
solution to 1,230 = 190 - 1,050 lies
about midway between 10 and 15.
b. The exact solution is 12. Check:
190(12) - 1,050 = 1,230.
c. i. The solution to 2,560 = 190n - 1,050
is 19. With 19 customers, the tour will
make a profit of +2,560.
ii. The solution to 5,030 = 190n - 1,050
is 32. With 32 customers, the tour
will make a profit of +5,030.
Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Investigation 4 Variables and Patterns
3
Answers | Investigation 4
19. a. The graph shows the solution is about
16. Check: 190(16) -1,050 = 1,990.
b. i. The graph of y = 5x + 10 shows that
the equation 45 = 5x + 10 has a
solution of about 7. Substituting 7 for
x gives 45 = 5(7) + 10, which checks
exactly.

x
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
0 2 4 6 8
y
(7, 45)
y = 5x + 10
ii. The graph of y = 100 - 2.5x shows
that the equation 60 = 100 - 2.5x has
a solution of about 16. Substituting 16
for x gives 60 = 100 - 2. 5(16), which
checks exactly.

x
20
40
60
80
100
0
0 10 20 30 40
y
y = 100 2.5x
(16, 60)
20. 1. Equation is 2,180 = 190n - 1,050.
Solution is n = 17.
2. The arithmetic operations
2,180 + 1,050 and 3,230 , 190 give
the solution.
Connections
21.
0
0
1
7
2
14
3
21
4
28
8
56
20
140
100
700
a
b = 7a
22.
0
6
1
7
2
8
3
9
4
10
8
14
20
26
100
106
x
y = x + 6
23.
0
1
1
3
2
5
3
7
4
9
8
17
20
41
100
201
m
n = 2m + 1
24.
0
0
1
1
2
4
3
9
4
16
6
36
10
100
20
400
r
s = r
2
Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Investigation 4 Variables and Patterns
4
Answers | Investigation 4
25. a. (See Figure 10.)
b. s = 4c + 2
26. Students should create tables or graphs
to justify whether the expressions are
equivalent.
a. equivalent
b. Not equivalent; any value besides
m = 1 will result in different values for
the expressions.
c. Not equivalent; any value besides
p = 7 will result in different values for
the expressions.
d. Not equivalent; the two expressions are
never equal (they always differ by 2).
e. equivalent
27. possible answer: 5n = n + 4n
28. possible answer: 2n + 2 = 2(n + 1)
29. possible answer: 4n - 4 = 4(n - 1)
30. possible answer: 3n + 2n + n = 6n
31. 4(3 + 9) = 4(3) + 4(9)
32. 5(n + 7) = 5n + 5(7)
33. 77 + 21 = 7(11) + 7(3) = 7(11 + 3)
Students should consider what common
factors there are for 21 and 77. If answers
are not limited to whole numbers, there
are many possibilities.
34. 8n + 40 = 8n + 8(5) = 8(n + 5)
35.
5 7
4
4(7) + 4(5) = 4(7 + 5)
36.
12 3
n
3n + 12n = n(3 + 12)
37.
3
2 4 2
3(2) + 3(4) + 3(2) = 3(2 + 4 + 2)
38.
5
n
n
n(n) + 5n = n(n + 5) = n
2
+ 5n
39. a. 10(13 + 7) = 10(20) = 10(13) + 10(7)
b. (7.5 + 2.5)20 = 10(20) = 7.5(20) + 2.5(20)
40. 2.4 6 2.8
41.
5
3
= 1.66 . . .
42. 1.43 7 1.296
43.
9
2
= 4.500
44. 5.62 7 5.602
Figure 10
5 6
26 42
10 3 4 2
10 14 18 22
1
6
Cubes in the Tower
Squares in the Tower
Relationship of Cubes to Squares in a Tower
Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Investigation 4 Variables and Patterns
5
Answers | Investigation 4
45. 0.32 7 0.032
46. 3
1
4
7 3
1
8
47.
345
7
6
345
5
48. three terms, coefficients 4, 5, 3
49. four terms, coefficients 6, 4, 1, 1
50. four terms, coefficients 2, 3, 2, 3
51. three terms, coefficients 5, 1, 3
52. a. c = p + t
b. t = 0.08p
c. c = p + 0.08p
d. c = 1.08p
53. x + 13.5 = 19 when x = 5.5. Solve by
calculating 19 - 13.5. Check: 5.5 + 13.5 =
19.
54. 23 = x - 7 when x = 30. Solve by
calculating 23 + 7. Check: 23 = 30 - 7.
55. 45x = 405 when x = 9. Solve by calculating
405
45
. Check: 45(9) = 405.
56. 8x - 11 = 37 when x = 6. Solve by
calculating (37 + 11) = 8.
Check: 8(6) - 11 = 37.
57. a. 8 + 7 = 15 is equivalent to 8 = 15 - 7
and 7 = 15 - 8.
b. 7 * 3 = 21 is equivalent to 7 =
21
3
and
3 =
21
7
.
c. 23 - 11 = 12 is equivalent to
23 = 12 + 11 and 11 = 23 - 12.
d. 12 , 4 = 3 is equivalent to 12 = 3 * 4
and 4 =
12
3
.
58. a. x + 7 = 15 is equivalent to x = 15 - 7.
b. 7y = 21 is equivalent to y =
21
7
.
c. w - 11 = 12 is equivalent to
w = 12 + 11.
d. n , 4 = 3 is equivalent to n = 3 * 4.
59. a. A charm bracelet costs +24 plus +3
per charm.
b. The point (17, 75) lies on the graph of
the equation because 75 = 24 + 3(17);
(60, 12) does not satisfy the equation.
c. If you want to spend exactly +75 on
a bracelet for your sister, how many
charms can you afford?
60. a. The rental cost for a theater is +120
plus +4.50 per student.
b. The point (8, 156) lies on the graph,
because 156 = 120 + 4.5(8). (15, 180) is
not on the graph, because 180 120 +
4.5(15).
c. Suppose a class wants to spend no
more than +156 on renting a theater.
How many people could go? x 6 8.
61. x 6 5.5 (See Figure 11.)
62. 30 7 x (See Figure 12.)
63. x 6 9 (See Figure 13.)
64. x 7 6 (See Figure 14.)
Figure 11
5.5
Figure 12
30
Figure 13
9
Figure 14
6
Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Investigation 4 Variables and Patterns
6
Answers | Investigation 4
Extensions
65. a. I = 20n
b. F = 12n
c. D = 200
d. S = 2.50n
e. Both rules are correct because they
both have the effect of subtracting
expenses from income.
f. By combining the various expenses into
a simpler expression, one could get
P = 20n - (200 + 14.50n) or
P = 20n - 200 - 14.50n or some
equivalent equation. Then, an even
simpler form would be P = 5.50n - 200.
This form shows that each ticket brings
income of +5.50 after food and cleanup
costs are deducted. From the total
income, +200 will be subtracted for
the fixed DJ expense. You can know
you are correct by substituting 100
intoeach equation to get +350 profit
for each.
66. a. The relationship predicts that the
business will lose one customer for
every increase of +10 in the price. That
pattern is shown explicitly in the table
and by the downward slope in the
graph of the relationship.
(See Figures 15 and 16.)

Figure 15
$50
45
$100
40
$150
35
$200
30
$250
25
$300
20
$350
15
$400
10
$450
5
$500
0
Price
Customers
Figure 16
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
$0 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $600
Price per Customer
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

C
u
s
t
o
m
e
r
s
Tour Demand Related to Price
Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Investigation 4 Variables and Patterns
7
Answers | Investigation 4
b. The relationship of tour income I to
tour price p can be expressed with the
equation I = (50 - 0.10p)p because
total income equals number of
customers times income per customer.
c. The expression for calculating tour
income in part (b) is equivalent to
50p - 0.10p
2
, because the Distributive
Property has been applied and
p(p) = p
2
.
d. Tables and graphs of the income
relationship suggest that a maximum
income of +6,250 occurs when the
price is +250. (See Figures 17 and 18.)
67. a. d = 12t for times less than half an hour;
d = 6 + 10(t - 0.5) for times greater
than half an hour
b. d = 15(t - 0.5)
Figure 17
50
2,250
100
4,000
150
5,250
200
6,000
250
6,250
300
6,000
350
5,250
400
4,000
450
2,250
500
0
Price ($)
Income ($)
Figure 18
$1,000
$2,000
$3,000
$4,000
$5,000
$6,000
$7,000
$0
$0 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $600
Price
I
n
c
o
m
e
Tour Income Projection
Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Investigation 4 Variables and Patterns
8
Answers | Investigation 4
c. (See Figures 19 and 20.)
d. Since the race will clearly last longer
than half an hour, well solve using the
equations for times greater than that
amount: 6 + 10(t - 0.5) = 15(t - 0.5)
has solution t = 1.7 hours, or one hour
and 42 minutes.
e. The lead older rider will catch up with
the lead younger rider after 1.7 hours.
This is shown by the crossing of graphs.
68. a. The card with 150 points actually offers
only 12 (exactly 12.5) rides, while the
card with 100 points offers 16 (exactly
16
2
3
) rides.
The card with more starting points will
appear to be the better deal until the
ninth ride.
b. 150 - 12r = 100 - 6r when r = 8
1
3
c. r 6 8
69. a. Sending 30 students costs +775.
Sending 60 students costs +1,300.
b. C = 250 + 17.50s
c. 1,000 = 250 + 17.5s has solution
s 42.9. So the school can send 42
students and stay under the +1,000 limit.
(Part students dont make sense in this
situation, so the correct answer is 42.)
Figure 19
0
0
0
0.5
6
0
1.0
11
7.5
1.5
16
15
2.0
21
22.5
2.5
26
30
3.0
31
30
Time in Race (hours)
Distance Young Riders (miles)
Distance Older Riders (miles)
Figure 20
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0
0 1
Time into Race (hours)
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

T
r
a
v
e
l
e
d

(
m
i
l
e
s
)
4 3 2
30-Mile Bike Race
Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Investigation 4 Variables and Patterns
9